Enero-Junio 2023

Vol. 13 No. 1

Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 12 N

1 / enero-junio, 2022

Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 13 N

enero-junio

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Enfoque analítico descriptivo de la depresión de las mujeres en función de la

edad /DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7382909

Mehrasa Afradi*

Resumen

Todas las personas sienten depresión en algún momento de sus vidas. Este sentimiento

de depresión se presenta por hechos desafortunados o sentimientos negativos como:

perder el trabajo, pelear con un amigo, no sacar buena nota en un examen de clase,

etc., y luego de unos días o semanas, la persona vuelve a la normalidad. vida. Un estado

de ánimo deprimido es una de las reacciones humanas naturales a los acontecimientos

de la vida, pero cuando este estado de ánimo deprimido continúa, conduce a la

depresión. La depresión es uno de los trastornos psiquiátricos más comunes. Según un

estudio nacional de enfermedades y lesiones en Irán, la depresión es el tercer problema

de salud en el país. El estudio actual ha investigado la depresión en mujeres en función

de la edad mediante un enfoque analítico descriptivo. En este estudio se utilizó el

Inventario de Depresión de Beck (formulario de 21 preguntas). El cuestionario fue

recogido sin nombre y secreto y confidencial. Esta sección describe y analiza los datos

de la investigación. Los datos del presente estudio incluyeron puntajes de depresión de

mujeres según su edad. Para describir los datos de la investigación, utilizamos el

promedio y la varianza estándar, y se utilizó el análisis de desviación estándar para

analizar los datos. Se utilizó ANOVA de una vía para comparar las puntuaciones medias

de depresión de los individuos por edad. Los resultados mostraron que no había una

relación estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación de depresión y la edad.

Palabras clave: Depresión, Beck, varianza, ANOVA, puntajes de depresión.

Abstract

Descriptive analytical approach of women's depression based on age

All people feel depression at some point in their lives. This feeling of depression occurs

due to unfortunate events or negative feelings such as: losing a job, fighting with a

friend, not getting a good grade in a class test, etc., and after a few days or weeks, the

person returns to normal life. A depressed mood is one of the natural human reactions

to life events but when this depressed mood continues, it leads to depression. Depression

is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. According to a national study of

diseases and injuries in Iran, depression is the third health problem in the country. The

current study has investigated depression in women based on age by descriptive

analytical approach. Beck Depression Inventory (21 questions form) was used in this

study. The questionnaire was collected without name and secret and confidential. This

section describes and analyses the research data. The data of the present study included

depression scores of women according to their age. In order to describe the research

data, we used average and standard variance, and standard deviation analysis was used

Mehrasa Afradi / Enfoque analítico descriptivo de la depresión de las mujeres en función de la edad

to analyse the data. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean depression scores

of individuals by age. The results showed that there was no statistically significant

relationship between depression score and age.

Keywords: Depression, Beck, variance, ANOVA, scores of depression.

Recibido: 02/10/2022 Aceptado: 25/11/2022

* Departamento de Psicología, Rama Sari, Universidad Islámica Azad, Sari, Irán. Correo electrónico:

mehrasaafradi@yahoo.com

1.- Introduction

Depression can occur only once in a person's life )Aktekin et al; 2001). However, it

often occurs in repetitive attacks throughout life with periods without depression, or it

can be a chronic condition requiring continuous treatment throughout life.Depression is

a disorder that affects your mood, mood, emotions, behavior and your physical

health(Bayati et al;2009).Previously it was believed that "all this is in your ;head" and if

you really try, you can free yourself from it (Bayram and Bilgel,2008). Today, doctors

know that depression is not a weakness, and you alone cannot cure it (Bernhard, 2007).

Depression is a medical disorder with a chemical or biologic background (Bilgel and

Bayram,2010). Occasionally, a stressful life is a stimulant for depression (Bostanci et

al,2005). In other cases, it appears that depression is detected without a specific cause

and occurs spontaneously (Crawford and Henry,2003). Depression, irrespective of its

cause, is more than a distressed state or a lethargic mood (David ,2010).

1. Theories of depression

The causes of depression have been the main theoretical views (Dyson and Renk

,2006).

