Aportes económicos y sociales de la mujer rural en territorios agrícolas del Ecuador
Palabras clave:
Mujer rural, desarrollo territorial, empoderamiento económico, desigualdad estructural
Resumen
En el ámbito rural ecuatoriano, solo el 36 % de las jefas de hogar posee títulos de propiedad y apenas el 34 % cuenta con inclusión financiera formal, mientras más del 60 % ha experimentado violencia de género, evidenciando una paradoja entre dependencia económica territorial y desigualdad estructural. En este contexto, el estudio analiza territorios caracterizados por economías agrícolas basadas en banano y cacao. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo descriptivo-analítico mediante 19 entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales con integrantes de asociaciones productivas rurales. La información fue procesada a través de análisis temático asistido por NVivo. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres desempeñan un rol central en la producción agrícola y en la provisión económica del hogar; sin embargo, esta centralidad coexiste con sobrecarga doméstica, brechas salariales, limitada inclusión financiera y escasa participación en liderazgo comunitario. Se concluye que el desarrollo territorial depende significativamente del trabajo femenino, aunque este continúa desarrollándose bajo condiciones estructurales que restringen su autonomía económica y social.
Citas
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Albornoz-Arias, N., Rojas-Sanguino, C., & Santafe-Rojas, A. K. (2025). Empowerment of rural women through autonomy and decision-making. Social Sciences, 14(8), 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080469
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Alvarado, R., Alvarado, S., Govea, D., & Jaime, D. (2025). Impact of digital education in rural areas of Ecuador: Challenges and opportunities. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, 468. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025468
Aniebonam, E. E., Nwabekee, U. S., Ogunsola, O. Y., & Elumilade, O. O. (2022). Empowering rural economies: The transformative role of women’s leadership in agricultural cooperatives and sustainable development. International Journal of Management and Organizational Research, 1(1), 98–112. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Empowering-Rural-Economies%3A-The-Transformative-Role-Aniebonam-Nwabekee/6cffa3af37bf5ed053f9e543c9b2271749a2f2c1
Armijos, E. D. C., Armijos Robles, D. M., Juca Pañega, M. E., & Vega, A. A. (2023). Effects associated with the devaluation of women in a rural parish in the province of Loja. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, 559. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023559
Bazán, R. Y., Cruz, O., Portilla, W. H., Torres, E. A., Samillan, C. J., & Rojas Puerta, C. A. (2025). Influence of socioeconomic factors on female entrepreneurship: An analysis using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1684697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1684697
Bin Duwa Bin Khoja, A. (2021). Participation of rural women in agricultural activities. International Journal of Modern Agriculture and Environment, 1(2), 1–25. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_304566_19da3b9583cd501d0e4aa6a725098710.pdf
Castillo, R. (2023). Rural women in relation to sustainable development. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations, 1, 62. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202362
Cediel, N. M., Donoso, N., Hernández, J., López, M. C., Herrera, P., & Moreno, C. (2017). Empoderamiento de las mujeres rurales como gestoras de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el posconflicto colombiano. Equidad y Desarrollo, (28), 61–84. https://equidad.lasalle.edu.co/article/view/682
Corzo, N., Fajardo-Rojas, M. A., & Sarmiento, U. (2025). El papel de la mujer en las asociaciones agropecuarias como pilar del desarrollo social en las provincias del sur de Santander (caso de estudio). Cooperativismo & Desarrollo, 32(130). https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-4220.2024.03.02
Dangi, S., & Bansal, V. (2023). Socio-economic status of women in rural Udaipur, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(8), 2242–2248. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82188
Ebrahimi, R., Choobchian, S., Farhadian, H., Goli, I., Farmandeh, E., & Azadi, H. (2022). Investigating the effect of vocational education and training on rural women’s empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01187-4
Escobedo, P., Mendoza, L. K., Vela, L., Dávila, J. D., & León, G. A. (2025). Productive public policies: Role and challenges in the empowerment of women in agriculture in Aramango, Amazonas, Peru. F1000Research, 14, 667. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.165606.1
