© The Authors, 2021, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author: bleon@undc.edu.pe
Betsabe Leon Ttacca
1,2
Rosario Bravo Portocarrero
2
Joven Marino Llanos Nina
3
Alicia Leon Tacca
4
Wenceslao T. Medina Espinoza
4
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(2): e223923
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v39.n2.01
Associate editor: Dra. Lilia Urdaneta
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Germplasm bank
Population uctuation
Severity
Chenopodium pallidicaule
Fluctuación de principales insectos-plaga y enfermedades en cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule
Aellen) del Altiplano andino peruano
Flutuação das principais pragas e doenças de insetos em cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen)
do Altiplano Andino peruano
1
Universidad Nacional de Cañete, Escuela Profesional de
Agronomía.
2
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno (UNA-PUNO).
Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Agronómica.
3
Bachiller en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela Profesional de
Ingeniería Agronómica. UNA -Puno.
4
Departamento Académico de Agroindustrias, Facultad de
Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de
Puno.
Received: 09-09-2021
Accepted: 19-01-2022
Published:
21-03-2022
The Andean crop germplasm bank, of the Camacani Experimental
Center of the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, has around
400 accessions of cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), and 27 of
them have been agronomically characterized. Given the importance of this
crop for the inhabitants of highlands of the Peruvian Andes, the objective
of this research was to assess the population uctuation of insect pests
and the severity of diseases in the mentioned accessions, along with three
commercial varieties. The evaluations were carried out in three phases of the
crop development, including the grain yield. It was found that the accessions
and varieties of cañahua were tolerant to the attack of most pests and diseases.
The most important pest was Eurysacca quinoae Povolny, especially in the
accession 03-21-26 and the Ramis variety, in which up to 5.5 and 4.5 larvae
were found per plant, respectively; however, the pest did not exceed the
economic threshold of 6 larvae per plant during the phenological phases.
In regards to diseases, it was conrmed that Peronospora sp. (mildew) is
the main pathology that occurred during the agricultural season. Accessions
03-21-03 and 03-21-24 were not affected by the disease, while accessions
03-21-267, 03-21-218, 03-21-124, 03-21-26 and 03-21-64 were the most
affected, showing the highest severity and area under the disease progress
curve. When evaluating one season, the accessions and varieties of cañihua
showed resistance to insect-pests and diseases, without appreciably decrease
of their grain yields.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
23
El banco de germoplasma de cultivos andinos, del Centro
Experimental Camacani de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de
Puno tiene alrededor de 400 accesiones de cañihua (Chenopodium
pallidicaule Aellen), 27 de ellas han sido caracterizadas
agronómicamente. Dada la importancia que representa este
cultivo para los pobladores del altiplano peruano debido a su alto
valor nutricional, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la
uctuación poblacional de las principales plagas insectiles y la
severidad de enfermedades en las mencionadas accesiones, junto
con tres variedades comerciales. Se realizaron evaluaciones en tres
etapas fenológicas y en la cosecha. Se encontró que las accesiones
y variedades de cañihua son tolerantes al ataque de la mayoría de
las plagas y enfermedades. La plaga más importante fue Eurysacca
quinoae Povolny (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), especialmente en la
accesión 03-21-26 y la variedad Ramis, en las cuales se registraron
5,5 y 4,5 larvas por planta, respectivamente, sin sobrepasar el umbral
de daño económico de 6 larvas por planta en ninguna de sus fases
fenológicas. En el caso de las enfermedades, Peronospora sp.
(mildiu) resultó ser el principal topatógeno que se presentó durante
la campaña agrícola. Las accesiones 03-21-03 y 03-21-24 no fueron
afectadas con la enfermedad, mientras que las accesiones 03-21-267,
03-21-218, 03-21-124, 03-21-26 y 03-21-64 fueron las más afectadas
con altos valores de severidad y área bajo la curva de progreso de la
enfermedad. En la evaluación de un ciclo de cultivo, las accesiones
y variedades estudiadas, mostraron tolerancia a insectos-plagas y
enfermedades, sin afectarse sensiblemente los rendimientos.
banco de germoplasma, cultivos andinos, variación
uctuacional, resistencia varietal.