1-1. Biological Theory

The preconditions for biological theory are that the cause of depression is either in

genes that are passed on through inheritance from parents to children, or a failure of

physiological action that may have an inherited or non-hereditary basis (Ghaderi et

al,2009). Findings about twins from 1930 onward indicate that hereditary factors cause

a kind of depression (Karaoglu and Karaoglu, 2009). Many researchers have inherited

the factors associated with what is happening in one's life (Lovibond and Lovibond,1995).

It means that the combination of hereditary readiness and environmental psychological

pressures is a possible cause of depressed behavior (Ozdemir and Rezaki, 2007). People

with bipolar depression have depression, and at least two generations of them often

have similar behaviors (Aronson& Craighead,2009). Also, in families with dipolar

depression there is a greater chance of developing a polar depression (Barnhofer et

al,2009). The issue of how depression is transmitted through inheritance is still unknown

(Beck et al,1996).

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One major area of research on the biological causes of depression is related to the

role of neurotransmitters. For decades, the theory of ketcholamines has dominated

depression (Becker-Weidman et al.2010). This theory suggests that depression is

associated with a shortage of caecal amines, especially norepinephrine, at the receptor

site of the brain. Dipamine is also associated with depression (Beevers,2005). Other

researchers have linked depression to another neurotransmitter, serotonin.Many of the

information about the role of neurotransmitter neurotransmitters has been achieved

through the observation of the effects of drug administration to patients(Dobson, 1989).

For example, it has been observed that riserpine was one of the first sedative medicines

used to treat high blood pressure, leading to depression in some people

(Blackburn,1990). Because riserpine evacuates some of the chemicals in the

catecholamine group that are needed for the transfer of nerve stimulation, some

scientists believe in the relationship between neurotransmitters and depression (Elliot et

al,2002).

The two groups that are currently most used to treat depression are trichylica (three

loops)(Elliot,2003). Meno-amine oxidase (MAO) agents are another biological expression

for separating depressed people who are more in common (Mitchell et al,2019). Study

periods the sleep of the REM is a dream that the eyes move rapidly from one side to the

other, the pattern of brain waves implies the ultimate brain activity (Fava et al,1994). It

seems that in some depressed people, the distance between falling asleep and starting

the first REM is shorter (Ghassemzadeh et al,2005).

1-2. Psycho-dynamic theory

Psychological studies of depression by Sigmund Freud and Carl Abraham have begun

(Uncu et al,2007). Two people in a separate article about depression described this

disorder as a complex reaction to the loss of something. Depression was the first disorder

that Freud mentioned as the cause of the cause rather than the tenderness of the

emotional factor (Gloaguen, 1998). Melancholy, as Freud called it, is a sad, extreme,

disturbing, long-term, often unrelated with the environment and unnecessary

appearance. Freud believed that a person with depression had a punishing conscience

or strong moral conscience (Hamilton,1970). He emphasized the guilty feelings of

conscience. According to Freud, one reason for the conscience to be so strong is to

control the feelings of anger and aggression that otherwise might manifest itself to the

detriment of others (Hollon et al,1992). Psycho-dynamic theories emphasize the

emotions and reactions of the unconscious to the new situations that underlie previous

events of life. Most psychosocial arrangements focus on the history of the relationships

between the person he has had as a child most of the time - usually mother (Wells,

2009). Thus, a historical history of depression is the disruption of early childhood

relationships. This disorder may be a real lack of parents or an imaginary fear of losing

one of the parents (Hofmann& Reinecke,2010).

The therapeutic endeavors according to the psycho-dynamic theory are to modify

the correlations that exist among the thoughts and feelings of the references. Long-term

Mehrasa Afradi / Enfoque analítico descriptivo de la depresión de las mujeres en función de la edad

psychotherapy focuses on discovering the underlying causes of emotional disturbance

that appears to be due to unresolved childhood conflict (Jones& Trower, 2004). Because

such a complete rehabilitation of the person is not possible in most cases, short-term

support therapy is often used in people with depression to give them the opportunity to

refine their thoughts and feelings to be better encouraged (Kaplan& Sadock,2003).

