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Julio-Diciembre 2022

Vol. 12 No. 2

Elshad Eftekhari / Explorando la conexión entre el bienestar psicológico y la ciencia del cerebro conductor

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Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Julio-diciembre

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Explorando la conexión entre el bienestar psicológico y la ciencia del cerebro

conductor (un análisis contextual: conductores de Snapp en Teherán)

DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7114612

Elshad Eftekhari* y Zahra Seyami Dodran

Resumen

El objetivo principal de este estudio es investigar la relación entre la ansiedad y la agresión con

la psicología de conducción entre los conductores de Snapp en Teherán. Se aplicó un muestreo

por conglomerados únicos. La población estadística consistió en 20 conductores de Snapp, de

los cuales 10 hombres y 10 mujeres fueron seleccionados al azar como muestra. El instrumento

utilizado en esta investigación es el cuestionario de Goldberg de 28 preguntas el cual luego fue

analizado mediante el software Excel. Los resultados mostraron que existe una correlación

significativa entre la salud mental y la psicología de conducción. Los conductores de Snapp en

Teherán tienen una salud mental moderada.

Palabras clave: bienestar psicológico, ciencia del cerebro, Driver, Snapp, psicología.

Abstract

Exploring the Connection Between Psychological Wellness and Brain Driver Science

(A Contextual analysis: Snapp hosts in Tehran)

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between anxiety and aggression

with driving psychology among Snapp hosts in Tehran.The statistical population consisted of 20

Snapp hosts composed by 10 males and 10 females who were randomly selected as the sample.

The instrument used in this research is the Goldberg questionnaire of 28 questions which was

then analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that there is a significant correlation

between mental health and driving psychology. Snapp hosts in Tehran have moderate mental

health.

Keywords: psychological wellness, brain science, Driver, Snapp, psychology

Recibido: 13/08/2022 Aceptado: 12/09/2022

* Undergraduate student, University of California Santa Cruz. E-mail: elshadeftekhari@gmail.com

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-8650

** Associate Clinical Social Worker, EMDR therapist, California State University, San Jose, United States, PhD in

sociology, University of Tehran. E-mail: seyami.sh@gmail.com

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1.- Introduction

Vehicles are a hallmark of civilization and driving for different life activities. For example,

work, social life, recreation, educational-social activities, etc. are taken into account. The

renewal of the transcendental expansion in the daily life is to increase the number of accidents

and a number of accidents, and with the extent of the community, and in the community. Traffic

accidents are an issue in the field of public health. This has led to the fact that one of the four

most important human, road, vehicle and environmental factors is the occurrence of accidents,

and it can also be considered as the result of many vehicle accidents. In today's world, people

from all walks of life need vehicles to carry out their daily activities. Some people seem to lack

the necessary skills to use vehicles, which can lead to high-risk behaviors. In the event of

irreparable loss of life and property. Mental health while driving is the most important factor in

maintaining public health. One of the causes that threatens mental health is fear or anxiety.

Some of the anxieties associated with driving anxiety include the following: Getting caught

in traffic, hitting a car from the front or back, driving on the highway, driving on a bridge, being

afraid of simple places, being afraid of the moment when you have an accident and when it is

bad. They suffer while driving. In this case, the palms of their hands usually sweat profusely,

their heart beats fast, their hands tremble or they feel dizzy, and sometimes they may cry. The

sum of these symptoms indicates high, moderate or low mental health. In driving, with

increasing age due to the characteristics of fear of driving increases, but with the acquisition

and acquisition of driving experience, there will be no problem unless mental health is not in

good condition. Driving style is a type of behavior that, like other behaviors, is a function of two

factors: personality traits and situation. This fundamental hypothesis that personality affects

driving has encouraged many researchers to study the relationship between personality factors

and dangerous driving. Shows being involved in road accidents and committing driving offenses.

Goldberg divides mental health into four categories follow:

a. Somatic symptoms

Physical health refers to the normal functioning of the body, which considers its biological health.

Signs of physical health in a person are manifested in the skin, eyes, hair and sleep functions,

regular bowel activity and physical movements.

b. Anxiety and Sleep Disorder

It is an unpleasant emotion that is expressed in terms such as anxiety, panic and fear.

c. Social Function:

Mindset is related to social functioning in the community and in relation to other people.

d. Depression Symptoms

A type of mood disorder whose two main characteristics are frustration and sadness, in which

the person, in addition to these two characteristics, feels inadequate and worthless.

