Enero-Junio 2023

Vol. 13 No. 1

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 13 N

enero-junio

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares /DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7382771

Elena Pavlovna Evtushkova *, Anastasia Igorevna Soloshenko **

Resumen

La evaluación ecológica urbana es una de las áreas prometedoras para la aplicación de

soluciones de planificación urbana sólidas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con el fin de elaborar

recomendaciones metodológicas para la ubicación óptima de los centros de enseñanza

preescolar basadas en la evaluación ecológica urbana. Se ha establecido que el uso de

la evaluación ecológica urbana en la ubicación de instituciones educativas preescolares

permitirá identificar los territorios desfavorables y proporcionar un conjunto de medidas

para eliminar los factores negativos. Se realizó una evaluación ecológica del estado del

medio ambiente de Tiumén (Rusia) cuyo resultado demostró que el territorio de la parte

central y sudoriental de la ciudad está sometido a efectos negativos. A partir de los datos

obtenidos, se ha elaborado un mapa del concepto de emplazamiento ecológico urbano

de los centros de enseñanza preescolar en el territorio de Tiumén. Como resultado del

estudio, se propone prever la construcción de nuevos jardines de infancia basándose en

los enfoques metodológicos de la fundamentación ecológica urbana de la ubicación de

las instituciones educativas preescolares en una zona urbanizada. Se proponen

directrices metodológicas para la justificación ecológica urbana de la ubicación de los

centros de educación preescolar en una zona urbanizada y un mapa de apoyo informativo

para el sistema de justificación ecológica urbana de la ubicación de los centros de

educación preescolar. En conclusión, se puede decir que la evaluación ecológica urbana

permitirá un enfoque más detallado y sistemático del diseño de las instituciones

educativas preescolares.

Palabras clave: evaluación ecológica urbana, nivel de contaminación ambiental,

índice de contaminación atmosférica, índice de contaminación total del suelo.

Abstract

Urban ecological approach in the substantiation of the placement of preschool

educational institutions

Urban environmental assessment is one of the promising areas for the application of

sound urban planning solutions. The study was conducted to develop methodological

recommendations for the optimal placement of preschool educational institutions based

on urban ecological assessment. It has been established that the use of urban ecological

assessment in the placement of preschool educational institutions will allow for the

identification of unfavorable territories and provide a set of measures to eliminate

negative factors. An ecological assessment of the state of the environment of Tyumen

(Russia) has been carried out. The assessment has demonstrated that the territory in

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the central and southeastern parts of the city is subject to negative effects. Based on

the data obtained, a map of the concept of the urban ecological placement of preschool

educational institutions in the territory of Tyumen has been developed. According to the

results of the urban ecological substantiation, an improvement project is provided for

preschool institutions located in an unfavorable zone to eliminate the negative impact.

As a result of the conducted study, it is proposed to provide for the construction of new

kindergartens based on methodological approaches of the urban ecological

substantiation of the placement of preschool educational institutions in a built-up area.

Methodological guidelines for the urban ecological substantiation of the placement of

preschool educational institutions in a built-up area and a map of information support

for the system of urban ecological substantiation of the placement of preschool

educational institutions have been developed. In conclusion, one can say that the urban

environmental assessment will allow for a more detailed and systematic approach to the

design of preschool educational institutions.

Keywords: urban ecological assessment, environmental pollution level, atmospheric

pollution index, total soil pollution index.

Recibido: 01/10/2022 Aceptado: 25/11/2022

* Candidato a Ciencias Agrícolas, Profesor Asociado del Departamento de Gestión de Tierras y Catastros,

Universidad Agraria Estatal de los Transurales del Norte, Tiumén, Rusia. Correo electrónico:

evtushckova17@yandex.ru

** Estudiante de posgrado de la Universidad Agraria Estatal del Transural del Norte, Tiumén, Rusia. Correo

electrónico: karamzina.ai@ati.gausz.ru

1.- Introduction

At the present stage of urbanization, environmental pollution has a huge impact on

the health of the population. Preschool children are the most vulnerable group in this

respect. According to the results of many studies, it has been demonstrated that the

pollution of the kindergarten territory has a strong impact on the health of children. In

this regard, it is necessary to conduct an urban ecological assessment of territories when

planning the placement of preschool educational institutions (PEI) to improve the socio-

economic development of urban settlements.

