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Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506
Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X
Vol. 12 No2 222-234pp. Copyright © 2022
Julio-diciembre
ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
Relación entre los recursos personales y los indicadores de la edad
biopsicológica en la región del Cáucaso de Rusia*
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7114656
Albina A. Zimina **, Azaliya M. Zinatullina ***, Georgiy V. Fatianov ****
Resumen
El artículo informa sobre un estudio experimental de la relación entre la edad
biopsicológica y los recursos personales. El estudio utiliza las variables de edad biológica,
cronológica y psicológica, junto con el índice de envejecimiento biológico relativo (BA-
EBA), el índice de envejecimiento psicológico relativo (PA-CA), la evaluación de la edad
psicológica subjetiva, un cuestionario de trayectoria de vida y un cuestionario de
recursos. Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que, en mujeres jóvenes de 25
a 35 años, el recurso de la comunicación reduce el índice PA-CA. Se encuentra un
impacto positivo del deporte en la salud fisiológica entre las mujeres de 36 a 55 años, a
pesar de que lo practican menos a medida que envejecen. Las mujeres entre 56 y 71
años se vuelven menos propensas a conductas de riesgo con la edad, lo que explica su
mayor edad psicológica. En la muestra de hombres de 36 a 60 años, se destaca que los
recursos de organización de la vida, amabilidad, cuidado, determinación, vigor y
necesidad de logro reducen los indicadores de edad biológica. Al mismo tiempo, el
ejercicio deportivo ayuda a disminuir los indicadores de envejecimiento biológico y
psicológico y contribuye al antienvejecimiento en los hombres de esta franja de edad.
Así, el estudio muestra que en cada período de edad, mujeres y hombres difieren en el
uso de los recursos vitales, lo que incide en la disminución o aumento de la edad
biopsicológica.
Palabras clave: edad biológica, edad psicológica, procesos de envejecimiento,
antienvejecimiento, áreas de recursos, recursos personales, organización de la
trayectoria vital.
Abstract
Relationship between personal resources and indicators of
biopsychological age in the Caucasus region of Russia
The paper reports on an experimental study of the relationship between biopsychological
age and personal resources. The study uses the variables of biological, chronological,
and psychological age, along with the relative biological aging index (BA-EBA), the
relative psychological aging index (PA-CA), assessment of subjective psychological age,
a life path questionnaire, and a resource questionnaire. Research results demonstrate
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that in young women aged 25-35, the resource of communication lowers the PA-CA
index. A positive impact of sports on physiological health is found among women aged
36-55 despite the fact that they engage in it less as they get older. Women aged between
56 and 71 become less prone to risky behavior with age, which explains their higher
psychological age. In the sample of 36-60-year-old men, it is notable that the resources
of life organization, kindness, care, determination, vigor, and the need for achievement
reduce the indicators of biological age. At the same time, sports exercise helps to lower
the indicators of biological and psychological aging and contributes to anti-aging in men
of this age group. Thus, the study shows that in each age period, women and men differ
in their use of life resources, which affects the decrease or increase in biopsychological
age.
Keywords: biological age, psychological age, aging processes, anti-aging, resource
areas, personal resources, life path organization.
Recibido: 02/08/2022 Aceptado: 12/09/2022
* Agradecimiento a T.N. Berezina, supervisora del proyecto, por su tutela; a L.G. Olisaeva, A.A. Kalaev, Z.O.
Edzieva, O.G. Olisaeva, Z.A. Kalaeva, A.E. Temiraeva, V.N. Zimin, E.I. Zimin y S.V. Zimin por su ayuda en la
organización del estudio. El proyecto recibió apoyo financiero de Russian Science Foundation, proyecto nº 19-
18-00058-P.
** Universidad Estatal de Psicología y Educación de Moscú, Moscú, Rusia. e-mail: leederx@mail.ru
*** Docente del Departamento de Fundamentos Científicos de la Psicología Extrema, Facultad de Psicología
Extrema, Universidad Estatal de Psicología y Educación de Moscú, Moscú, Rusia. E-mail:
azaliazinatullina@mail.ru
**** Universidad Pedagógica Estatal de Cheliábinsk, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. E-mail: gv.fatianov@yandex.ru
1.- Introduction
In recent years, the problem of preserving and improving health, as well as
increasing life expectancy, has become more acute. The relevance of this issue stems
from the need to preserve the ability to work and health indicators in people of middle
and mature age.