2. Literature review

Each person's driving behavior is generally part of a set of behaviors that is referred to

as personality. Ozkan & Lajunen consider driving as a behavior that the driver chooses as a

model for his driving, such as speed, concentration and maintaining a standard distance. These

behaviors include two categories of positive and negative behaviors. Amado, Koyuncu &

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Kacaroglu believe that personality is a well-defined pattern of behaviors and methods that

people use in dealing with situations and dealing with everyday life. Deffenbacher considers

rapid and accelerated driving to be two factors related to aggressive driving. It has been shown

that haste can predict severe driving accidents. Iversen & Rundmo found that drivers with low

scores on abnormalities often scored high as a component of mental health. In 1973, Holland

et al divided people into six classes in terms of type of desire: realistic, social, conventional,

daring, artistic, and inquisitive. Park (1999) believes that aggressive drivers are more likely to

engage in vehicle aggression while driving when their driver is using his vehicle to punish others.

For example, when a driver drives high in front of his head at night behind a driver, or when

he intends to punish other riders as a high-speed, continuous horn, he intends to punish other

riders. Richard & Lynch (2003), found that harsher drivers report more and more anger when

driving, and exhibit more risky behaviors while driving. They use more vulgar words and also

drive faster and are twice as likely to have accidents with rough drivers as with ordinary drivers.

3. Method

The exploration technique in this examination is library strategy which single group it was

utilized to test strategy. The factual populace comprised of 20 Snapp drivers who were 10 male

and 10 females were haphazardly chosen as the example. The instrument utilized in this

exploration is the Goldberg survey of 28 inquiries which was then examined utilizing Excel

program.

4. Findings

4.1. General Health Questionnaire

The General Health Questionnaire was first developed by Goldberg. The main questionnaire

has 60 questions, but the abbreviated forms of 30 questions, 28 questions and 12 questions

have been used in various studies. According to the researchers, the various forms of the general

health questionnaire have high validity and efficiency, and the efficiency of the 12- question

form is approximately the same as that of the 60-question form. In this research, a set of 28

question forms has been used, the questions of which include four subscales, each of which

includes 7 questions. Questions 1-7 are related to the scale of physical symptoms and general

health status. Questions 8-14 are related to the Anxiety Scale, questions 15 to 21 are related

to the Social Dysfunction Scale, and questions 22-28 are related to the Depression Scale. All

items in the General Health Questionnaire have 4 options.

4.2. Scoring method

There are two types of scoring methods for this test. One of the traditional methods is that

the options are scored as (0-0-1-1) and the maximum score of the person will be 28. Another

method of scoring is the Likert scale, in which the options are scored as (0-1-2-3). The

maximum score of the subject with this method in the mentioned questionnaire will be 84.

In this system, the Likert scale method was used.

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Fig 1.

Subscales of GHQ questionnaire

4.3. Validity and reliability of GHQ-28 test

Goldberg and Williams reported in 1988 that the reliability of the doubling method for this

questionnaire, which was completed by 853 people, was 0.95. After administering a

questionnaire to 72 students in Hong Kong, Chan reported that the internal consistency

coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.93 using Cronbach's alpha method. Robinson and Price

(1986) asked 103 patients who had previously had a heart attack to complete a general health

questionnaire twice, eight months apart. The analysis of the results gave a reliability coefficient

of 0.90. Goldberg evaluated the general health questionnaire based on three methods of

retesting, halving and Cronbach's alpha, which obtained the reliability coefficients of 0.93, 0.70

and 0.90, respectively. Also, in this study, simultaneous validity methods and factor analysis

were used to study the validity of the mental health questionnaire. Simultaneous validity of the

General Health Questionnaire has been reported through the concurrent performance with the

Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ 0.55).

4.4. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)

The 28 questions of the questionnaire are as follows:

Table 1

GHQ Questionnaire

Have you felt completely well and healthy for the past month or not?

Have you felt the need for tonics since the last month?

Have you felt weak from the last month until today?

Have you felt sick for the past month or not?

Have you had a headache from the last month until today?

Have you ever felt your head tied tightly with something like a handkerchief or a

pressure on your head from the last month until today?

Have you felt that sometimes your body is hot or cold from the last month until

today?

Have you ever had insomnia due to anxiety over the past month?

Have you woken up in the middle of the night from the last month until today?

Have you felt under constant pressure from the past month until today?

Have you been angry and bad-tempered for the past month?

Somatic

Symptoms

Anxiety and

Insomnia

Social

Dysfunction

Severe

Depression

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Have you realized from the last month until today that doing anything is beyond

your

ability?

Have you felt nervous and anxious all the time from the last month until today?

Have you been able to keep yourself busy and entertained from the past month until

today?

Have you spent more time doing things than you did a month ago?

Have you generally felt that you are doing well from the last month until today?

Do you feel satisfied with the way you do your work from the last month until today?

Have you felt that you have a useful role in doing things from the last month until

today?

Have you been able to make decisions over the past month or not?

Have you been able to enjoy everyday activities from the past month until today?

Have you thought that you are worthless from the last month until today?

Have you felt that life is completely frustrating from the past month until today?

Have you felt from the last month until today that life is not worth living?

Have you thought about the possibility of committing suicide for the past month or

not?

Have you felt so nervous for the past month that you cannot do anything?