The study object: PEIs of the city of Tyumen (Russia).

The study subject: methodological approaches to the urban ecological substantiation

of the placement of educational institutions in built-up urban areas.

The purpose of the study was to develop methodological recommendations for the

optimal placement of PEIs based on urban environmental assessment.

To date, the rapid development of urban areas is due to an increase in the population,

in connection with which several problems arise affecting the socio-economic,

environmental, and urban planning spheres of activity.

Modern challenges in the urban planning policy of large cities are closely related to

the problem of optimizing public spaces, improving their quality, and providing

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

comfortable living conditions for the population (State Duma of the Federal Assembly of

the Russian Federation, 2004; Mezhyan, 2021).

The assessment of the comfort and convenience of an urban or rural territory is made

by its residents. Today, most rural residents move from the village to the district, and

then to the city, and this proves that there are more amenities and prospects for life in

the urban district (Bochkarev, 2019; Bespalov and Taran, 2020).

As a result of the increase in the urban population, specialists face an increasing need

for urban development and planning, including the theory and practice of planning urban,

rural, and other settlements, the formation, and development of social, transport,

engineering, and technical infrastructure (Bochkarev, 2019; Danilina et al., 2019).

Under Article 1 of the Urban Planning Code (UPC) of the Russian Federation, urban

development is understood as the development of territories, including cities and other

settlements, carried out in the form of territorial development, urban zoning, territory

planning, architectural and construction design, construction, capital repairs,

reconstruction, demolition of capital construction facilities, operation of buildings and

structures, and complex development of territories and their improvement (State Duma

of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, 2004).

When creating a sustainable urban environment, it is important not just to fill the

territory with the necessary elements of landscaping, but to create a high-quality urban

space equipped with social functions, comfortable to stay in, accessible to all population

groups, and including a natural and recreational environment for residents (Danilina et

al., 2019; Bespalov and Taran, 2020).

The formation of the social sphere in the urban environment has its characteristics,

including the effectiveness and completeness of the implementation of social assistance,

such as the possibility of consolidation of nomenclature units, their cooperation with

other branches of the service sector, good transport accessibility of institutions, but at

the same time, it comes with some problems with the environment and free territories

for the placement of new institutions, etc. (Bochkarev, 2019; Ofitsialnyi sait

administratsii, 2021).

Due to the growth of cities, as well as an increase in the population, the main goal

of the socio-economic development of urban areas is to provide preschool children with

places in PEIs that must meet urban planning-related and environmental requirements.

The design of newly constructed and reconstructed buildings for PEIs is carried out

under the code of rules 252.1325800.2016 "Buildings of preschool educational

organizations (PEO). Design rules". One of the main requirements for the placement of

buildings is the radius of accessibility of services from the place of residence to the

general type of PEO (Ministry of Construction, 2016a).

To date, the current problem of shortage of places in kindergartens, the introduction

of a new regulatory framework and changed standards of education attract changes in

the architecture of kindergartens (Bochkarev, 2019; Rekun, 2019).

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The projects of kindergartens of the new generation meet the strictest requirements

of safety, comfort, energy, and heat conservation and are harmoniously combined with

the surrounding space (Rekun, 2019).

In modern conditions, when planning preschool institutions, the main attention

should be paid to ensuring a high level of environmental safety (Bespalov and Taran,

2020).

In the course of modern scientific and technological progress taking place in the

conditions of urbanization of regions, the pressure of anthropogenic factors on nature

increases and leads to disruption of the ecological structures of the biosphere, which

leads to degradation of the environment as a whole, depletion of resources, and as a

consequence, damage to human health (Bochkarev, 2019).

In the conditions of unfavorable environmental conditions in cities, it is necessary to

carry out appropriate measures. The main measure to reduce the negative impact on

the environment is the green space expansion in urban areas.