The outlined problem is actively investigated. New measures are being taken to
improve the quality of life. Special research is being conducted to improve people’s
health and life expectancy. Yet the fast pace of life, constant pressure, high levels of
stress, deterioration of the socio-environmental sphere, and constant changes (e.g.,
pandemics, self-isolation, etc.) adversely affect human health (Rybtsova et al., 2020;
Zinatullina et al., 2021).
For these reasons, of great importance for preserving and improving people’s health
and life expectancy are their individual resources and personal strategies.
Factors influencing and contributing to health outcomes are now investigated by
many scientists, who report positive dynamics in the form of a lower aging index and
improving health indicators with the proper use of personal resources. The current study
addresses the issues of biopsychological age and the effect of personal resources on it.
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Considering the concept of biopsychological age, we should note that it is comprised
of the indicators of biological and psychological age and indexes successively calculated
on their basis. Researchers of biological age define it in different ways and use
characteristic health indicators that differ between men and women (Furukawa et al.,
1975). Specifically, biological age in women is estimated based on pulse blood pressure,
body weight, static balancing on the left leg with eyes closed, and subjective health
assessment. Men’s biological age is calculated based on blood pressure, breath hold,
static balancing on the left leg with eyes closed, and subjective health assessment.
Health is assessed based on objective (physical) and subjective (self-assessment of
health) indicators, which influence biological age.
Psychological age is a subjective parameter of the individual-personal characteristic
that is assessed by the individual proceeding from their life experience, satisfaction, and
self-realization.
Psychological and biological age may not align with one another and the real
(chronological) age of the person. This inconsistency may come as a result of various
factors. The presence of a mismatch between the psychological and calendar age is
considered by many scientists as psychosomatic maladaptation.
In addition to biological and psychological age, the concepts of chronological (or
calendar) age and social age exist, which are also significant parameters in studying
individuals’ health status. However, the most appropriate indicator for such research is
biological age (Finkelstein, 2006).
Another important characteristic in research on human health and life expectancy is
the relative aging index calculated using the formula BA-EBA (the difference between
biological age and expected biological age) (Berezina, 2020a).
Above we listed the indicators of human health, the key among which is biological
age defined by a number of physiological factors (Voitenko, 1982). Next in order of
importance come the parameters of expected biological age used to calculate the relative
aging index (BA-EBA) and psychological age (Berezina, 2020b).
At present, there is a wide array of research proving the impact of a plethora of
different factors on people’s health status and life expectancy. Most often studied are
intellectual and creative characteristics, temperament and character traits, behavioral
indicators, and the motivational sphere (Snowdon, 2008; Koteneva, 2020).
The factors affecting human health and life expectancy also include individuals’
physical, genetic, and individual-personal characteristics and strategies (Robert et al.,
2005; Morozova et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2017; Berezina et al., 2019; Berezina et al.,
2020; Grande et al., 2020), the features of the personal organization of time and life
path (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2010; Hampshire et al., 2021), psychological and
emotional components, the presence of relationships, the environment, peculiarities of
relationships with other people (Long et al., 2020), and more.
Factors affecting life expectancy and health status may act as both favorable and
unfavorable depending on the individual and personal characteristics of the person.
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There are studies demonstrating the positive health effects of work persistence
(Shannahan et al., 2012), which can be an adverse factor in workaholism (Berezina et
al., 2022). Similar results are reported for openness in communication (Cornwell et al.,
2008) with constant active interaction with other people, an overabundance of which
can lead to withdrawal, lack of stress tolerance, nervousness, etc. (Friedman &
Rosenman, 1974; Friedman & Martin, 2012; Hampshire et al., 2021).
A recent study suggests three groups of factors affecting human life expectancy:
heredity, the environment, and personal characteristics. “Heredity factors are the
response rate programmed in the genes for individual life expectancy. Environmental
factors are the level of medical care in the country, the economic and environmental
well-being of society, the absence of wars, etc.” (Berezina et al., 2022: 36).
In our study, of greatest interest is the personality factor, which emerges in the
interaction of heredity and the environment. This process consists in the fact that certain
genes inherent in a person help in the search for a certain environment for maximum
success. In the context of the organization of healthy aging by the person, the person
acts as an active individual capable of influencing the length of their life by prolonging it
(Berezina & Mansurov, 2015; Berezina & Rybtsov, 2021).
The research objective of the conducted study is to explore the relationship between
personal resources and biopsychological age indicators.
2. Materials and methods
The conducted analysis of modern literature indicates the existence of studies on the
influence of various psychological and behavioral factors on health and life expectancy.