Have you come to the conclusion from the last month until today that you wish you

were dead and got rid of life altogether?

Has the thought of wanting to end your life come to you from the last month until

today?

Source: Authors development

These scores are calculated as follows:

Out of 28 items of the questionnaire, items 1 to 7 are related to the scale of physical

symptoms. Cases 8 to 14 examine the symptoms of anxiety and sleep disorders, and

cases 15 to 21 deal with the assessment of social functioning symptoms, and finally cases

22 to 28 assess the symptoms of depression. To sum up the scores, A is given a score of

0, B is given a score of 1, C is given a score of 2 and D is given a score of 3. In each scale

from a score of 6 and above and a total of a score of 22 and above indicates pathological

symptoms.

Table 2

Likert scoring system

Better than usual

Same as usual

Worse than usual

Much worse than usual

Source: Authors development

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Table 3.

Scores in the whole questionnaire

No or minimum limit

22-0

Slight

40-23

Medium

60-41

Intense

84-61

Source: Authors development

5. Results

5.1. Questionnaire review in Snapp drivers

In this section, 40 drivers, 20 men and 20 women, were examined. The results showed

that the scores of all these drivers were between 60-41. This score indicates the medium

level in driving psychology.

Table 4

Driver scores

Male

Female

Total score

60-41

Source: Authors development

5.2. Interpretation of the questionnaire

The 28-item form of the General Health Questionnaire was designed by Goldberg. This

questionnaire consists of four sub-scales with seven questions in each of them.

Fig 2

The titles of the scales of this

questionnaire

Physical

symptom

Symptoms of

anxiety and

sleep

disorders

Social

action

Symptoms

depression

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In the section on physical symptoms or the first subscale of A, the general health status

and physical symptoms that the person has experienced during the past month are

examined. In the second section on symptoms of anxiety and sleep disorders or the second

subscale B, the clinical signs and symptoms of severe anxiety, insomnia, stress, anger and

anxiety are examined. In the social action scale or the third subscale C, the ability of a person

to perform daily tasks, feeling satisfied in performing tasks, feeling useful, learning power

and enjoying daily life activities are studied. Symptoms of depression or the fourth subscale

of D examine feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, desire to die, and the

ability to do things.

Table 5

Questionnaire specifications

Scale of physical signs

Feeling healthy

Feeling the need for fortifying drugs to get things done

Feeling weak and lethargic

Feeling sick

Headache

Feeling pressure on the head

Feeling hot and cold

Scale of anxiety

symptoms and

sleep disorders

Insomnia

Waking up in the middle of sleep

Feeling pressured

Anger and bad temper

Fear and panic

Inability to do things

Stress

Scale of social action

signs

Ability to keep yourself busy and entertained

Spend more time than usual

Feeling good about doing things

Feeling satisfied with how things are done

Feeling useful

Feeling the power of decision making

Enjoy daily activities

Depression Symptoms

Scale

Feeling worthless

Hopelessness

Feeling worthless

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Suicidal thoughts

Inability to do things

wish to die

Suicide attempt

Source: Authors development

The total score of each person is obtained from the sum of the scores of the four

subscales. A low score on this scale is a sign of health and a high score is a sign of

unhealthiness. The Likert method with scores of 3,2,1,0 was used for the questionnaire

question options.

5.3. Total points

The scores are generally as follows:

Table 6

Total scores

It shows that you are in a

very good condition in

terms

of mental health.

22-0

Indicates that your

mental health is at risk

in some

areas.

40-23

It shows that your

mental health has been

damaged in many cases

and you should think

about improving your

living conditions and

mental

health.

60-41

Indicates the dire

state of your mental

health. It is strongly

recommended that

you consult a specialist.

84-61

Source: Authors development

As the research showed, the scores of the surveyed drivers are all between

41-60, which indicates the level of C in the table. According to research based on

the questionnaire, it shows that the mental health of drivers has been affected in

many cases, and you drivers should think about improving living conditions and

mental health.

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6. Conclusion

Driving matters are challenging emotional issues because they are unpredictable and

constantly occurring and involve dangerous matters. Drivers are very different in this

regard. Many drivers consider this situation as emotional stress and as a result, they

face and deal with it. They find it difficult with Anna. Drivers, on the other hand, were

often motivated to be competitive and unaware of their emotional jaundice. This affects

their motivations and goals and distorts the driver's thinking and increases the emotions

out of one's control.

Driving is a phenomenon that puts a person in a special situation, this situation,

makes some behaviors based on the driver's personality more obvious and objective. On

the other hand, driving is a social behavior that affects a wide range of cognitive,

emotional and personality actions; therefore, people who drive always need to be aware

of their psychological state. The results of the study showed that anxiety and aggression

are related to driving psychology. As a result, Snapp drivers have moderate levels of

mental health. This level means that the mental health of the drivers surveyed needs to

be improved.

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