© The Authors, 2025, Published by the Universidad del Zulia*Corresponding author:lisandro.roco@uss.cl
Keywords:
Food systems
Chain analysis
Pandemics
Central and South America
Review
A systematic review of COVID-19 eects on agri-food chains in Latin America
Una revisión sistemática de los efectos del COVID-19 sobre las cadenas agrolimentarias en
Latinoamérica
Uma revisão sistemática dos efeitos da COVID-19 nas cadeias agroalimentares na América Latina
Lisandro Roco
1*
Andreass Fischer
2
Catia Grisa
3
Francisco García
2
Eduardo Sanguinet
2,4
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(2): e254221
ISSN 2477-9407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47280/RevFacAgron(LUZ).v42.n2.V
Socioeconomics
Associate editor: Maritzabel Materán Jaimes
University of Zulia, Faculty of Agronomy
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
1
Universidad San Sebastián, Faculty of Economics
and Government, Center of Economics for Sustainable
Development (CEDES). Gral. Lagos 1163, Valdivia, Chile.
2
Universidad Austral de Chile, Institute of Agricultural
Economics. Independencia 631 Valdivia, Chile.
3
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Interdisciplinar
Department. Porto Alegre, Brazil.
4
Ponticia Universidade Católica do Río Grande do Sul,
Business School. Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Received: 27-11-2024
Accepted: 31-03-2025
Published: 01-05-2025
Abstract
The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic generated large eects
on global supply chains. These eects are especially relevant
in agriculture, as they compromised food security. The present
study is a systematic review of peer-reviewed scientic literature
to understand the eects of the pandemic on agro-food chains
and links in Latin America. The documented eects are mainly
negative (81.5 %) and translated into impacts on production
systems (32.3 %) and markets (24.6 %). It was reported that the
impacts on production were due to diculties in labor mobility,
interruption of the supply chain, closure of external markets and
increased transportation costs. Transportation was the link with
the most diculties due to restrictions on mobilization, even
though it was the least referenced. There were negative impacts on
processing, due to the shortage of raw materials and the interruption
or closure of industries. On the other hand, some positive eects
were reported, such as the development of local markets, the
emergence of alternative products and digital markets with direct
home delivery, as well as a shift towards healthy consumer habits.
Agricultural policy makers should take these results into account
when proposing strategies to develop more resilient agrifood chains
to face challenges such as those caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(2): e254221 April-June. ISSN 2477-9409.
2-6 |
Resumen
El auge de la pandemia de COVID-19 generó grandes efectos en
las cadenas de suministro globales. Estos efectos son especialmente
relevantes en la agricultura, ya que comprometieron la seguridad
alimentaria. El presente estudio es una revisión sistemática de
literatura cientíca revisada por pares para comprender los efectos
de la pandemia en los eslabones de las cadenas agroalimentarias
en América Latina. Los efectos documentados son principalmente
negativos (81.5 %) y se traducen en impactos en los sistemas
productivos (32.3 %) y en los mercados (24.6 %). Se reportó que,
los impactos sobre la producción fueron debido a las dicultades
de movilidad de la mano de obra, a la interrupción de la cadena de
abastecimiento, al cierre de mercados externos y el aumento de los
costos de transporte. El transporte fue el eslabón con más dicultades
debido a las restricciones en la movilización, aun cuando fue el menos
referenciado. Se observaron impactos negativos en el procesamiento,
debido a la escasez de materia prima con interrupción o cierre de
industrias. Por otro lado, se referenciaron algunos efectos positivos
como el desarrollo de mercados locales, el surgimiento de productos
alternativos y mercados digitales con entrega directa a domicilio;
asimismo, se registró un cambio hacia hábitos saludables en el
consumidor. Los diseñadores de políticas agrícolas deberían tener
en cuenta estos resultados para proponer estrategias que permitan
desarrollar cadenas agroalimentarias más resiliente para hacer frente
a retos como los provocados por la pandemia del Covid-19.
Palabras clave: sistemas alimentarios, análisis de cadena, pandemias,
Centro y Sur América.
Resumo
O aumento da pandemia da COVID-19 gerou grandes efeitos nas
cadeias de abastecimento globais. Estes efeitos são especialmente
relevantes na agricultura, pois comprometeram a segurança alimentar.