O Banco Andino de Germoplasma de Culturas, do Centro
Experimental Camacani da Universidad Nacional del Altiplano
de Puno, possui cerca de 400 acessos de cañihua (Chenopodium
pallidicaule Aellen), sendo que 27 deles já foram cultivados e
caracterizados agronomicamente. Dada a importância desta cultura
para os habitantes do altiplano andino peruano, devido ao seu alto
valor nutritivo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a utuação
populacional dos principais insetos-praga e severidade de doenças
nos citados acessos, em conjunto com três acessos variedades
comerciais. As avaliações foram realizadas em três fases do
desenvolvimento da cultura, incluindo sua produtividade. Os acessos
e variedades Cañihua foram considerados tolerantes ao ataque da
maioria das pragas e doenças. A praga mais importante foi Eurysacca
quinoae Povolny, especialmente no acesso 03-21-26 e na variedade
Ramis, na qual foram registradas até 5,5 e 4,5 larvas por planta,
respectivamente; isto é, em nenhum momento a praga excedeu o
limite de dano econômico estabelecido de 6 larvas por planta. No
caso das doenças, Peronospora sp. (míldio) acabou sendo o principal
patógeno ocorrido durante a safra agrícola. Os acessos 03-21-03 e
03-21-24 não foram afetados pela doença, enquanto os acessos 03-
21-267, 03-21-218, 03-21-124, 03-21-26 e 03- 21-64 foram os mais
afetados com a maior gravidade e área sob a curva de progresso da
doença. Ao avaliar um ciclo de cultura, os acessos e variedades de
cañihua estudados mostraram resistência a pragas e doenças, sem
afetar signicativamente a produtividade.
: banco de germoplasma, utuação populacional,
severidade.
Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), from the
Amaranthaceae family (Caryophyllales), is an Andean species
of great importance in the diet of the inhabitants of this region for
thousands of years. However, it was relegated to the background for
several decades, but has regained its importance in human nutrition
due to the quality of its protein and better biochemical components
than most known cereals, given that cañihua proteins have a balanced
composition of essential amino acids similar to the composition of
casein, the milk protein, and its fatty acids are similar to those of corn
germ oil (Repo et al., 2003). It is a crop originally domesticated by
inhabitants of the Tiahuanaco culture in the highlands of Peru and
Bolivia, where the largest cultivated area and diversity of ecotypes
are found (Rojas et al., 2010). Due to its wide diversity, it can tolerate
frost, high temperatures, drought and saline soils (Rodríguez et al.,
2020; Rollano-Peñaloza et al., 2021).
In Peru, the largest production of this species is concentrated in
the Puno region, and on a smaller scale it is produced in the highlands
of Ayacucho, Arequipa and Cusco. Among the pests and diseases
that attack it, the Kcona-kcona moth (E. quinoae) is reported in the
owering and grain formation stage, as well as damage by mildew
(P. variabilis Gäum.) in the early stages of development of the crop
(Apaza, 2010).
The cañihua is one of the least studied species of the altiplano in
terms of its insect-plagues and diseases. Some authors have detected
mildew infections in the seeds of the plant, as well as in the leaves,
where chlorosis, necrosis and sporulation occur (Rollano-Peñaloza
et al., 2021; Testen et al., 2014). However, Rodríguez et al. (2020)
indicated that no insects or diseases have been reported that could
signicantly affect the development and growth of the crop.
Jager et al. (2010) pointed out that there is a considerable risk in
Andean grain and tuber crops, due to climate change in the highlands,
referring to the lack of information on pest and disease problems in
crops such as cañihua, and recommend expanding studies on native
varieties that mitigate such risks under the concept of resilience.