Feitosa, D. A. (2025). Educação do campo e as condições de oferta da educação básica nas escolas do campo: Breve reflexão. Revista de Educação Popular, 24(1), 331–354. https://doi.org/10.14393/REP-2025-74016
Fekadu, D. (2020). Exploration of contributions of women in rural development and determinant factors influencing their participation: The case of agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 61, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.7176/JCSD/61-03
Garcés, G. G. (2022). O papel das mulheres rurais: o cuidado da vida e sua contribuição para as comunidades. Revista Mutirõ. Folhetim De Geografias Agrárias Do Sul, 3(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.51359/2675-3472.2022.253661
García, C., Solano, M. D. C., & Riquelme, P. J. (2020). Las mujeres como agentes para la cohesión territorial de los destinos turísticos rurales. Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local, (6), 271–293. https://turia.uv.es/index.php/TERRA/article/view/16708
Kaur, R., & Kaur, M. (2024). Problems faced by rural woman labourers in Punjab: A case study of Ludhiana district. Contemporary Social Sciences, 33(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.62047/CSS.2024.03.31.101
Kitole, F. A., & Genda, E. L. (2024). Empowering her drive: Unveiling the resilience and triumphs of women entrepreneurs in rural landscapes. Women’s Studies International Forum, 104, 102912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102912
Knopoff, M. S., & Biaggi, C. (2021). Las mujeres rurales en Argentina: Análisis de datos censales. Open Science Framework. https://osf.io/preprints/osf/dyuxe_v1
Kontareva, V. (2023). Occupational morbidity of women associated with working conditions in agriculture. Bezopasnost’ Tekhnogennykh i Prirodnykh Sistem, 7(3), 24–33. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7877425/
Kuhn, M., Tennhardt, L., & Lazzarini, G. A. (2023). Gender inequality in the cocoa supply chain: Evidence from smallholder production in Ecuador and Uganda. World Development Sustainability, 2, 100034. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X22000337
Lamino, P., Millares, C., Quijada Landaverde, R., & Boren-Alpízar, A. (2024). Rural youth migration intentions in Ecuador: The role of agricultural education programs. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 5(3), 25–38. https://agdevresearch.org/index.php/aad/article/view/433
Landeta-Bejarano, N., Ruiz-Sinoga, J., Orden-Mejía, M., & Díaz-Chong, E. (2025). Women and symbolic violence: Measurement scale of gender in tourism sustainability and the case of Ecuador. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6010013
Leal, D. U., & Lopes, I. D. S. (2025). Rural women, intersectionality, and health. Saúde e Sociedade, 34(1), Artículo e240042pt. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902025240042en
Lebrusán, I. (2025). La dimensión comunitaria en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores: Zamora o los lugares “donde nunca pasa nada”. Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research, 2025/1(61), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.24.06
Lima, R. S., Arenas, M. V. D. S., & Souza, V. B. P. D. (2025). National Program for Strengthening Family Farming (PRONAF) Women: An instrument to drive women in the countryside in Rondônia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 19(8), Artículo e013131. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n8-035
Malima, R. (2024). Challenges facing rural women in accessing economic empowerment opportunities in Tanzania. Revista de Artes y Ciencias Sociales de África Oriental, 7(2), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajass.7.2.2240
Mou, W. (2023). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between education level and income. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 12, 160–166. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7617
Patel, G. S., & Dwarka. (2025). Study the participation of rural women in agriculture activities. Advances in Research, 26(3), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i31328
Reyes Rojas, G. E., & Amado Piñeros, M. I. (2025). Female empowerment: Main idea of social change in the Colombian countryside. Pensamiento Americano, 17(35). https://doi.org/10.21803/penamer.17.35.883
Sánchez-Riofrío, A. M., Faytong-Haro, M., Roa, O., & Valderrama-Álvarez, J. (2024). Enhancing women’s entrepreneurship in rural Ecuador: A study protocol aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. Economies, 12(9), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12090225
Tillmar, M., Sköld, B., Ahl, H., Berglund, K., & Pettersson, K. (2022). Women’s rural businesses: For economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-06-2021-0091