1-3. Learning theory

The hypothesis of learning theory is that depression and the lack of reinforcement

are related. There are many reasons for this lack of strength (Karaoglu & Karaoglu,

2009). Answers may be encouraged because they did not receive any reinforcements or

had an unpleasant or punitive response. Many theoreticians who believe that they were

largely influenced by Ashkin's work as a conditional factor (Karwaski et al,2006).

Skinner's ideas are modified by emphasizing social interactions, in particular how other

people's behavior can act as reinforcements (Wedgeworth,2017).Evin Suhni and

colleagues are from the point of view of learning depression from the point of view of

learning(Kingstone et al,2007). They typically emphasize that the low levels of sadness

or unpleasant feelings that correlate with depression are related to low levels of positive

reinforcement or high levels of experiences Unpleasant These scenarios may be due to

one or more of the following (Messer& Wampold, 2002):

1. The environment itself may be a problem. There may be low or punishing agents

in a specific environment.

2. A person may lack social skills to attract positive reinforcement or to be able to

effectively deal with inconvenient inconveniences (Siegle et al,2007).

3. Due to some reasons, people who are prone to depression are less positive and

punishments appear to be more negative than ordinary people. This may result in

reduced behavior or retirement, resulting in fewer rewards or more punishments

(Hlaváčová, et al,2020).

Depressed people may be struggling to deal with affective behaviors. Social skills

education can be an effective therapeutic approach for depressed people (Murphy &

Sahakian, 2001).

1-4. Cognitive Theory

Perhaps the most influential psychological theory today is about depression is a

cognitive point (Teasdale et al,2003). The basis of this theory is the idea that a certain

experience may have a very different effect on the two individuals (Shea et al,1992).

Part of this disagreement may be due to how they think about the incident and how and

to what extent they are aware of it (Paykal, 2007). Beck's cognitive theory of depression

has contributed to advanced therapies and has led to a lot of research (Beck et al,1996).

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1-4-1. Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression

Aaron Beck believes depressed people are depressed because they have unobtrusive

and overwhelming ways of thinking. A depressed person has a negative opinion about

himself, the world and the future. According to Beck, these negative counts are the cause

of depression, not other things around the person.Beck's belief is that the feeling of

losing, which often results from unreasonable goals and times, is a major cause of

depression.An individual prone to depression not only overestimate, but also a desire to

magnify personal sentiment and minimize personal qualities(Beck et al,1996).Beck

believed that the depressed person considered the cause of any misfortune as personal

defects(Beck et al,1996). Beck believes that depressed people tend to compare

themselves with others, and this lowers their self-esteem. Any confrontation with

another person is an opportunity to assess negatively (Beck et al,1996). They minimize

positive cases and make negative cases to the maximum that depressed people's

knowledge of progress differs from those of others. Depressed people not only evaluate

their progress rigorously, failing to reinforce their performance after practice, but their

level of expectations before the start of action is also low (Rodin et al,2009).

1-5. Existential Originality Theory–Humanism

While theories of psychological analysis emphasize the loss of a favorite object as

the main cause of depression (Zouei et al,2018). Existential theories focus on losing self-

esteem (Rossello & Bernal, 2007). The missing object can be real or symbolic. Power,

social status or money (Rupke et al,2006). But losing self is not as important as changing

the self-assessment of a person based on that loss (Thase, et al,1997). The common

cause of depression in men is job loss. The job represents the value of the person in his

or her own opinion (Wong et al,2006). At least until the high rise in women's employment

outside the home, a common cause of depression in women was the loss of a wife.This

loss was not just the person of interest, but the main source of his value, because the

woman's social position was traditionally based on the role of the husband (Wisco, 2009).

In addition, the loss of a breadwinner may endanger livelihood.Theorists of humanism

may emphasize the ideal of my person and his perception of the real state of affairs.

Depending on their theory, depression probably appears when the difference between

my real and me is too great an ideal. So that it cannot be tolerated. This idea is consistent

with the empirical evidence collected by researchers who have reviewed the self-

assessments of depressed and non-depressed people (Segal et al, 2007).