A similar concept is shared by Tonconi (2015), who pointed out
that climatic variables in Puno, referring to average maximum
temperatures, have negative effects on the yield of potato, broad
bean and corn crops, while quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)
and cañihua still do not show such effects. In this regard, Benique
(2019) mentioned that cañihua tolerates critical anomalies of the
agroclimatic variables of the region, referring to the increase in insect
populations that can interfere with yields and concludes by pointing
out that this high Andean grain adapts to climate change in the región
of high plateau of Puno.
Mamani (2013) molecularly characterized 26 cañihua accessions
from the germplasm bank of Camacani UNA-Puno and determined
that they do not have genetic similarities with each other, so the
duplication of accessions is ruled out. For their part, Bravo et al. (UNA-
Puno, Peru, unpublished data) characterized the same accessions
together with three varieties, and observed that the variety INIA-406
and the accessions 03-21-07 and 03-21-315 were the ones with the
greatest stability of characters and higher average performance.
In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the
population uctuation of the main insect pests and the severity of the
diseases recorded in different stages of development of 27 accessions
and 3 varieties of cañihua during the 2019-2020 agricultural campaign
in Puno, Peru.
Twenty seven accessions and 3 varieties of cañihua (C.
pallidicaule) were studied in a trial installed at the Centro
Experimental Illpa, of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias of the UNA-
PUNO, on an area of 1,378 m
2
, with 30 plots in two blocks. The 27
accessions came from the “José Luis Lescano” germplasm bank of
the Centro Experimental Camacani, and the varieties were INIA-206,
Cupi and Ramis (table 1), the vast majority of them selected because
they have been shown to have no genetic similarities between after its
molecular characterization (Mamani, 2013).
Chenopodium pallidicaule
N°
Accesión
Code
N°
Accesión
Code
N°
Accesión
Code
1 03-21-02 11 03-21-124 21 03-21-231
2 03-21-03 12 03-21-130 22 03-21-246
3 03-21-64 13 03-21-140 23 03-21-267
4 03-21-07 14 03-21-146 24 03-21-296
5 03-21-23 15 03-21-156 25 03-21-301
6 03-21-24 16 03-21-196 26 03-21-315
7 03-21-26 17 03-21-204 27 Puka
8 03-21-27 18 03-21-215 Variety 1 INIA-406
9 03-21-37 19 03-21-218 Variety 2 Cupi
10 03-21-117 20 03-21-230 Variety 3 Ramis
Sowing was held on November 12, 2019, with the use of organic
fertilizer based on cattle manure (31 % organic matter), using 8
kg.ha
-1
of seed to continuous jet at the bottom of furrows separated 50
cm from each other, which originated an average population density
of 55,000 plants.ha
-1
. During the growth and development of the crop,
agronomic tasks of desuck, weeding and hilling were carried out. The
harvest was carried out between May 5 and 8, 2020.
The insect-pest evaluation was carried out by counting the
number of phytophagous insects (larvae or adults) in two consecutive
= �(
−1
+
+
1
)/2(
+1
−
)
et al.23
plants and in two representative points of each of the 30 plots under
study (Bravo, 2010). Insects were common with the quinoa crop
and identied in the Laboratorio de Entomología of the Universidad
Nacional del Altiplano de Puno. During the development of the
investigation there was no application of insecticides. The evaluations
were carried out in the vegetative, owering and maturation stages of
the crop (gure 1 A, B, C).
The methodology described by Leon-Ttacca et al. (2018) in the
cultivation of quinoa for mildew was used. Three evaluations of
disease severity were made during the agricultural campaign, the
rst was carried out 52 days after sowing (DDS), which coincides
with plant branching, the second, 63 DDS during the formation of the
inorescence, and third, 85 DAS in owering. For each evaluation,
10 plants were randomly chosen from the three central rows per plot
and 3 leaves were randomly selected from each plant, one from each
third (upper, middle and lower) where the percentage of severity
(average of the 3 readings) of the mildew of each leaf using the
graphic evaluation scale proposed by Danielsen and Ames (2003) in
quinoa, with values of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 , 90, 95
and 100 % of the area of the leaves affected by mildew.