To reduce the negative impact on PEIs, it is necessary to carry out outdoor

landscaping of these territories.

One of the elements of outdoor landscaping is landscape gardening in the territory

of preschool institutions. Plants can have a direct effect on physiological processes due

to phytoncide secretion, i. e. their ability to secrete ethers and other volatile substances

(Danilina et al., 2019; Mezhyan, 2021).

Following the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations of

education and training, recreation, and health improvement of children and youth, the

territory of the PEI should be landscaped at the rate of at least 50% of the area of the

territory free from buildings and sports grounds, including along the perimeter of this

territory (Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, 2020).

2. Materials and methods

The study was conducted from 2018-2021, on the territory of the city of

Tyumen. According to environmental monitoring data, maps have been developed and

basic approaches have been proposed for the formation of the concept of urban

ecological substantiation for the placement of educational institutions based on the

sustainable development of the territory.

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

Figure 1

The main components of the urban environmental assessment system

Source: Authors development

The urban ecological approach to the substantiation of the placement of educational

institutions is carried out based on an environmental assessment of the state of the

environment, which in turn is carried out according to a complex of natural and

anthropogenic factors.

Depending on the degree of environmental pollution, each of the assessment factors

is assigned a certain number of points. When they are added together, a quantitative

assessment of the environmental condition of the settlement is obtained. The

components of environmental factors obtained as a result of a comprehensive

assessment must comply with the normative quality indicators of environmental

components (Table 1).

Table 1

State of environmental components

The level of

environmental

pollution

The state of the most important components of the natural

environment

Noise

load

during

the day,

dBA

Atmospheri

c Pollution

Index (API)

The total

indicator of

soil pollution

Zs = sum

of C/Sf-(n-

Radiation

pollution,

equivalent

radiation

dose,

mSv/year

Scores

Insignificant

<55

<16

1-6

Low

55-70

2-5

16-32

5-10

7-12

Average

70-80

5-6

32-64

10-20

13-18

Severe

7-13

64-128

20-50

19-24

Very severe

>14

>128

>50

25-30

Source: Authors development

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At the same time, the atmospheric API is determined following the guidelines for the

control of atmospheric pollution RD 52.04.186-89, according to formula 1.

Ii = (qsr./PDKm.ri)Ci

(1)

where i is an impurity;

qsr is the average annual concentration of the i-th pollutant;

PDKM.pi is the maximum single concentration of the i-th pollutant;

Ci is a dimensionless coefficient that makes it possible to bring the degree of harmfulness

of the i-th pollutant to the degree of harmfulness of sulfur dioxide. The Ci values are

1.5; 1.3; 1.0 and 0.85, respectively, for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hazard classes of the

pollutant.

Following the point system of Professor V.V. Privalenko, we conducted the ecological

zoning of the territory (Table 2) (Ofitsialnyi sait administratsii, 2021).

Figure 2

Index map of the territory of Tyumen

Source: Authors development

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

Table 2

Classification of ecological zones

Ecological zones

By degree of liveability

By degree of pollution

By degree of safety

High

Insignificant, low

Non-dangerous

Average

Slightly dangerous

Low

Severe

Dangerous

Very severe

Extremely dangerous

Source: Authors development

The results of the environmental assessment of the state of the urban environment

make it possible to identify problems and provide the necessary measures to eliminate

adverse factors.

3. Results and discussion

The city of Tyumen is part of the Ural Federal District and the administrative,

financial, business, cultural, and sports center of the Tyumen region, a major economic

and cultural center of Siberia, and also an important industrial and transport hub

(Ofitsialnyi sait Departamenta obrazovaniya, 2021).

The city is located in the south of western Siberia, on the bank of the Tura River, the

left tributary of the Tobol, in the southwestern part of the West Siberian Lowland. The

geographical position of Tyumen is 57°09' N, 65°32' E (Ofitsialnyi sait administratsii,

2021).

The city is administratively divided into four territorial districts: Central, Leninsky,

Kalininsky, and Vostochny.

