Keywords:

Genotypes

Landraces

Genetic variability

Conservation of genetic resources

Morpho-agronomic characterization of native maize populations (Zea mays L.), province of

Manabí, Ecuador

Caracterización morfoagronómica de poblaciones de maíz criollo (Zea mays L.), provincia de

Manabí, Ecuador

Caracterização morfoagronômica de populações de milho crioulo (Zea mays L.), província de

Manabí, Equador

Wilson Rafael Murillo Arteaga

Fernando David Sánchez-Mora

Eddie Ely Zambrano Zambrano

Iris Betzaida Pérez-Almeida

Favio Leonardo Ruilova Narváez

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244132

ISSN 2477-9407

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v41.n4.01

Crop production

Associate editor: Dr. Jorge Vilchez-Perozo

University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Carrera de Agronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica,

Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Lodana, Ecuador.

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias,

Estación Experimental Portoviejo. Portoviejo, Ecuador.

Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Sostenible,

Universidad Tecnológica ECOTEC. Guayas, Ecuador.

Received: 08-07-2024

Accepted: 16-08-2024

Published: 16-09-2024

Abstract

Ecuador is a country with a wide genetic diversity of maize and

there are populations of native maize conserved by farmers that

have not yet been characterized. These genetic resources could be

conserved and used in plant breeding programs. The objective of

this research was to characterize the morpho-agronomic diversity

of 38 populations of native maize from the province of Manabí,

Ecuador, using 19 quantitative and 11 qualitative morpho-agronomic

descriptors. During the dry season of 2022 (July - December) at

the Portoviejo Experimental Station of the National Institute of

Agricultural Research (INIAP), plots of 8 m

were established for

each population of native maize, with 0.3 m between plants and 0.8

m between furrows and each furrow was 5 m long. Cluster analysis

showed the formation of four groups, where the populations of

hard kernels with large ears and soft kernels with short ears were

       

height, panicle length, percentage of lodging, number of kernels per



0.75, showing themselves as discriminant variables in the formation

of the groups, while the most discriminating qualitative variables

were kernel type (

= 49.09***, P= 0.742, V= 0.64), kernel color

(

= 51.955***, P= 0.75, V=0.64), kernel row arrangements (

18.11*, P=0.56, V=0.39), and kernel surface shape (

= 20.52*,



      

genetic diversity in the populations studied. It was concluded that

the characterized native maize populations were a valuable genetic

resource for the conservation and use of this cereal.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244132 October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.

2-8 |

Resumen

Ecuador es un país con una amplia diversidad genética de maíz y

existen poblaciones de maíz criollo conservadas por los agricultores

que aún no han sido caracterizadas; estos recursos genéticos podrían

ser conservados y usados en programas de mejoramiento genético.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar

la diversidad

morfoagronómica de 38 poblaciones de maíces criollos de la Provincia

de Manabí,

Ecuador, utilizando 19 descriptores morfoagronómicos

cuantitativos y 11 cualitativos. Durante la época seca de 2022

(julio - diciembre), en la Estación Experimental Portoviejo del

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), se

establecieron parcelas de 8 m

por cada población de maíz criollo,

con un distanciamiento de 0,3 m entre plantas y 0,8 m entre surcos; 5

m de longitud por surco. El análisis de clúster mostró la formación de

cuatro grupos, donde las poblaciones de granos duros con mazorcas

grandes y la de granos suaves con mazorcas cortas fueron separadas

en grupos diferentes. Las variables cuantitativas altura de la mazorca,

longitud de panoja, porcentaje de acame, número de granos por hilera



0,75, mostrándose como variables discriminantes en la formación de

los grupos, mientras que las variables cualitativas más discriminantes



= 49,09***, P= 0,742, V= 0,64), color de





           =

 

Candela, Cubano, Tuxpeño, Tusilla y Uchima, observándose una

       

concluyó que las poblaciones de maíz criollo caracterizadas resultaron

un valioso recurso genético para la conservación y el uso del cereal.

Palabras claves: genotipos, variedades locales, variabilidad genética,

conservación de recursos genéticos.

