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Interacción y Perspectiva Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506

Revista de Trabajo Social ISSN 2244-808X

Vol. 13 N

Julio-diciembre

ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

Turismo deportivo y estado psicofisiológico de los estudiantes

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7812202

Natalia Belousova *, Natalya Mamylina **, Yuliya Korchemkina ***,

Raisa Kovtun ****, Zemfira Bolshakova *****

Resumen

Los estudiantes universitarios son especialmente susceptibles de experimentar estrés

psicológico y fisiológico debido a diversos factores, como las elevadas exigencias

académicas, las cargas financieras, las limitaciones de tiempo, el aislamiento social y los

cambios en el estilo de vida. Para enfrentar estos retos, las universidades tienen la

responsabilidad de proporcionar a los estudiantes el apoyo y los recursos adecuados

para gestionar el estrés y mejorar su bienestar. Los autores se propusieron investigar el

impacto de las actividades de turismo deportivo en el bienestar físico y psicológico de

las estudiantes universitarias. El estudio incluyó a 20 estudiantes universitarias de

primer y segundo curso con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 20 años que

participaron en un programa de Turismo Deportivo y de Salud que incluía actividades de

acondicionamiento físico y entrenamiento psicológico, y que se prolongó durante dos

años. Con el método de cronorreflexometría de variación se evaluaron los cambios en

los parámetros que identifican el bienestar de las estudiantes, incluida la estabilidad de

la reacción nerviosa, el nivel funcional del sistema nervioso y el nivel de capacidades

funcionales del sistema funcional formado. Los resultados revelaron un aumento de las

reservas funcionales del organismo de las estudiantes que participaron en actividades

de turismo deportivo a lo largo de dos años. Indican la eficacia del programa para

promover el bienestar físico y psicológico entre las estudiantes universitarias. Se

recomienda el desarrollo de cursos electivos para programas de educación superior

destinados a mejorar la salud y el bienestar general de los estudiantes.

Palabras clave: Turismo deportivo y de salud, Estado psicofisiológico, Sistema nervioso

central, Estado funcional, Estudiantes.

Recibido: 15/03/2023 Aceptado:31/03/2023

* Departamento de Matemáticas, Ciencias Naturales y Métodos de Enseñanza de las Matemáticas y las Ciencias

Naturales, Universidad Pedagógica Humanitaria Estatal de los Urales del Sur, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-320X. E-mail: belousova@cspu.ru

** Departamento de Seguridad de la Vida y Disciplinas Biomédicas, Universidad Pedagógica Humanitaria

Estatal de los Urales Meridionales, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-651X. E-

mail: mamilinanv@cspu.ru

Belousova, Mamylina et al / Turismo deportivo y estado psicofisiológico de los estudiantes

233

*** Departamento de Informática, Tecnología de la Información y Métodos de Enseñanza de la Informática,

Universidad Pedagógica Humanitaria Estatal de los Urales del Sur, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5864-8075. E-mail: korchemkinayuv@cspu.ru

**** Departamento de Pedagogía y Psicología, Universidad Pedagógica Humanitaria Estatal de los Urales del

Sur, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8669-6819. E-mail: kovtunrf@cspu.ru

***** Departamento de Pedagogía y Psicología, Universidad Pedagógica Humanitaria Estatal de los Urales del

Sur, Cheliábinsk, Rusia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-4777. E-mail: zmb25@mail.ru

Abstract

Sports tourism and psychophysiological status of students

University students are particularly susceptible to experiencing psychological and

physiological stress due to a variety of factors, such as high academic demands, financial

burdens, time constraints, social isolation, and lifestyle changes. To address these

challenges, universities have a responsibility to provide students with appropriate

support and resources to manage stress and enhance their wellbeing. Aimed to

investigate the impact of sports tourism activities on the physical and psychological

wellbeing of female university students. The study involved 20 first- and second-year

female students aged 18-20 years who participated in a Sport and Health Tourism

program that included fitness activities and psychological training, and continued for two

years. The researchers utilized the method of variation chronoreflexometry to assess

changes in the parameters identifying the wellbeing of the students, including the

stability of the nervous reaction, functional level of the nervous system, and the level of

functional capabilities of the formed functional system. The findings of the study revealed

an increase in the functional reserves of the organism of female students who engaged

in sports tourism activities over the course of two years. Indicate the effectiveness of

the program in promoting physical and psychological wellbeing among university

students. This study can inform the development of elective courses for higher education

programs aimed at enhancing the overall health and wellbeing of students.