The city of Tyumen is part of the city district and its administrative center. According

to the Department of the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre, and

Cartography in the Tyumen Region, the land fund of the territory within the boundaries

of the municipal formation of the Tyumen city district as of 01.01.2021 amounted to

69,848.0 ha (Ofitsialnyi sait administratsii, 2021).

According to the rules of land use and development, most of the territory is occupied

by a recreational zone (12,734.9 ha, which is 28.2% of the territory). The smallest area

of the city's territory is occupied by a special and other-purpose zone (466.1 ha). At the

same time, residential development occupies 21.4% of the territory, which indicates the

constant territory development and the need for constant monitoring of compliance with

environmental and urban planning requirements (Tyumen City Duma, 2014; Simakova

et al., 2019).

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One of the main elements of the formation of the urban component is the dynamics

of the population. Thus, according to the website "Tyumenstat", the population of

Tyumen on 01.01.2021 equaled 816,800 people. According to the results of socio-

economic development, the increase in the urban population is due to migration

(Ofitsialnyi sait upravleniya, 2021).

The dynamics of the city's population for 2015-2021 are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Population dynamics of Tyumen

Source: Authors development

Based on the results obtained, there is a positive dynamic in the population on the

territory of Tyumen, on average, the population increases by 14.3% annually.

Figure 4

Linear correlation of population size

Source: Authors development

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

When analyzing the linear correlation dependence of the dynamics of the urban

population, we saw that the correlation coefficient was close to one (R

= 0.98), which

indicates a positive linear correlation.

According to the analysis of the provision of the population of the city of Tyumen

with institutions of cultural, household, and social services, it was observed that 7,378

places were not enough for the full provision of children with places in PEIs.

According to the data of the Tyumen Department of Education, 56 organizations

operating on the territory of the city carry out educational activities as PEIs. The design

capacity of preschool organizations is 41,066 places (Ofitsialnyi sait Departamenta

obrazovaniya, 2021).

Most of the buildings of the Tyumen PEI were built in the 1960s to 1980s and require

technical re-equipment.

The construction of PEIs on the territory of Tyumen developed rapidly from the 1960s

to the 1990s. The maximum number of preschool institutions' buildings was erected from

1980-1989 (49 PEIs). From the beginning of the 2000s to 2010, the construction of PEIs

stopped and resumed only in 2011.

To date, new PEIs are being built on the city's territory, planned to be put into

operation in 2021.

Urban ecological design is a reasonable placement of real estate objects considering

urban planning and environmental factors.

Kindergartens have special requirements for placement in a built-up area.

The construction and reconstruction of buildings of PEOs must comply with the

standards specified in the Code of Rules 252.1325800.2016 "Buildings of preschool

educational organizations. Design rules" (Ministry of Construction, 2016a, 2016b).

The main urban planning requirements for the placement of PEIs in built-up areas

are presented in Table 3.

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Table 3

Urban planning requirements for the placement of PEIs

Source: Authors development

According to the decision of the Tyumen City Duma of December 25, 2014 No. 243

"On local standards for urban planning in the city of Tyumen", the standard for the PEI

capacity in the territories of new construction with crowded multi-story buildings equals

60 available places per 1 thousand people (Tyumen City Duma, 2014).

Following the "Local standards of urban planning in the city of Tyumen", the

calculation of the regulatory need for additional places in the PEIs of Tyumen was made.

Thus, the regulatory requirement for 816.8 thousand people is 49,008 places. As a

result, there is a shortage of places in preschool organizations in the territory of Tyumen.

The provision of the population with places in preschool institutions is 84%.

An analysis of urban planning assessment was carried out on the territory of Tyumen,

based on the identification of modern functional (territorial), urban planning, and

landscape use of urban territory, as well as compliance with urban planning regulations.

According to the results of the urban planning assessment, a map of the PEI

placement was developed and violations of urban planning requirements were identified.

Being a large industrial center, as well as a powerful transport hub, Tyumen is in the

stage of economic and territorial growth, as a result of which the ecological condition of

the city is deteriorating annually.

According to the results of a comprehensive environmental assessment, it was

observed that the central and south-eastern parts of Tyumen were subject to greater

negative impacts (Figure 5).