Resumo

O Equador é um país com grande diversidade genética de

milho e existem populações de milho crioulo conservadas pelos

agricultores que ainda não foram caracterizadas. Esses recursos

genéticos poderiam ser conservados e utilizados em programas de

melhoramento genético. O objetivo desta investigação foi caraterizar

morfo-agronomicamente 38 populações de milho crioulo da

província de Manabí. Foram estabelecidas parcelas de 8 m2 para

cada população, com uma distância de 0,3 m entre plantas e 0,8

m entre linhas e cada linha tinha 5 m de comprimento; na Estação

Experimental de Portoviejo do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa

Agrícola (INIAP), na estação seca de 2022 (julho - dezembro); e

foram utilizados 19 descritores morfoagronómicos quantitativos

e 11 qualitativos. A análise de agrupamento mostrou a formação

de quatro grupos, onde as populações de grãos duros com espigas

grandes e grãos moles com espigas curtas foram separadas em grupos

diferentes. As variáveis quantitativas altura de espiga, comprimento

de espiga, porcentagem de ac

         

como variáveis discriminantes na formação dos grupos, enquanto

as variáveis qualitativas mais discriminantes foram tipo de grão (

= 49,09***, P= 0,742, V= 0,64), cor do grão (= 51,955***, P=

     

= 18,11*, P=0,56, V=0,39) e

formato da superfície do grão (

= 20,52*, P=0,58, V=0,41). Foram

  



nas populações estudadas. Estes resultados realçam a importância

destas populações de milho crioulo como um recurso genético valioso

para a conservação e utilização do cereal.

Palavras-chave: genótipos, variedades autóctones, variabilidade

genética, conservação de recursos genéticos.

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual grass native to Mexico, which

is its center of origin and diversity (Bellon and Berthaud, 2006),

from where it migrated to other parts of America (Eubanks, 2001).

Three hundred and sixty-two (362) races are recognized, some of

them distributed in Mexico (64 races), Peru (52 races), Argentina

(43 races), Bolivia (40 races), and Ecuador (29 races) (Guzzon et

al., 2021). In Ecuador, some 675 populations representing such 29

races were collected (Timothy et al., 1963), and currently, 36 races

of maize have been recorded, 26 present in the Sierra (six of which



(Tapia et al., 2015; Tapia et al., 2017).



of Ecuador (Caviedes et al., 2020). The Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2022), indicates an area of

362,473 ha, with an average yield of 4.52 t.ha

-1

and a total production

of 164,113,123 t, approximately 80 % corresponded to hard maize

and 20-22 % to soft maize. Manabí is one of the main producing

provinces, with a harvested area of 83,000 to 113,945 ha in recent

years (INEC, 2023).

Important research has been carried out on the morphological

diversity of maize in all provinces of the Sierra region (Tapia et al.,

2021), highlighting the continuity of 23 maize races, however, so far

there is no important research history of the diversity of maize races

on the Ecuadorian coast since 1963, this includes the province of

Manabí where Timothy et al. (1963) documented the presence of the



been made to characterize the Candela race, in the Sancán commune,

Jipijapa, Manabí (Fuentes et al., 2022).

Currently, there are races of native maize conserved by farmers in

the province of Manabí that have not been studied, so it is imperative

to investigate and deepen the knowledge of this subject. The objective

of this research was to characterize the morpho-agronomic diversity

of native maize populations (Zea mays L.) in the province of Manabí,

Ecuador, identifying their races and evaluating their variability to

develop conservation strategies and use in breeding programs.

Materials and methods

This research was carried out during the dry season of 2022

(July - December), at the Portoviejo Experimental Station (EEP)

of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIAP) located

   



rainy season (January to June) of 2022 in the Province of Manabí

       

(FAO, 1994). However, the IPFR-013 population did not record

values in the productive characteristics and was excluded from the

analysis since it did not complete its productive stage, this is because

this population presented a percentage of 100 % of lodging in the

experimental plot before the maturity of the crop.