Key words: Sports and health tourism, Psychophysiological status, Central nervous

system, Functional state, Students.

Introduction

Students' learning activities are currently characterised by an increased information

load, a large amount of independent work on the background of a sedentary lifestyle

and high emotional tension. The efficiency of the educational process at university is

related to the level of students' mental and physical performance. The totality of factors

affecting students can be divided into three main groups: a) physiological (health,

physical development, fitness, functional state of human body systems); b) physical

(features of the microclimate of classrooms, degree and nature of lighting, air

temperature, noise level, etc.); c) mental character (well-being, mood, motivation,

character traits).

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Engaging in sports activities has been shown to be an effective way to improve both

physical and mental health, making it an important coping mechanism for students

(Katashinskaya et al., 2019; Tarasova et al., 2019; Stukova et al., 2023). The current

study focused on the positive impact of sports tourism, which was defined as an

equivalent of sports hiking.

Sports hiking should be considered as an elective class for students due to the

numerous benefits it offers for physical and mental health. Hiking is a form of low-impact

aerobic exercise that can help improve cardiovascular health, muscular endurance, and

bone density (Mansfield et al., 2016; Tinsley & Bassett, 2018). Additionally, hiking has

been shown to promote mental wellbeing by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression,

while increasing self-esteem and overall mood (Mansfield et al., 2016; Tinsley & Bassett,

2018). Therefore, hiking is an accessible and cost-effective way for students to improve

their overall wellbeing and should be considered as a valuable addition to their elective

class options.

One of the main advantages of hiking over other sports, particularly for females, is

its accessibility and inclusivity. Hiking does not require any specialized equipment or

skills, making it a cost-effective and easy-to-learn activity. Furthermore, hiking can

provide a sense of empowerment and independence, as participants navigate trails and

overcome physical challenges. This can be particularly empowering for females who may

face gender-based barriers and stereotypes that limit their opportunities for physical

activity and adventure (Mansfield et al., 2016; Tinsley & Bassett, 2018).

Sports hiking has a target function – sports excellence in overcoming natural

obstacles. It means improvement of all complex of knowledge, abilities and skills

necessary for safe movement of the person on a cross-country terrain, improvement of

physical preparation for overcoming a complex natural terrain. There are the following

main professional qualities for sports tourists: general and power endurance;

considerable volume of operative memory; speed-force abilities; self-confidence;

determination; emotional stability; fast and effective switching of attention;

concentration of attention; spatial accuracy of movements; static and dynamic balance;

static force; speed of complete motor action; temporary accuracy of movements; power

accuracy of movements; speed of sustained motor. The practice of sports and health

tourism places increased demands on the functioning of the students' nervous system

and mental processes (Karvunis & Kapilevich, 2016; Komarov et al., 2019). Students

harden their body, strengthen their health, develop endurance, strength and applied

skills for orientation and self-care during hiking trips. Special conditions of tourist activity

promote upbringing of moral qualities of the person (mutual aid, mutual support,

responsibility, discipline, organizational qualities) (Syrovatko et al., 2021).

The functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) is determined by the

properties of nervous processes, strength, equilibrium, mobility, which underlie the

adaptation processes to student learning. Students characterized by sufficient strength

and mobility of excitation and inhibition have not only good adaptation, but also

significant success in learning in contrast to students with low indicators of mobility and

Belousova, Mamylina et al / Turismo deportivo y estado psicofisiológico de los estudiantes

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strength of nervous processes. Neurodynamic properties of nervous processes are

estimated by integral indices of reaction time (Buduk-ool, 2019).