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

Figure 5

Map of the liveability of the territory of Tyumen

Source: Authors development

Based on the results of the analysis of a comprehensive environmental assessment

of the state of the urban environment, a map of the PEI placement on the territory of

Tyumen has been developed (Figure 6).

Figure 6

Placement of PEIs in the territory of Tyumen

Source: Authors development

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Analyzing the results obtained on the PEI placement, it can be seen that 25% were

assigned to the zone with a low degree of liveability, 73% to the average one, and 2.0%

to the one with high liveability. This suggests that most PEIs are concentrated in the

central part of the city, so it is necessary to provide a set of measures to improve the

environmental situation in the city (Figure 6).

Following the methodology of the urban ecological substantiation of the PEI

placement, for each of the preschool institutions located near the objects of negative

impact, an analysis of the main components of the state of the environment was carried

out and a set of measures to reduce the negative impact was developed.

Despite the proximity of PEIs with the objects of negative impact, the level of

environmental pollution of most objects is characterized as insignificant or low. In some

cases, there is an average level of environmental pollution.

To date, active construction and reconstruction of preschool institutions are

underway on the territory of Tyumen. Thus, following the resolution of the city

administration dated April 11, 2016 No. 86-pk "On approval of the program for the

Integrated development of the social infrastructure of the city of Tyumen", eight

preschool institutions are planned to be commissioned in 2021.

To identify the ecological situation in the territories of new construction, an analysis

of the urban ecological substantiation of the PEI placement was carried out.

The construction of new PEIs is carried out in compliance with all sanitary and

epidemiological norms and rules. The level of environmental pollution is characterized

as low or insignificant.

Based on the obtained data on the assessment of the state of environmental

components for preschool institutions located near the objects of a negative impact and

new preschool institutions, as well as based on a comprehensive environmental

assessment, a map of the urban ecological substantiation for the PEI placement in the

territory of Tyumen has been developed.

Thus, the urban ecological assessment will allow analyzing the environmental

situation in advance and will allow proper planning of the PEIs considering all the norms

and rules of urban planning.

4. Conclusion

According to the results of a comprehensive urban environmental assessment,

the number of pollutant emissions had increased on the territory of Tyumen. Therefore,

it is necessary to carry out appropriate measures to protect the environment of PEIs in

the city (Ofitsialnyi sait upravleniya, 2021).

The dynamics of population growth in Tyumen is increasing every year by 14.3%, in

this regard, there is a need to provide preschool children with additional places in PEIs.

Evtushkova y Soloshenko / Enfoque ecológico urbano para la fundamentación de la ubicación de las

instituciones educativas preescolares

An ecological assessment of the state of the environment of Tyumen has been carried

out. The assessment has demonstrated that the territory in the central and southeastern

parts of the city is subject to negative effects.

Based on the data obtained, we developed a map of the concept of urban ecological

placement of PEIs in the territory of Tyumen, which showed that the majority of

kindergartens (73%) were located in the average liveability zone.

According to the results of the urban ecological substantiation, an improvement

project is provided for preschool institutions located in an unfavorable zone to eliminate

the negative impact.

As a result of the conducted study, it is proposed to provide for the construction of

new kindergartens based on methodological approaches of the urban ecological

substantiation of the PEI placement in a built-up area.

Methodological guidelines have been developed for the urban ecological

substantiation of the PIE placement in a built-up area.

A map of information support for the system of urban ecological substantiation of the

PEI placement has been developed.

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Tyumen City Duma (2014). Resheniye Tyumenskoy gorodskoy Dumy ot 25

dekabrya 2014 g. No. 243 "O Mestnykh normativakh gradostroitel'nogo

proyektirovaniya goroda Tyumeni" (red. ot 24.09.2020) [Tyumen City

Duma decision of December 25, 2014 No. 243 "On local standards for urban

planning in the city of Tyumen" (as amended on September 24, 2020)].

Available: https://duma.tyumen-

city.ru/files/informer/file/2020/04/5ea171a35f682.pdf (accessed May 27, 2021).