For our research, we chose effective factors that are amenable to personal regulation
(conscious training), the so-called resource areas that allow increasing the duration of a
person’s productive life.
Thus, we selected 13 resource areas that contribute to better health and higher life
expectancy. They include the resource of sports, the resource of control, the creative
resource, the intellectual resource, the resource of applied activities, the altruistic
resource (kindness, caring), humor, the spiritual resource, the resource of risk, the
resource of communication, the resource of “living nature”, the resource of victory
(determination, vigor, achievement), and the resource of optimism.
Relying on the theoretical investigation, we collected data demonstrating the impact
of the large set of factors on biopsychological age. Peculiar effects on biopsychological
age and life expectancy are produced by individual-personal characteristics, the so-called
personal resources. Data on their impact on human health are quite contradictory.
Controversial research findings may result from studying the influence of only one
parameter on biopsychological age, while individual-personal factors act on health
indicators comprehensively. These factors form a single individual-personal strategy that
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facilitates positive or negative effects on life expectancy and health. In this light, the
present work is devoted to the study of the relationship between personal resources and
indicators of biopsychological age.
The methods employed in the research process include:
a. The method “Determination of Biological Age by V.P. Voitenko”, including the
questionnaire “Determination of Self-Assessment of Health” (DSAH) and
formulas for calculating biological age (Voitenko, 1982).
b. The life path questionnaire showing the individual-typological characteristics:
sex, age, profession, body type, emotionality, functional asymmetry, style of
relationship with the world, and place of residence (Voitenko, 1982).
c. K.A. Abulkhanova and T.N. Berezina’s method of self-assessment of
psychological age (Abulkhanova & Berezina, 2001).
d. The “Resource Areas” questionnaire (Berezina, 2021).
e. Descriptive statistics methods.
f. Mathematical statistics methods (IBM SPSS Statistics 26).
Sample: 270 people between the ages of 25 and 71 living in the Caucasus region of
Russia. The sample was subdivided into the groups of women (188 persons between the
ages of 25 and 71) and men (82 persons between the ages of 25 and 71).
3. Results
The first stage of the study involved collecting data on the respondents’ individual-
typological characteristics, indicators of biological and psychological age and resource
areas, the relative aging index, and the relative psychological aging index.
The next step of the study was correlation analysis to determine the relationship
between various personal resources and health indicators.
Table 1
Correlation analysis of resource areas and biopsychological age in a sample of
25-35-year-old women
Women 25-35 years old
CA
BA
BA-EBA
index
PA
PA-CA
index
Creative activities (in the
sphere of art)
.427*
.434*
Applied activities
(handicrafts)
-.457*
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Risky behavior
-.458*
-.471*
-.405*
-.515**
Communication
-.485*
-.763**
Note.
** – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.01.
* – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.05.
CA – chronological age.
BA – biological age.
BA-EBA index (biological age – expected biological age) – individual aging index.
PA – psychological age.
PA-CA index (psychological age – chronological age).
The results show that in 25-35-year-old women, chronological age has an inverse
correlation with applied activities and risky behavior (p⩽0.05). Thus, women in this age
group tend to engage in applied activities and risky behavior less often as they get older.
A similar relationship is found between biological age and the aging index and risky
behavior, both correlations being inverse (p⩽0.05). In this case, the women prone to
risky actions are younger biologically and have lower values of the aging index.
Psychological age also shows negative correlations with risky behavior (p⩽0.01) in
addition to communication (p⩽0.05). In other words, the more often women between
25 and 35 years old take risks, the younger they are psychologically. Similar results are
observed for the resource of communication: the more these women communicate, the
lower their psychological age. Furthermore, psychological age demonstrates a direct
correlation with creative activities in the sphere of art (p⩽0.05). These results suggest
that as their psychological age increases, women in this age group tend to devote more
time to creative activities. The relative psychological aging index is linked with creative
activities in the arts (p⩽0.05) and has a strong negative correlation with the resource of
communication (p⩽0.01). This implies that 25-35-year-old women who often engage in
artistic activities feel older psychologically, while active communication, on the contrary,
lowers the relative psychological aging index.
Table 2
Correlation analysis of resource areas and biopsychological age in a sample of
36-55-year-old women
Women 36-55 years old
CA
BA
BA-EBA
index
PA
PA-CA
index
Sports
-.337**
-.347**
-.211*
Creative activities (in the
sphere of art)
-.221*
-.310**
Intellectual activities (in
science and technology)
-.238*
-.211*
Kindness, care
.238*
Spiritual practices and self-
improvement
.194*
.229*
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Determination, vigor,
achievement
-.207*
-.232*
Note.
** – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.01.
* – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.05.
CA – chronological age.
BA – biological age.
BA-EBA index (biological age – expected biological age) – individual aging index.
PA – psychological age.
PA-CA index (psychological age – chronological age).
In the sample of women aged between 36 and 55, chronological age has a negative
correlation with sports (p⩽0.01) and the resource of determination, vigor, and
achievement (p⩽0.05). In addition, chronological age shows a direct association with
spiritual practices and self-improvement activities (p⩽0.05). Thus, with age, women in
this group do sports less often and become less goal-oriented and active, devoting more
time to spiritual practices and self-improvement.
Biological age and the aging index are found to have inverse relationships with the
resources of sports (p⩽0.01; p⩽0.05), creative activities (in the sphere of art) (p⩽0.05;
p⩽0.01), and intellectual activities (in science and technology) (p⩽0.01; p⩽0.01). A
significant negative correlation is noted between biological age and the resource of
sports (p⩽0.01), as well as between the aging index and creative activities (p⩽0.01).
Thus, engagement in sports in this group is associated with lower biological age, while
the aging index is lower in women who devote their time to artistic and intellectual
pursuits (science and technology).
Psychological age displays a direct correlation with spiritual practices and self-
improvement activities (p⩽0.05) and a negative correlation with determination, vigor,
and achievement (p⩽0.05). This suggests that more determined women have a lower
psychological age, while spirituality and self-improvement are associated with greater
psychological age.
The relative psychological aging index is found to be associated with kindness and
care (p⩽0.05), meaning that kindness and care entail higher values of relative
psychological aging.
Table 3
Correlation analysis of resource areas and biopsychological age in a sample of
56-71-year-old women
Women 56-71 years old
CA
BA
BA-EBA
index
PA
PA-CA
index
Risky behavior
-.389**
-.360**
Communication
.282*
.320*
-.293*
Living nature
.269*
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Determination, vigor,
achievement
.265*
Note.
** – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.01.
* – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.05.
CA – chronological age.
BA – biological age.
BA-EBA index (biological age – expected biological age) – individual aging index.
PA – psychological age.
PA-CA index (psychological age – chronological age).
In the sample of women aged between 56 and 71, chronological age has a significant
negative correlation with risky behavior (p⩽0.01) and a direct correlation with the
resource of “living nature” (p⩽0.05). Thus, women in this age group are less inclined to
risky behavior and spend more time in nature.
A direct relationship is observed between biological age and the biological aging index
and the resource of communication (p⩽0.05). Furthermore, biological age is associated
with greater determination, vigor, and achievement (p⩽0.05). This demonstrates that
more determined and sociable women in this age group have higher biological age and
that communication is associated with a higher aging index.
A negative correlation is found between psychological age and risky behavior
(p⩽0.01). The index of relative psychological aging, in turn, shows a negative correlation
with the resource of communication (p⩽0.05). Thus, women aged 56-71 less often
choose to take risks at a higher psychological age. The psychological aging index is lower
with active communication. Although communication is found to contribute to physical
aging, from a psychological standpoint, it proves to be an anti-aging resource.
Table 4
Correlation analysis of resource areas and biopsychological age in a sample of
36-60-year-old men
Men 36-60 years old
CA
BA
BA-EBA
index
PA
PA-CA
index
Sports
-.697**
-.597**
-.445**
-.367*
Precision, order, and
organization
-.488**
-.399**
Intellectual activities (in
science and technology)
-.317*
-.315*
Applied activities
(handicrafts)
-.431**
Kindness, care
-.509**
-.415**
-.359*
Spiritual practices and
self-improvement
-.449**
-.354*
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Living nature
-.347*
.321*
-.312*
Determination, vigor,
achievement
-.666**
-.469**
-.337*
Optimism
-.353*
Note.
** – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.01.
* – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.05.
CA – chronological age.
BA – biological age.
BA-EBA index (biological age - expected biological age) – individual aging index.
PA – psychological age.
PA-CA index (psychological age – chronological age).
In the sample of men aged 36-60, inverse correlations are found between
chronological age and precision, order, and organization, applied activities (handicrafts),
kindness and care, spiritual practices and self-improvement, and determination, vigor,
and achievement (p⩽0.01), as well as intellectual activities (in science and technology)
and the resource of living nature (p⩽0.05). Thus, the findings suggest that 36-60-year-
old men spend more time performing intellectual tasks and observing nature when they
are younger. Furthermore, the lower their calendar age, the more they focus on
precision, order, and organization, engage in applied activities, show kindness and care,
get involved in self-improvement and spiritual practices, and demonstrate vigor and the
desire to set and achieve goals.