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Murillo et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(4): e244132

3-8 |

Figure 1. Cantons of the province of Manabí sampled. A) in the collection of native maize populations in 2022; B) in the collection of native

maize populations carried out by Timothy et al. (1963).

The agronomic management of the experiment was in accordance

with the commercial procedure in the region: To homogenize the soil

and favor the decomposition of organic matter, the land was prepared

mechanically using a plough pass and two harrows, thirty days before

planting. Before planting, the seed was treated with the insecticide

Semeprid (25 mL.kg of seed

-1

). Planting was done manually, one seed

was sown every 0.3 m between plants and 0.8 m between 5 m rows;

two furrows per population.

For weed control, the pre-emergent herbicides, pendimethalin (3

L.ha-

) + terbutryn (0.8 L.ha

-1

), were applied at the time of planting.

For emerged weeds, glyphosate (2 L.ha

-1

) was used and supplemented

with manual weeding at 40 to 45 days after planting (dds). Chlorpyrifos

(1.5 L.ha

-1

) was used to control insect pests predominant in the area,

and for Spodoptera frugiperda, at 35 days, a chemical bait prepared

with 25 kg of sand treated with 120 mL of chlorpyrifos was applied

to the bud of each plant.

Chemical fertilization was performed based on a nutritional

analysis and crop requirements, using triple superphosphate (46

% P

; 50 kg.ha

-1

), muriate of potash (60 % K

O; 50 kg.ha

-1

Nutrimenores

(22 % SO

; 18 % K

O; 22 % Mg; 46 kg.ha

-1

), and urea

(46 % N; 450 kg.ha

-1

). The application of phosphorus and potassium

was carried out in the bands on both sides, at 8 days, while the

application of nitrogen was made at 15, 30, and 45 days, divided into

three equal applications.

        

glassine envelopes to ensure homogeneity and avoid cross-

       

population-directed cross-pollination was carried out. The harvest

was carried out at physiological maturity. In each experimental plot,



stages (at the beginning of the anthesis, middle of the anthesis, and

after the milky stage), whose ears were evaluated at harvest (20

kernels of each genotype). The percentage of lodging was determined



evaluated.

For the morpho-agronomic characterization, 30 descriptors were

used, 19 quantitative and 11 qualitative (IBPGR, 1991; CIMMYT,



the characteristics described by Timothy et al. (1963), are based on

traits of the plant (stem, leaves, and panicle), and of the ear (kernels



Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were used for data

analysis. Hierarchical Cluster analysis (HCA) was performed with

         

hierarchical method. For the comparison of means between the



used. To identify the most discriminating qualitative descriptors,

the methodology of Tapia (2003) was applied, using the Chi-square



Statistical analyses were performed in the R version 4.4.0 program (R

Core Team, 2024).

Results and discussion

The morpho-agronomic characterization of 38 populations of

          

  

Tuxpeño, Tusilla, and Uchima; the last two had not been reported

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024, 41(4): e244132 October-December. ISSN 2477-9407.

4-8 |

in the province of Manabí. Timothy et al. (1963) in their tour of

        

Chococeño.

The absence of Chococeño in this research could be explained

in part by the discontinuation of the cultivation of this race. In this

regard, Brush (1991) mentions that the loss of these centers of



races, customs, and knowledge that sustain these systems. It is also

possible that sampling has not fully captured all existing diversity,

especially in areas with less agricultural activity or limited access.

The variability of the maize populations collected in Manabí is

          %

in most quantitative characteristics (table 1). The variables with the

greatest variation were the percentage of lodging (0 – 95 %), the

 

(44 – 226.2 g), with CV of 78.6, 47.82, and 35.25 %, respectively.

Similar results were obtained by González et al. (2020) and Flores

et al. (2022) in studies of the diversity of the Cacahuacintle race

in Mexico, with high variations in the variables biomass of the

 %) and ear biomass (18.13 %) (table 1).

The characteristics of the percentage of lodging, ear biomass, and



by producers of native maize. For example, in the municipalities of

        

used criteria for the selection of native maize are larger ear size,

higher kernel weight, and lower plant height (Delgado-Ruiz et al.,

2018).