2. Materials and methods

This research is quasi-experimental. This section describes and analyzes the

research data. The data of the present study included depression scores of women

according to their age. In order to describe the research data, we calculated the mean

Mehrasa Afradi / Enfoque analítico descriptivo de la depresión de las mujeres en función de la edad

and variance, standard deviation, and graph plot and in order to analyze the data, one-

way ANOVA was used to compare the mean scores of women's depression by age.

1. Measuring Instruments Variables

Beck Depression Inventory (21 questions form) was used in this study. The Beck

Depression Test was invented by Prof. Beck in 1961. Which has become one of the most

reliable and commonly used tests to assess the severity of depression in mental patients

and the discovery of depression in the normal population. In general, the scores of all

questions are approximately 0 - 10 normal, 11 - 16 symptoms of depression with mild

mental anxiety, score 17-20, signs of moderate depression, 21 - 30 points, severe

depression symptoms, 31-40 points, severe depression, and A score of more than 41

symptoms of extreme depression is severe.

3. Results and discussion

Raw scores of females are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Raw scores of females

Source: Authors development

1234567891011

age 20-25 age 25-30 age 30-35 age 35-40 age 40-45 age45-50

Interacción y Perspectiva. Revista de Trabajo Social Vol. 12 N

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Mean, variance and standard deviation of women's depression scores by the age

groups are presented in table 1.

Table 1

Calculation of statistical indices including mean, variance and standard

deviation of women's depression scores by age group

age 20-

age 25-

age 30-

age 35-

age 40-

age45-

Mean

16.18

19.09

14.55

16.55

15.73

20.27

Std. Deviation

10.167

9.772

7.555

9.903

5.729

10.219

Sum

178

210

160

182

173

223

Std. Error of

Mean

3.065

2.946

2.278

2.986

1.727

3.081

Minimum

Maximum

Range

Variance

103.36

95.491

57.073

98.073

32.818

104.41

Source: Authors development

The average scores based on age are shown in Figure 2 and in Figure 3, you can see

the minimum and maximum scores of the age groups.

Figure 2

Average scores based on age

Source: Authors development

20,27

15,73

16,55

14,55

19,09

16,18

age45-50age 40-45age 35-40age 30-35age 25-30age 20-25

SCORE

AGE

Mehrasa Afradi / Enfoque analítico descriptivo de la depresión de las mujeres en función de la edad

Figure 3

Minimum and maximum scores for age groups

Source: Authors development

One-Way Variance Analysis to compare the mean scores of women's depression

based on their age are presented in table 2.

Table 2

One-Way Variance Analysis to compare the mean scores of women's

depression based on their age

Sum of

Squares

Mean

Square

Sig.

Between

Groups

2138.656

76.381

1.082

.406

Within

Groups

2611.117

70.571

Total

4749.773

Source: Authors development

The results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between

depression score and age. However, the highest depression score was in the age group

of 45 to 50. Also, the average score of depression in the age group of 45 to 50 was

20.27, which was higher than the other groups. Also, the age group of 30 to 35 had the

lowest average score with a score of 14.55.

4. Conclusion

Depression is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder that has recently

been heightened. Depression is also called the common cold of mental illness. Almost all

age45-50age 40-45age 35-40age 30-35age 25-30age 20-25

Series2

392333313234

Series1

983333

3333

Series1 Series2

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feel at least mildly depressed. Feeling sedentary, jubilant, sad, disappointed,

discouraged, and discontented are all commonplace with depression. This condition is

called normal depression. Depression is a physical-psychological illness that can be

manifest in people's psyche, but in each case the size and extent of these symptoms

varies from one another. Depression is a disorder that affects the mindset, mood,

emotions, and physical activity. Depression is the natural response of a person to the

pressures of life, and only once is considered unconventional, which continues either

with an incident that does not fit or beyond the point that most people begin to recover,

and the essential feature of depression is disappointment and discomfort. In this

research, we describe and analyze the research data. The data of the present study

included depression scores of women according to their age. In order to describe the

research data, average and standard deviation were used to calculate the mean and

variance. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean scores

of depression by age. Results showed that F calculated in order to compare the mean

scores of women's depression based on their age, they are equal (1.082) and not

significant.

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