Based on the severity measurements, the value of the area under
the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated, in order to
describe the development of the disease throughout the crop season.
The formula for calculating this variable was as follows:
where n is the number of evaluations, y is the severity and t is the
number of days after sowing in which the evaluation is made. There
was no application of fungicides.
The harvest was carried out when the grain reached physiological
maturity. Ten plants were randomly chosen from the three central
rows in each experimental unit and proceeded to cut them at ground
level; subsequently, they were placed in paper envelopes and taken
to the plant health laboratory to dry under shade at room temperature
for two months to facilitate threshing; This was done manually and
allowed to separate the grains from the brush. Finally, venting was
carried out to eliminate impurities present in the seeds, to then be
weighed and determine the yield.
The presence of insect pests was evaluated by preparing graphs
with quantitative data on the amounts of phytophagous insects found
in each accession or variety by plant phenological phase. For this,
Chenopodium pallidicaule
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
23
taxonomic keys were used at the level of order and family, with
identication of species represented by common insects in a wide
variety of Andean crops. The graphs allowed comparisons between
the phenological phases according to the number of individuals
collected in it, as well as a regression test between these and the
plant yield. The presence of diseases was graphed by their severity
in each accession or variety for each phenological phase of the
plant. Likewise, a regression test was performed between AUDPC
and crop yield. All analyzes were performed using the Statistix V.8
program.
In this section, as well as in the tables and gures, the accessions
were identied only by their last digits with the intention of
facilitating the reading of the document.
The results of the evaluations in three phenological stages of the
crop allow determining that the registered species only reached the
level of secondary and occasional pests. These species were aphids:
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas and Myzus persicae Sulzer
(Hemiptera-Aphididae), jumping eas: Epitrix yanazar Bechyne
(Coleoptera-Chrysomrelidae) and thrips (Frankliniella spp.
Thysanoptera- Thripidae), which had already been mentioned by
Bravo (2010) and INIA (2020). Aphids reached a general average of
10.44 ± 0.04 individuals per plant, which is a relatively low value,
considering the behavior of these insects to form very numerous
colonies of individuals (between nymphs and adults) per plant in
annual crops. (Bravo, 2012). The other two species were found in
a range of 1 to 3 individuals per plant, which allows us to conclude
that they do not represent an important risk for the crop.
The low population densities of phytophagous insects
observed in the crop could, in part, be attributed to the structure
and conformation of the plants, which have greater vegetative
cover compared to similar crops, such as the case of quinoa, whose
growth is erect. The population of these insect species had slight
increases at times of decreased rainfall, which is considered a
natural response (Bravo, 2010) as a possible combination between
the resistance of the insect and the climatic condition.
The main pest species found, due to the damage it produces and
the size of its population, was the kcona kcona moth (E. quinoae
Povolny Lepidoptera-Gelchiidae), whose larva feeds directly on
the grains and had slightly higher populations (between 1 and 6
individuals per plant) than the aforementioned occasional insects
(gure 2). Similar result was found by Campos et al. (2012) in the
cultivation of quinoa who reported this moth as a very important
direct damage pest, while mentioning other minor secondary and
occasional pests. The damage caused by this insect has a negative
inuence on crop yield, since it is a pest that directly affects the
grains that are in formation in the small glomeruli during the
owering and maturation stage (Ochoa-Vizarreta and Franco-
Navia, 2013).
However, the level of affectation found in this study was low,
since the average insect population did not exceed the economic
damage threshold (EDU) of six larvae per plant, as reported by
Apaza (2010), Bravo (2010) and INIA (2020). In the owering
stage, a slight increase in the population density of the insect was
observed, but without reaching the EDU.