In relation to lodging, Zhang et al   

maize populations whose percentages ranged from 0 to 80 % (table 1),

demonstrating that lodging resistance was highly dependent on the



the relationship between lodging resistance and high yield. According

to Cardoso et al. (2000) maize cultivars with lower plant height and

ear insertion, in addition to allowing the establishment of a greater

number of plants per area, favor greater tolerance to root and stem

lodging. García and Watson (2002) found that plant and ear height

showed a moderate and negative correlation with lodging resistance.

On the other hand, the characteristics with the lowest variability



(60 – 72 dds), and leaf length (90 – 120 cm), with CV of 3.99, 4.75

and 5.86 %, respectively (table 1). The low CV values were consistent

with the studies by Hortelano et al. (2008) in the variables days to

 % respectively, and

González et al. (2020) with 4.1 and 3.9 % respectively. In leaf length,

González et al. (2020) recorded a CV of 8.3 %.

    

2A). Populations of hard kernels and large ears were agglomerated in

group 1 (red color), followed by populations with intermediate-sized

ears, and in group 4 the populations of soft kernels and short ears (lilac

color) were concentrated. This grouping is similar to that of Tapia et

al.

hierarchical method), reported that maize races are agglomerated

based on kernel type and shape. Flores et al. (2022) reported similar

results with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean

(UPGMA), they formed four groups with 39 populations of the

Cacahuancintle race based on the size of the ear, shape, and texture

of the kernel, these being the most determining characteristics for the

formation of the groups.

Table 1. Average values of 19 quantitative characteristics of 37 native maize populations in the province of Manabí, Ecuador.

   Average Std Error. CV %

 15.9 26.3 21.2 0.4 10.6

 242.8 374.3 299.2 4.5 8.6

Height of the main ear (cm) 138.4 260.0 191.8 4.7 15

Leaf length (cm) 90.0 120.8 106.7 1.0 5.9

 7.0 10.6 8.7 0.1 9.8

Length of the panicle (cm) 36.6 47.6 40.9 0.5 6.8

 57.0 68.0 61.6 0.4 4.0

 60.0 72.0 64.5 0.5 4.8

 0.0 95.0 33.7 4.4 78.6

Number of rows 11.6 18.8 14.9 0.3 12.0

Number of kernels per row 16.3 39.0 27.0 0.8 18.0

 44.0 226.2 122.8 7.1 35.3

Ear length (cm) 7.9 17.8 13.7 0.4 17.2

 31.6 52.8 43.3 0.8 11.8

 6.8 38.2 18.9 1.5 47.8

 10.8 33.0 24.7 0.7 17.2

Kernel Length (mm) 8.4 12.9 11.3 0.2 9.4

 7.1 10.9 8.7 0.1 9.1

 3.7 8.6 4.6 0.1 17.4

This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Murillo et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(4): e244132

5-8 |



characterized by having plants with an average height of 280.4 cm,



(64.2). In addition, it was highlighted in the traits of the ear and the

maize kernel (table 2), that 80 % of the populations presented orange

kernels, with a serrated surface, and a straight arrangement of the

    

to those of the Cuban race, while an accession (IPFR-008) presented



that resembles the Uchima race (Timothy et al., 1963). The second

group was made up of ten populations that registered a higher number

         

with plants with smaller stem diameters, ear insertion height (table

2), orange (60 %), and white (40 %) kernel color in the populations,

with dent maize kernels (80 %), and half of them have irregular row

arrangement on the ear (50 

that were located in groups 1 and 2 corresponded to 20 and 40 %

respectively presented characteristics such as large ears with dent

maize kernels, being similar to the Tuxpeno race, introduced from

Mexico, being its distribution center the Portoviejo Experimental

Station (Timothy et al., 1963).



development in their plants, with superior traits in stem diameter,

plant height, ear insertion, and panicle length (table 2). Maize in

this group was more susceptible to lodging and was shown to be





In this regard, Dzib-Aguilar et al. (2016) indicated that the

reduction in the frequency of cultivation of certain races was due to

their elevated heights, so the winds cause the plants to fall and the

ears to be damaged due to soil moisture, fungi, and rodents.