Vujko, A., Karabašević, D., Cvijanović, D., Vukotić, S., Mirčetić, V., & Brzaković, P. (2024). Women’s empowerment in rural tourism as key to sustainable communities’ transformation. Sustainability, 16(23), 10412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310412
Yupanqui, R. C. (2025). Community-engaged education policies and their impact on urban-rural educational equity in Peru. Research and Advances in Education, 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2025.03.01
Albornoz-Arias, N., Rojas-Sanguino, C., & Santafe-Rojas, A. K. (2025). Empowerment of rural women through autonomy and decision-making. Social Sciences, 14(8), 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080469
Almache, R., Guzmán, P., Regatto, R., & Alvarado, S. (2025). Education and equity: Challenges of Special Educational Needs (SEN) in rural Ecuador. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, 467. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025467
Alvarado, R., Alvarado, S., Govea, D., & Jaime, D. (2025). Impact of digital education in rural areas of Ecuador: Challenges and opportunities. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education, 4, 468. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2025468
Aniebonam, E. E., Nwabekee, U. S., Ogunsola, O. Y., & Elumilade, O. O. (2022). Empowering rural economies: The transformative role of women’s leadership in agricultural cooperatives and sustainable development. International Journal of Management and Organizational Research, 1(1), 98–112. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Empowering-Rural-Economies%3A-The-Transformative-Role-Aniebonam-Nwabekee/6cffa3af37bf5ed053f9e543c9b2271749a2f2c1
Armijos, E. D. C., Armijos Robles, D. M., Juca Pañega, M. E., & Vega, A. A. (2023). Effects associated with the devaluation of women in a rural parish in the province of Loja. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 3, 559. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023559
Bazán, R. Y., Cruz, O., Portilla, W. H., Torres, E. A., Samillan, C. J., & Rojas Puerta, C. A. (2025). Influence of socioeconomic factors on female entrepreneurship: An analysis using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Frontiers in Sociology, 10, 1684697. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2025.1684697
Bin Duwa Bin Khoja, A. (2021). Participation of rural women in agricultural activities. International Journal of Modern Agriculture and Environment, 1(2), 1–25. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_304566_19da3b9583cd501d0e4aa6a725098710.pdf
Castillo, R. (2023). Rural women in relation to sustainable development. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations, 1, 62. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202362
Cediel, N. M., Donoso, N., Hernández, J., López, M. C., Herrera, P., & Moreno, C. (2017). Empoderamiento de las mujeres rurales como gestoras de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el posconflicto colombiano. Equidad y Desarrollo, (28), 61–84. https://equidad.lasalle.edu.co/article/view/682
Corzo, N., Fajardo-Rojas, M. A., & Sarmiento, U. (2025). El papel de la mujer en las asociaciones agropecuarias como pilar del desarrollo social en las provincias del sur de Santander (caso de estudio). Cooperativismo & Desarrollo, 32(130). https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-4220.2024.03.02
Dangi, S., & Bansal, V. (2023). Socio-economic status of women in rural Udaipur, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(8), 2242–2248. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82188
Ebrahimi, R., Choobchian, S., Farhadian, H., Goli, I., Farmandeh, E., & Azadi, H. (2022). Investigating the effect of vocational education and training on rural women’s empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01187-4
Escobedo, P., Mendoza, L. K., Vela, L., Dávila, J. D., & León, G. A. (2025). Productive public policies: Role and challenges in the empowerment of women in agriculture in Aramango, Amazonas, Peru. F1000Research, 14, 667. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.165606.1
Feitosa, D. A. (2025). Educação do campo e as condições de oferta da educação básica nas escolas do campo: Breve reflexão. Revista de Educação Popular, 24(1), 331–354. https://doi.org/10.14393/REP-2025-74016
Fekadu, D. (2020). Exploration of contributions of women in rural development and determinant factors influencing their participation: The case of agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, 61, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.7176/JCSD/61-03
Garcés, G. G. (2022). O papel das mulheres rurais: o cuidado da vida e sua contribuição para as comunidades. Revista Mutirõ. Folhetim De Geografias Agrárias Do Sul, 3(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.51359/2675-3472.2022.253661