In light of the aforementioned approach, the primary objective of this study was to

assess the impact of sports tourism training sessions on the psychophysiological health

and wellbeing of university students. Specifically, the study aimed to evaluate the

psychophysiological parameters of the students' organism under the combined influence

of educational loads and tourism training sessions. Through these assessments, the

study sought to develop a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the combined

impact of educational loads and sports tourism training sessions on the health and

wellbeing of university students.

Materials and methods of research

The study involved 20 first- and second-year female students aged 18-20 years at

South Ural State University of Humanities and Education (Russia). Prior to the

examination, all participants in this study reported no health-related complaints,

exhibited no signs of somatic pathology, and maintained a normal body weight. All

participants were actively enrolled in the Sport and Health Tourism program offered by

the university's subdivision. The program consisted of sections covering general, special,

and psychological training.

The level of the functional state of the CNS and efficiency was estimated by the

method of variation chronoreflexometry including determination of the stability of the

nervous reaction (SR), functional level of nervous system (FLS) and the level of

functional capabilities (LFC) of the formed functional system (Moroz, 2009). The chosen

method realized as a computer program based on statistical analysis of latent periods of

a simple sensorimotor reaction is simple and convenient in use. It enables fast data

collection and processing and is used as an express-method in applied studies on

estimation of human functional states.

Statistical processing of the study results was performed using Excel 2016 and

STATISTICA 8.0 with calculation of t-test for dependent and independent samples. The

mean (X) and error of the mean (m) were calculated, differences were considered

significant at p<0.05.

Results and discussion

The CNS regulates the activity of all organs and systems of the organism, ensures

its adaptation to the complex of factors of external and internal environment, controls

all mental processes. In the practice of sports and health tourism psychological

preparation is of great importance, a tourist must have psychological stability, attention,

volitional qualities, diligence, endurance. The special attention is given to endurance of

nervous system, analytical-synthetic activity of a brain as it is necessary to overcome

difficult routes, to be able to be clearly guided on district, to choose optimum ways of

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movement, etc. (Efimova & Mylnikova, 2015; Nikishin et al., 2018). In addition, the

learning process in higher education is characterized by the receipt of a significant

amount of information, an increase in the daily and weekly training load, which is

accompanied by the emergence of neuro-psychological stress and the possibility of

stressful situations in students. This has a significant impact on the CNS.

Below presented the results of the tests of the functional state of students'

performance during training and sports (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Indicators of the functional state of the CNS of students engaged in sports

and recreational tourism in the dynamics of two years

Note: FLS – system functional level; SR – response stability; LFC – level of functional

capabilities; SHER – latent period of simple hand-eye response

Source: Authors development

When the functional state of the organism decreases, the timing of individual

reactions increases significantly. It is believed that the variation characteristics of motor

reaction times reflect the probabilistic-statistical principle of brain functioning. The form

of the distribution of successive values of the SHER time and the position of the variation

curve in the coordinate system vary according to changes in the functional state of the

CNS. This correspondence allows to define three quantitative criteria characterizing from

different sides theoretically possible variants of the curve forms and, hence, reflecting

3,78

1,53

3,23

0,263

4,04

1,65

3,52

0,239

4,38

1,76

3,65

0,226

0,5

1,5

2,5

3,5

4,5

FLS, c.u. SR, c.u . LFC, c.u. SHER, sec.

Background (beginning of course 1) After one year of study After two years of study

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different sides of the CNS functional state as well as levels of work capacity (Moroz,

2009).

The evaluation of the functional state of the CNS is based on the analysis of the level

and stability of sensorimotor reactions of female students in response to light stimuli.