The population density of E. quinoae in accession 26 remained
stable in the three phenological stages with a range of 4.75 ± 0.5 to
5.50 ± 1 larvae.plant
-1
; the same was observed in the Ramis variety
with average ranges from 3.25 ± 1 to 4.50 ± 1 larvae.plant
-1
. On
the contrary, accession 230 had varied uctuations in the three
evaluations, reaching the highest peak in the owering stage (5.75
± 1 larvae.plant
-1
) to later drop to only 1.25 ± 0.25 larvae. plant
-1
in
the maturation stage (gure 2).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ACC-2
ACC-3
ACC-7
ACC-23
ACC-24
ACC-26
ACC-27
ACC-37
ACC-64
ACC-117
ACC-124
ACC-130
ACC-140
ACC-146
ACC-156
ACC-196
ACC-204
ACC-215
ACC-218
ACC-230
ACC-231
ACC-246
ACC-267
ACC-296
ACC-301
ACC-315
CUPI
INIA
PUK
RAM
Vegetative Flowering Maturation
Eurysacca quinoae
Chenopodium pallidicaule
At the other extreme, the accessions with the lowest populations
of this pest were 03, 140 and 301 with average population density
ranges between 0.5 ± 0.15 and 1.5 ± 0.25 larvae.plant
-1
, which
would allow suggesting the use of these accessions in genetic
improvement works. The INIA-406 variety showed populations
that ranged between 2 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.25 larvae.plant
-1
, that is,
relatively low values that ratify it as not very susceptible to pest
attack (INIA, 2020).
The moth damage was observed in the three stages of crop
development, however, it stands out that the largest number of
individuals occurred in the owering phase (gure 3). Tapia et
al. (1979) reported that in strong attacks the insect performs the
postures in the inorescences, leaves and young shoots, and when
feeding destroys the ovary of the owers.
0
1
2
3
4
Vegetative Flowering Maturation
Eurysacca quinoae
Chenopodium pallidicaule
The vertical bars above the
columns indicate the standard error.
Although, in general, the intensity of the insect attack was
relatively low, if the population of the pest during the owering
phase is taken as a reference, that is, the moment in which the
largest number of individuals of the insect was detected in the
crop, it is observed that 27.3 % of the decrease in grain yield was
signicantly explained by the presence of the insect (p = 0.0031)
(gure 4). In general terms, the results obtained ratify the hypothesis
that phytophagous insects are common in the crop, but not in high
population densities, as pointed out by Bravo (2010) and INIA
(2020).
y = -0.4291x + 5.6396
R² = 0.273
p = 0.0031 **
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Eurysacca
quinoae
Chenopodium pallidicaule
The main disease detected by its symptoms and signs was
downy mildew (Peronospora sp.). Irregular chlorotic spots were
observed on the upper leaves that increased in size until presenting
the plant with a general discoloration, with a higher incidence on
the basal leaves, as reported by Plata et al. (2014). According to
Danielsen and Munk (2004), if the attack occurs in the early stages
of plant development, production can be completely lost. This
pathogen was rst described in Peru in 1947 and since, has been
reported in different countries around the world, but it is noteworthy
that despite being endemic in the southern Andean cone, it was not
conrmed until recent years, existence through molecular tests in
countries bordering Peru such as Bolivia (Rollano-Peñaloza et al.,
2021) and Chile (Rosales et al., 2017).
In the rst evaluation (branching stage, 52 DAS) the initial
symptoms of the disease were observed, with a severity range of
0.17 ± 0.11 to 1.34 0.33 %, the latter in accession 26 (gure 5).
In the second evaluation (formation of inorescences, 63 DAS, the
percentage of severity increased markedly and varied from 0.09 ±
0.08 to a maximum of 5.42 ± 3.25 %, corresponding to accession
267. In the third evaluation (owering, 85 DAS) a reduction in
severity was observed, and the range was between 0.05 ± 0.05 and
1.77 ± 0.1 %; this last value corresponded to accession 124.