García, C., Solano, M. D. C., & Riquelme, P. J. (2020). Las mujeres como agentes para la cohesión territorial de los destinos turísticos rurales. Terra: Revista de Desarrollo Local, (6), 271–293. https://turia.uv.es/index.php/TERRA/article/view/16708
Kaur, R., & Kaur, M. (2024). Problems faced by rural woman labourers in Punjab: A case study of Ludhiana district. Contemporary Social Sciences, 33(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.62047/CSS.2024.03.31.101
Kitole, F. A., & Genda, E. L. (2024). Empowering her drive: Unveiling the resilience and triumphs of women entrepreneurs in rural landscapes. Women’s Studies International Forum, 104, 102912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102912
Knopoff, M. S., & Biaggi, C. (2021). Las mujeres rurales en Argentina: Análisis de datos censales. Open Science Framework. https://osf.io/preprints/osf/dyuxe_v1
Kontareva, V. (2023). Occupational morbidity of women associated with working conditions in agriculture. Bezopasnost’ Tekhnogennykh i Prirodnykh Sistem, 7(3), 24–33. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7877425/
Kuhn, M., Tennhardt, L., & Lazzarini, G. A. (2023). Gender inequality in the cocoa supply chain: Evidence from smallholder production in Ecuador and Uganda. World Development Sustainability, 2, 100034. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X22000337
Lamino, P., Millares, C., Quijada Landaverde, R., & Boren-Alpízar, A. (2024). Rural youth migration intentions in Ecuador: The role of agricultural education programs. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 5(3), 25–38. https://agdevresearch.org/index.php/aad/article/view/433
Landeta-Bejarano, N., Ruiz-Sinoga, J., Orden-Mejía, M., & Díaz-Chong, E. (2025). Women and symbolic violence: Measurement scale of gender in tourism sustainability and the case of Ecuador. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6010013
Leal, D. U., & Lopes, I. D. S. (2025). Rural women, intersectionality, and health. Saúde e Sociedade, 34(1), Artículo e240042pt. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902025240042en
Lebrusán, I. (2025). La dimensión comunitaria en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas mayores: Zamora o los lugares “donde nunca pasa nada”. Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research, 2025/1(61), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.24.06
Lima, R. S., Arenas, M. V. D. S., & Souza, V. B. P. D. (2025). National Program for Strengthening Family Farming (PRONAF) Women: An instrument to drive women in the countryside in Rondônia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 19(8), Artículo e013131. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n8-035
Malima, R. (2024). Challenges facing rural women in accessing economic empowerment opportunities in Tanzania. Revista de Artes y Ciencias Sociales de África Oriental, 7(2), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajass.7.2.2240
Mou, W. (2023). A quantitative analysis of the relationship between education level and income. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 12, 160–166. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7617
Patel, G. S., & Dwarka. (2025). Study the participation of rural women in agriculture activities. Advances in Research, 26(3), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i31328
Reyes Rojas, G. E., & Amado Piñeros, M. I. (2025). Female empowerment: Main idea of social change in the Colombian countryside. Pensamiento Americano, 17(35). https://doi.org/10.21803/penamer.17.35.883
Sánchez-Riofrío, A. M., Faytong-Haro, M., Roa, O., & Valderrama-Álvarez, J. (2024). Enhancing women’s entrepreneurship in rural Ecuador: A study protocol aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. Economies, 12(9), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12090225
Tillmar, M., Sköld, B., Ahl, H., Berglund, K., & Pettersson, K. (2022). Women’s rural businesses: For economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-06-2021-0091
Vujko, A., Karabašević, D., Cvijanović, D., Vukotić, S., Mirčetić, V., & Brzaković, P. (2024). Women’s empowerment in rural tourism as key to sustainable communities’ transformation. Sustainability, 16(23), 10412. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310412
Yupanqui, R. C. (2025). Community-engaged education policies and their impact on urban-rural educational equity in Peru. Research and Advances in Education, 4(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.56397/RAE.2025.03.01
Publicado
2026-04-09
Cómo citar
Briones Morán, A. S., Carvajal Morales, D. M., Goya Contreras, R. E., & Rodríguez Pacheco, F. J. (2026). Aportes económicos y sociales de la mujer rural en territorios agrícolas del Ecuador. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(114), e3111424. Recuperado a partir de http://mail.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/45443
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