The value of the functional level of the system (FLS) is determined by absolute values

of reaction time, mainly by absolute values of latent period of simple hand-eye response,

i.e. the position of the variation curve relative to abscissa.

When assessing the functional state of the CNS in students at the beginning of the

first course, which is determined by absolute values of reaction time, we found that the

average values correspond to 3.78±0.14, which is almost characteristic of an

insignificant decrease in the level of performance. This condition occurs at the initial

stage of fatigue development. FLS after one year of training and sporting activities

increased in relation to the background by 7.0%; after two years by 16.0% (p<0.05).

The increase in FLS in the dynamics of two years of tourism training indicates the

mobilization of body reserves to maintain the functional level of the nervous system.

Decrease – about the possibility of depletion of reserve opportunities under the influence

of intensive work. So, according to M. P. Moroz (2009), in norm the functional level of

nervous system should be from 4,9 to 5,9 c.u.; the level of 3,8-4,8 c.u. corresponds to

a condition "work capacity insignificantly lowered"; borders of a condition "lowered work

capacity" are in limits 2,0-3,7 c.u.

Nervous reaction resistance (NR), reflecting the variability of reaction time values,

at the beginning of the first course (background level) in students was within the

physiological norm; after one year of training and sports activities increased in relation

to the background by 8.0%; after two years – by 15.0%. This indicates an increase in

the stability of the students' nervous system under the influence of tourism studies in

the dynamics of the training process. As it is known, a decrease in NR indicates the

existing fatigue of the nervous system. The value of this index is the greater, the smaller

is the dispersion of reaction time, the smaller is the variability of latent period of simple

hand-eye response values, i.e. it is oriented on ordinate. Since the variability of latent

period of simple hand-eye response values is associated with continuous fluctuations of

the CNS states, the NR index is considered to be a criterion of stability of the CNS states.

The most comprehensive criterion is the level of functional capabilities (LFC), which

allows to judge the ability to form a functional system adequate to the task and to

maintain it for a sufficiently long time. This criterion is the most complete characteristic

of the state of the CNS, its ability to form a functional system that implements a

particular human activity. LFC at the beginning of the first course (background level)

was within the physiological norm; after one year of training and sports training

increased in relation to the background by 9.0%; after two years – by 13.0%. These

values characterize the adequate response of the students' nervous system to emotional

stresses during the learning process.

One of the most informative techniques for assessing a person's functional state is

determining the latent period of the simple visual-motor reaction, which characterizes

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the temporal parameters of the nervous processes that are the main ones in

psychomotor actions of a person. The simple sensorimotor reaction is realised through

the formation of a functional system, the operation of which depends on the coherence,

synchronism of temporal and spatial parameters of this system and the coincidence of

excitation rhythms in nerve cells. An increase in the latent period of the simple visual-

motor reaction indicates an increase in the time of perception and processing of

information. A decrease in the latent period of the reaction corresponds to an increase

in the functional state of the nervous system. Simple visual-motor reaction time is one

of the most important integral measures of speed. It is the speed of excitation along the

central link of reflex arc that is the marker of excitability and lability of CNS, the adequate

indicator of the functional state of the nervous system. Reaction time is the interval

between the beginning of a stimulus and the beginning of a response, usually a motor

response (Baiguzhina et al., 2020). The concept of "latent period" is used to explain

brain processes responsible for reaction time. The latency period is a characteristic of

the psychophysiological process, which represents the time between the beginning of a

stimulus and the emergence of a response. The latent period is caused by a physico-

chemical process in a receptor, the passage of a nerve impulse through conductive

pathways, analytical and synthetic activity in brain structures, and muscle actuation. The

latent period can vary significantly in its value depending on the modality and intensity

of the stimulus, on the level of complexity and automatization of the reaction, and on

the functional readiness of the nervous system. The response time to a stimulus cannot

be lower than a certain physical limit, or "irreducible minimum", which is about 100 ms

(Litovchenko & Arent, 2007). Latent time is important for monitoring the functional state

of the CNS and a decrease in the reaction rate indicates a decrease in the functional

activity of the CNS. Significant shortening of the latent period of reactions does not

always correspond to an increase in the functional level of the CNS, especially after any

stress, e.g., in weak excitable types of higher nervous activity it is associated with

disinhibition and imbalance of the nervous processes. A decrease in the speed of

sensorimotor response may be considered not only as fatigue to the load, but also

indicate a more economical type of nervous system, which regulates through protective

inhibition (Buduk-ool, 2019).