Particularly susceptible to the disease, manifested mainly in
the second evaluation, were accessions 26, 64, 124, 218 and 267,
the latter being the one that showed the greatest severity. On the
contrary, accessions 3, 24, 27, 37, 156, 215, 231 and 315, together
with the Cupi variety, did not show important symptoms in any of
the three phases of the crop development cycle (gure 5).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ACC-2
ACC-3
ACC-7
ACC-23
ACC-24
ACC-26
ACC-27
ACC-37
ACC-64
ACC-117
ACC-124
ACC-130
ACC-140
ACC-146
ACC-156
ACC-196
ACC-204
ACC-215
ACC-218
ACC-230
ACC-231
ACC-246
ACC-267
ACC-296
ACC-301
ACC-315
CUPI
INIA
PUKA
RAM
Ramificación Inflorescencia Floración
Peronospora
Chenopodium pallidicaule
Branching,
inorescence formation and owering phases. The
varieties are INIA, CUPI 406 and RAMIS.
Although the mildew attack was present in the three evaluations
carried out, it stands out that the greatest severity was detected
in the second evaluation (inorescence formation) (gure 6).
However, when trying to relate the severity of the disease at that
time with grain yield, no association was obtained (p = 0.3843),
which indicates that not even the highest levels of severity were
able to signicantly affect crop grain yield (gure 7). Future studies
could determine if the high tolerance in the owering stage is
associated with the climatic conditions existing at that time. Cruces
et al. (2016) and Rodríguez et al. (2020) also highlighted the high
tolerance of cañihua to the attack of diseases, which is associated
with its condition of rustic cultivation and native to highplains.
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Ramificación Formación inflorescencia Floración
Peronospora
Chenopodium pallidicaule
The
vertical bars above the columns indicate the standard
error.
Regarding the AUDPC, the detected values were low and
ranged from 0 to 173 ± 13.29. Accession 267 was the most affected
by the disease followed by accessions 218, 124, 26 and 64 with
approximate values of 106 ± 7.33, 102 ± 12.83, 98 ± 21.08 and
67 ± 14.67, respectively. On the contrary, in accessions 3 and 24
the disease did not appear. In the case of the varieties, the AUDPC
values uctuated from 4.58 ± 0.42 to 48.58 ± 11.25 (gure 8). In
general, these values represent a low level of pathogen damage
when compared to the values of 2,161 (Aguilar et al., 2020) and
442 (Risco and Mattos, 2015) found in control quinoa plants.
Leon et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2022, 39(2): e223923
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
23
When observing the grain yields of the plants in relation to the
AUDPC, it stands out that accessions 23 and 146 showed the highest
yield values with 19.25 ± 3.75 and 18.80 ± 7.6 g.plant
-1
, respectively,
and the lowest values of AUDPC, which would indicate that they
present tolerance to the disease compared to accessions 230, 301
and 64, which showed the lowest yields with 6.20 ± 0.5; 6.35 ±
1.65 and 7.45 ± 1.45 g.plant
-1
, respectively, with AUDCP values
close to or greater than 40. Likewise, it was observed that accession
267 was the one that best tolerated the disease, because it presented
a greater pathogen attack but a high grain yield about 16.50 ± 0.1
g.plant
-1
(gure 8).
y = 0.4238x + 10.619
R² = 0.0271
p = 0.3843 ns
4
8
12
16
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Peronospora
Chenopodium pallidicaule
The presence of mildew was not signicant in the accessions
and varieties, because the species C. pallidicaule proved to be a crop
resistant to biotic factors, whose grain yield was not affected by the
disease, which agrees with what Rodríguez et al. to (2020), who
reported cañihua as a vigorous and strong crop that does not present
insect-plagues or diseases that signicantly affect its development
and growth.
0
50
100
150
200
0
5
10
15
20
25
ACC-2
ACC-3
ACC-7
ACC-23
ACC-24
ACC-26
ACC-27
ACC-37
ACC-64
ACC-117
ACC-124
ACC-130
ACC-140
ACC-146
ACC-156
ACC-196
ACC-204
ACC-215
ACC-218
ACC-230
ACC-231
ACC-246
ACC-267
ACC-296
ACC-301
ACC-315
CUPI
INIA
PUKA
RAM
AUDPC Rendimiento
Peronospora
Chenopodium pallidicaule
The
varieties are INIA, CUPI 406 and RAMIS.