The populations of the third group presented distinctive ears due

to their thin shape, with mostly yellow kernels (80 %), straight rows,

and mostly round kernel surfaces (60 

characteristics similar to the Tusilla race. An accession (IPFR-024)

presented characteristics of the Uchima race, attributing to this group

two races (Tusilla and Uchima) that had not been previously reported

in the province of Manabí. In this regard, the presence of new genetic

materials in the province may be due to the exchange of seeds that

takes place at agroecological fairs, or simply to the arrival of new

farmers from other regions with their seeds.

Group 4 was the most numerous with 17 populations with smaller

stem diameters, length, and ear biomass and the lowest number of

 %), and

orange (88.2 %), with a lot of variation in the surface of the kernel,

mostly round (41.2 %), and irregular arrangement of the rows on the

ear (58.8 

Figure 2. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the morpho-agronomic characteristics of 37 native maize populations collected in 12

cantons of the province of Manabí, Ecuador.     



This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

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6-8 |

Table 2. Quantitative descriptors with greater discriminant value among the four groups of native maize populations collected in Manabí.



Groups

“D” Index

1 2 3 4

 19.5 b 20.9 b 23.5 a 21.1 b 0.5

 280.4 b 292 b 331.1 a 299.6 b 0.5

Height of the main ear (cm) 171.1c 172.5 c 227.4 a 198.7 b 0.75

Leaf length (cm) 111.8 a 108.9 ab 105.7 ab 104.3 b 0.5

 9.0 a 8.9 a 8.4 a 8.6 a 0.25

Length of the panicle (cm) 39.3c 42.5 ab 42.8 a 40 bc 0.75

 61.4 b 61.2 b 66 a 60.5 b 0.5

 64.2 b 63.4 b 69 a 63.9 b 0.5

 10.0 c 36.5 b 65 a 29.7 bc 0.75

Number of rows 15.4 a 14.5 a 14.8 a 14.9 a 0.25

Number of kernels per row 28.9 ab 31.9 a 26 bc 23.9 c 0.75

 154.4 a 172 a 99.1 b 91.5 b 0.5

Ear length (cm) 15.0 a 16 a 14.3 a 11.8 b 0.5

 45.8 a 45.6 a 42.2 a 39.7 a 0.25

 20.4 b 30.3 a 14.9 bc 12.8 c 0.75

 24.5 a 26.8 a 23 a 24.1 a 0.25

Kernel Length (mm) 11.8 a 11.7 a 10.5 a 11.2 a 0.25

 8.2 b 9.5 a 8.4 b 8.6 b 0.5

 4.3 a 4.8 a 4.6 a 4.5 a 0.25



Figure 3. Discriminant qualitative characteristics in the morpho-agronomic characterization of the 37 native maize populations of the

province of Manabí, grouped into the four groups of the dendrogram.

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7-8 |

         

kernels found along the northwest coast of Ecuador. It is linked to

the social and economic conditions of farmers and is generally used

for family nutrition, through the preparation of typical gastronomic



(Pita et al., 2021; Fuentes et al., 2022).

Groups 1 and 3 were represented only by populations from two

cantons. The populations of group 1 were collected in Jipijapa and

Portoviejo while those corresponding to group 3 were collected in



farmers in these cantons who prefer hard types of maize (semi-dent

and crystalline). Analuisa et al. (2020) mentioned that the productive

and environmental conditions of Manabí are favorable for the

cultivation of these types of maize.