The latent period of simple visual-motor reaction in students at the beginning of the

first year (background level) was within the physiological norm; after one year of training

and sports activities decreased in relation to the background by 9.0%; after two years

– by 14.0%. This indicates a decrease in the time of perception and processing of

information in students in the dynamics of sports and recreational tourism. Exercise in

sports contributes to the reduction of fatigue and improvement of mental performance

of students.

The study of the functional level of the students' CNS in the dynamics of tourism

training revealed a change in the state of work capacity in all three integral indices

towards its increase.

The reaction to a moving object (RMO) belongs to complex sensorimotor reactions

and is widely used in the analysis of temporal and spatial indicators of motor reactions,

Belousova, Mamylina et al / Turismo deportivo y estado psicofisiológico de los estudiantes

239

in particular, it characterizes the level of visual attention, accuracy of task performance,

as well as takes into account emotional tension. RMO is a spatio-temporal reflex

determining the equilibrium of excitation and inhibition. The results of the RMO were

processed by comparing the number of leading and lagging reactions according to

Maslova et al. (2005), the results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Reaction to a moving object test scores of health and fitness tourism students

over the course of two years

Source: Authors development

The number of accurate reactions in students at the beginning of the first year

(background level) was 9.2±0.4; after one year of training and sporting activities

increased in relation to the background by 9.4%; after two years – by 19.6%. The

predominance of delayed responses over anticipatory ones at the beginning of the first

year of training indicates an imbalance in the nervous processes of excitation and

inhibition in the CNS of students. The number of leading responses tended to decrease

over the course of two years. The number of lags after one year of training and sport

decreased in relation to the background by 15.7%; after two years by 38.2%. This

indicates an increase in the equilibrium of the nervous processes of excitation and

inhibition in the CNS of students under the influence of regular training in the sport and

health tourism section.

9,2

4,7

4,5

4,3

10,2

8,6

6,3

Background (beginning of course 1) After one year of study After two years of study

Number of accurate reactions Number of advances Number of delays

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Conclusions

In the process of adaptation of the human body to the factors of learning load and

muscular activity, a complex mechanism aimed at maintaining performance is triggered.

The CNS is considered to be the main centre for the formation of adaptation programmes

(Mulik et al., 2019; Tamozhnikova et al., 2021). Therefore, it is the study and

assessment of the functional state of the CNS that can provide information on the

processes of interaction between multiple functional systems during learning and

training activities. Comparison of values of calculated criteria for evaluation of CNS

functional state with values of work capacity levels allowed us to determine that the

functional state of students' CNS at the beginning of the first year of study was at the

level of reduced and slightly reduced capacity. Such state is characterized by impaired

attention, sharp deterioration of temporal and precise activity parameters and a

significant decrease in performance in general. The increase in the functional state of

the CNS of students in the dynamics of tourism training testifies to the increase in

stability of reaction, functional capabilities of information processing, adaptive resources

of nervous system.

The above dynamics of the indicators of the nervous system indicates an increase in

the functional reserves of the organism in girls during two years of additional training in

sports. Systematic and moderate physical exercises in the afternoon, exceeding the

volume of physical loads planned in the curriculum of the university, improve energy

supply, increase adaptive resources of the organism. Under the influence of systematic

physical activity in the body develops a complex of structural and functional changes. A

major role in this process is played by the nervous system, the optimization of which

functioning is a prerequisite for sportsmen to achieve high results (Petrenko et al.,

2021).

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