The kcona kcona moth (Eurysacca quinoae) is the most
important insect pest that appeared in cañihua (C. pallidicaule)
crop, but without reaching the threshold of economic damage.
As secondary and occasional pests are Macrosiphum euphorbiae,
Myzus persicae, Epitrix yanazara and Frankliniella spp.
The crop showed less severity of downy mildew (Peronospora
sp.), and even accessions 3 and 24 did not contract the disease. For
its part, accession 267 presented the highest severity of infection
and the largest area of disease progress, but was tolerant to it by
maintaining a high grain yield.
The authors acknowledge the nancial support of the Concytec
Project - World Bank “Improvement and Expansion of the Services
of the National System of Science, Technology and Technological
Innovation” 8682-PE, through its executing unit ProCiencia
[Contract No. 133-2018-FONDECYT- BM-IADT-AV] and the
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, Peru, for the genetic
samples from its germplasm bank.
Apaza, V. (2010). Manejo y mejoramiento de kañiwa. Bioversity Internacional.
Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente,
CIRNMA. Manual 2. Puno-Perú. https://n9.cl/eisro
Aguilar, R., More-Yarleque, M. M., Rafael-Rutte, R. y Maldonado, E. (2020).
Inductores de defensa en el control del mildiu (Peronospora variabilis
Gaum.) en el cultivo de quinua: Detección, epidemiología, síntomas,
características y control. Scientia Agropecuaria, 11(4), 555-563. http://
dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.04.11
Benique, O. E. (2019). Impacto del cambio climático en el rendimiento de la
producción de cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule A.) en la Región
Puno. Rev. Investigaciones Altoandinas, 21(2), Abril-Junio. https://doi.
org/10.18271/ria. 2019.454
Bravo, R. (2010). Manejo agroecológico de plagas andinas. Plagas en quinua y
cañihua. Editorial Altiplano. Puno-Perú. pp. 53-61.
Bravo, R. (2012). Entomología. Conociendo a los insectos. Orden Homóptera:
Familia Aphididae. Editorial Altiplano. Puno-Perú. pp. 169-180.
Campos, E., Bravo, R., Valdivia, R. y Soto, J. (2012). Plagas insectiles en áreas
de intensicación de quinua en Puno. CienciAgro, 2(3), 379-390. http://
www.revistasbolivianas.org.bo/pdf/rca/v2n3/v2n3a06.pdf
Cruces, L. M., Callohuari, Y. y Carrera, C. (2016). Quinua. Manejo integrado de
plagas. FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación
y la Agricultura. Santiago de Chile. http://www.fao.org/3/i6038s/
i6038s.pdf
Danielsen, S. y Ames, T. (2003). El mildiu (Peronospora farinosa) de la
quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) en la zona andina. Manual práctico
para el estudio de la enfermedad y el patógeno. Centro Internacional
de la Papa. Lima, Perú. 32 p. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.
do?recordID=QP2007000024
Danielsen, S., & Munk, L. (2004). Evaluation of disease assessment methods in
quinoa for ability to predict yield losses caused by downy mildew. Crop
Protection, 23, 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2003.08.010
Jager, M., Valdivia, R., Padulosi, S. y Arce, J. (2010). Lanzamiento de
una plataforma multiactoral para promocionar el uso sostenible
de los Granos Andinos. Foro realizado en Puno 2009. Bioversity
Internacional. FIDA. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales y
Medio Ambiente, CIRNMA. https://n9.cl/hbc8l
INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). (2020). Plagas de
la quinua. Manejo Integrado para una agricultura sostenible y resiliente.
Manual Técnico. Ed. Pacíco SCRL. Lima.
Leon-Ttacca, B., Ortiz-Calcina, N., Condori-Ticona, N. y Chura-Yupanqui, E.