Similar results are observed for biological age, which has significant negative
correlations with sports, precision, order, and organization, kindness and care,
determination, vigor, and achievement (p⩽0.01) and negative correlations with
intellectual activities (in science and technology) and optimism (p⩽0.05). Thus, men who
are more optimistic about life and spend more time on intellectual tasks are biologically
younger. Sports are linked to lower biological age, same as the function of precision,
order, and organization. Similar relationships are shown for the resources of kindness
and care and determination, vigor, and achievement.
The index of biological aging is found to have a significant positive correlation with
the resources of sports (p⩽0.01) and a positive correlation with “living nature” (p⩽0.05).
Thus, in this age group of men, time spent in nature is linked with aging. This could be
associated with professional work or directly with recreation in nature, which is individual
for each person. Doing sports, in turn, is found to be an anti-aging factor for men.
Psychological age has a negative correlation with the resource of sports (p⩽0.01)
and is inversely associated with kindness, care, spirituality, self-improvement, living
nature, determination, vigor, and achievement (p⩽0.05). This implies that active, goal-
oriented, kind, and caring men who engage in self-improvement and spiritual practices
and spend more time in nature are psychologically younger, same as the men who do
sports.
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The relative psychological aging index shows a negative correlation with sports
(p⩽0.05), i.e. sport helps to lower the index of relative psychological aging and serves
as an anti-aging resource.
Table 5
Correlation analysis of resource areas and biopsychological age in a sample of
61-71-year-old men
Men 61-71 years old
CA
BA
BA-EBA
index
PA
PA-CA
index
Sports
-.356*
Humor
-.399*
-.368*
-.410*
-.346*
Note.
* – correlation significant at the confidence level p≤0.05.
CA – chronological age.
BA – biological age.
BA-EBA index (biological age – expected biological age) – individual aging index.
PA – psychological age.
PA-CA index (psychological age – chronological age).
Men in the 61 to 71 age group exhibit an inverse correlation between calendar age
and sports resource (p⩽0.05). In other words, men are less likely to exercise as they
get older.
The resource of humor correlates inversely with biological age, the aging index,
psychological age, and the relative psychological aging index (p⩽0.05). This
demonstrates that the resource of humor can reduce biological and psychological age
and promote biological and psychological anti-aging in this group of men.
4. Conclusion
The conducted study on the interrelation of personal resources with the indicators of
biopsychological age suggests that personal resources have their peculiarities in each
age group of men and women.
With respect to 25-35-year-old women, it is notable that those of them that are
prone to risks feel psychologically younger. Also interestingly, the more these women
use the resources of communication, the lower their relative psychological aging index.
In women of the 36-55 age group, sports hobbies are found to have a favorable
effect on health, reducing biological age. In this age group, it is also noted that artistic
and creative activities can slow down the aging process.
Results on women aged between 56 and 71 suggest that they strive for more
peaceful, risk-averse behavior, which can certainly be explained by the desire to devote
more time to preserving and improving one’s health at this age. The same can explain
the more mature psychological age in the women less inclined to take risks.
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With respect to the sample of 36-60-year-old men, of note is the following. The
results suggest a lowering of activity in men in this group. Specifically, the older they
get, the less they focus on spiritual and self-improvement practices and applied
activities, and the lower their need for achievement. The resources of organizing one’s
life and showing kindness and care also show a decline with age.
Meanwhile, the obtained results show that the resources of organization, kindness,
care, determination, vigor, and desire to set and achieve goals are the ones linked to
lower biological age. Furthermore, engagement in sports reduces the indicators of men’s
biological and psychological age and promotes anti-aging in this age group.
Thus, the study demonstrates that each age group of men and women differs in the
use of various life resources, which have drastically different effects on biological age.
This gives reason to conclude that these differences need to be considered in research
on the relationship between biopsychological age and personal resources.
Acknowledgments
The author expresses gratitude: to T.N. Berezina, the project supervisor, for her
mentorship; to L.G. Olisaeva, A.A. Kalaev, Z.O. Edzieva, O.G. Olisaeva, Z.A. Kalaeva,
A.E. Temiraeva, V.N. Zimin, E.I. Zimin, and S.V. Zimin for their help in organizing the
study.
Financial support
The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science
Foundation, project No. 19-18-00058-P.
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