Paján is considered the maize-growing region of the province of

Manabí, probably farmers prefer to plant maize for commercialization,

so they use hard maize; a similar case occurs in the San Vicente area of

the Jipijapa canton, where it was determined that the production and

commercialization of hard maize had an impact on the socioeconomic

development of its inhabitants (Cañarte-Quimis et al., 2021). The

same happened in the cantons of Pedernales and Paján in group 3,





Maize production has had an impact on the social and economic

development of Manabí for decades, increasing from 2007 to 2017

by 67.6 %; however, the crops were concentrated in the production

of dry hard maize (Palacios-Cedeño et al., 2023). However, the use

of commercial hard maize materials, usually hybrids, could be a

challenge to the sustainability of genetic diversity, as it can lead to

the loss of maize landraces. This is a problem that has arisen since

the 60s when Timothy et al. (1963) reported the displacement of the

Candela and Gallina races by commercial races such as the Tuxpeño

and the Caribbean Yellow Flint. Tapia et al

Canguil, Chaucho, and Clavito races have ceased to be cultivated in

some provinces of the Ecuadorian Sierra.

Qualitative characteristics were the most decisive for the grouping

of the 37 maize populations harvested in the province of Manabí

because they reduced the variability produced by environmental

factors (Scheldeman and Van Zonneveld, 2010). According to

Hortelano et al. (2008), kernel color is one of the most discriminating

traits for grouping populations with wide morphological diversity,

and together with the type of kernel, shape, and size of the ear were

decisive in the selection practiced by farmers.

The quantitative variables ear height, panicle length, percentage of



        

discriminating variables in the formation of the groups (table 2). In

contrast, the characteristics of leaf width, number of rows, ear diameter,

         

found, which presented lower values (0.25) and lower discriminative

power. Tapia et al. (2017) indicated that the characteristic ear length

 

the same statistical criterion, and in Torres et al. (2022) ear size and



groups.

Ear cover was not considered in the analysis because it was

monomorphic in all populations. Using the 

test, the type of kernel

(

= 49.09***, P= 0.742, V= 0.64), kernel color (

= 51.955***, P=

0.75, V=0.64), row arrangement (

= 18.11*, P=0.56, V=0.39) and

kernel surface shape (

= 20.52*, P=0.58, V=0.41) were the most

discriminating (table 3). These results were similar to those reported

by Tapia et al        

267.35**, P= 1.44, V=0.83), kernel surface shape (

= 228.72**,

P= 1.33, V=0.77), kernel color (

= 48.72**, P= 0.62, V=0.36) and

row arrangement (

= 23.55**, P= 0.43, V=0.25) were the most

discriminating in maize from the Sierra.

Table 3. Analysis of the discriminant value of the qualitative

characteristics of the populations of native maize

harvested in the province of Manabí, Ecuador.





Pearson’s



)

Pearson‘s

Contingency

 (P)

Cramér’s





(V)

Stem color

4.62 0.322 0.24

Anthocyanin staining

in adventitious roots

9.15 0.431 0.276

Pubescence on the

margin of the sheath

5.953 0.36 0.386

Anthocyanin staining

in the leaf sheath

4.923 0.331 0.248

Ear form

9.683 0.441 0.348

Kernel row

arrangements

18.110* 0.558 0.388

Anthocyanin staining



rachis

5.634 0.351 0.265

Kernel Type

49.085*** 0.742 0.64

Kernel color

51.955*** 0.752 0.806

Kernel surface shape

20.517* 0.582 0.413

 % (*) and 0.1 % (***)

        

populations as an invaluable genetic reserve for preserving and

exploiting this crop.

Conclusions

The province of Manabí registered a high morphological diversity

of native maize, with the Candela, Cubano, Tuxpeño, Tusilla, and

Uchima races, and the absence of the Chococeño race was reported in

the samplings that have been carried out so far. The variables kernel

type and color, arrangement of rows, kernel surface shape, ear height,

panicle length, percentage of lodging, number of kernels per row, and



allowed the formation of groups in native maize populations of the

province of Manabí.

This study constitutes a contribution to the understanding of the

diversity of native maize populations in Manabí, as an update of



research, it is necessary to carry out a greater sampling in the Manabi

cantons that are poorly represented in this research, such as Tosagua

and Chone, which could complement the results presented here.

Funding

This research was funded by the ECOTEC Technological



diversity of native maize of the Ecuadorian coast using microsatellite



This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.

Murillo et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2024 41(4): e244132

8-8 |

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