(2018). Cepas de Trichoderma con capacidad endotica sobre el control
del mildiu (Peronospora variabilisGäum.) y mejora del rendimiento de
quinua.Journal of High Andean Research, 20(1), 19-30. http://dx.doi.
org/10.18271/ria.2018.327
Mamani, E. (2013). Caracterización molecular de 26 accesiones de cañihua
Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) con mayor rendimiento en grano:
Altiplano-Puno. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional Del Altiplano.
Puno-Perú. 91 p. https://n9.cl/9gi1zs
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Ochoa-Vizarreta, R. y Franco-Navia, J. (2013). Morfología y biología de la polilla de la
quinua Eurysacca melanocampta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), de
Cusco, (Perú). Bioma, 1(4), 35-38. http://ri.ues.edu.sv/id/eprint/2975/
Plata, G., Bonifacio, A., Navia, O. y Garandillas, A. (2014). Las enfermedades en el
cultivo de quinua. En: Saravia, R., Plata, G., Gandarillas, A. (eds.). Plagas
y enfermedades del cultivo de quinua. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Fundación
PROINPA. 148 p.
Repo, R., Espinoza, C. & Jacobsen, S. E. (2003). Nutritional value and use of the andean
crops Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and Kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule).
Food Reviews International, 19(1-2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-
120018884
Risco, A. y Mattos, L. (2015). Severidad de Peronospora variabilis Gäum en
Chenopodium quinoa Willd ‘Pasankalla’ como respuesta a aplicaciones de
fungicidas sintéticos y bioestimulantes. Anales Cientícos, 76(2), 382-392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/ac.v76i2.805
Rodrguez, J. P., Jacobsen, S. E., Andreasen, C., & Sorensen, M. (2020). Cañahua
(
Chenopodium palli dicaule): A promising new crop for arid areas. In:
Hirich, A., Choukr Allah, R., Ragab, R. (eds.). Emerging Research in Alternative
Crops. Environment & Policy, vol 58. Springer, Cham. pp. 221-243. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-90472-6_9
Rojas, W., Soto, J. L. Pinto, M. Jäger, M. y Padulosi, S. (eds.). 2010. Granos andinos.
Avances, logros y experiencias desarrolladas en quinua, cañahua y amaranto en
Bolivia. Bioversity International, Roma. https://n9.cl/irbng
et al.23
Rollano-Peñaloza, O. M., Palma-Encinas, V. D., Nogales-Ascarrunz, P. M., Widell,
S., Rasmusson, A. G., & Mollinedo, P. A. (2021). First report of Peronospora
variabilis causing downy mildew disease in cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule)
in Bolivia. Research Square (preprint Posted date April 15th, 2021). https://doi.
org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-423666/v1
Rosales, I. M., Rojas, C., Paz-Munoz, M., Agurto, M., Olguín, P. y Fuentes, F. (2017).
Identicación morfológica y molecular de Peronospora variabilis atacando el
cultivo de la quinoa en Chile. III Simposio Internacional de Granos Andinos.
Lima, Perú. https://n9.cl/7n8e
Tapia, M., Gandarillas, H., Alandia, S., Cardozo, A. y Mujica, A. 1979. La quinua y
la kañiwa, cultivos andinos. CIID-IICA, Bogotá-Turrialba. 228 p. http://hdl.
handle.net/10625/4118
Testen, A. L., Jiménez-Gasco, M. M., Ochoa, J. B. and Backman, P. A. (2014). Molecular
detection of Peronospora variabilis in quinoa seed and phylogeny of the quinoa
downy mildew pathogen in South America and the United States. Ecology and
Epidemiology, 104(4), 379. https://doi.org/10.1094/ Phyto-07-13-0198-R.
Tonconi, Q. J. (2015). Producción agrícola alimentaria y cambio climático: Un análisis
económico en el departamento de Puno-Perú. IDESIA (Chile), 33(2), 119-136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292015000200014
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