O presente estudo é uma revisão sistemática da literatura cientíca
revisada por pares para compreender os efeitos da pandemia nos elos
da cadeias agroalimentar na América Latina. Os efeitos documentados
dos artigos analisados são maioritariamente negativos (81.5 %) e
traduzem-se em impactos nos produções (32.3 %) e nos mercados
(24.6 %). Os impactos na produção deveram-se a diculdades na
mobilidade da mão de obra, à perturbação da cadeia de abastecimento,
ao encerramento de mercados externos e ao aumento dos custos de
transporte. O transporte foi o elo com mais diculdades devido a
restrições à mobilização, embora tenha sido o menos relatado. Foram
observados impactos negativos na transformação, devido à escassez
de matérias-primas com a interrupção ou o encerramento de indústrias.
Por outro lado, foram relatados alguns efeitos positivos, como o
desenvolvimento de mercados locais, o surgimento de produtos
alternativos e mercados digitais com entrega direta ao domicílio e
uma mudança para hábitos de consumo saudáveis. Os responsáveis
pela política agrícola devem ter em conta estes resultados para propor
estratégias de desenvolvimento de cadeias agro-alimentares mais
resilientes para fazer face a desaos como os causados pela pandemia
de Covid-19.
Palavras-chave: sistemas alimentares; análise de cadeia; pandemias;
América Central e do Sul.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated disastrous global
economic impacts (Yilmazkuday, 2023; Miguel and Mobarak, 2022).
The food and agriculture sectors were highly aected due to markets
closing abruptly under quarantine. Although a certain stability
prevailed from the supply side, the severe restrictions established to
impede the spread of the pandemic have endangered the supply of
food and farm goods, both across borders and from eld to table;
high value added goods such as meat and milk as well as biofuels
are the commodities whose production changes the most (Hamid and
Mir, 2021). The pandemic accentuated the threat to the food security
and nutrition of millions of people around the world, especially as it
occurs at the same time as a rise in international food prices. Despite
the many eorts made within the framework of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), food insecurity persists (Chatellier et
al., 2022). These situations, impulse the design of future agricultural
and food policies regarding the integration of health, food, and social
risks (Nkounkou and Temple, 2021). In this line, Mutegi et al. (2024)
proposed that policy strategies are needed to recognize heterogeneous
COVID-19 eects and provide targeted interventions for household
types most vulnerable to future disruptions of the agrifood system.
Latin America is globally relevant in agricultural and food
production. On one hand, imports and exports from the region
have undergone sudden changes due to the uncertainty caused by
the pandemic; while imports values were almost constants, exports
were diversied (Engemann and Jara, 2022). On the other hand,
according to Heck et al. (2020), the fact that the region has solid
local market chains and small farm production systems, along with
growing commercialization, help ensure nutrition when markets and
mobility are doubtful. According to López-Ridaura et al. (2021), all
types of agrarian systems in the region were aected, to a greater or
lesser extent, by the various measures implemented by governments;
these included movement restrictions, closure of public and private
spaces, and border restrictions. Along these lines, Deconinck et al.
(2021) manifested the relevance of the impacts from the pandemic on
the region, indicating that they would compromise supply and aect
other regions.
While there is an extensive body of literature about COVID-19
and agri-food systems, analyses are generally global (Luque Zúñiga
et al., 2021) and centered on regional-scale eects. There is no
evaluation of what has happened on the intra-regional level, especially
in Latin America. In order to improve the understanding of the eects
of pandemic on agri-food sector, the objective of this study was to
comprehend the evidence about the eects of the pandemic recorded
in Latin American countries using a systematic review approach.
Methods
The methodology comprises two main steps: a search and
selection of peer-reviewed publications; and the identication and
classication of eects by link; and its analysis.
Literature review process
To carry out this study, we performed a systematic review
of the literature associated with the eects of COVID-19 on the
agro-food chain within Latin America. The search for scientic
literature accumulated up to the date this study was performed took
place on three separate occasions across the period between May
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Roco et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(2): e254221
3-6 |
and September 2022. The search platforms used were SCOPUS,
GOOGLE SCHOLAR and ResearchGate.
The rst review used the SCOPUS platform. The results were then
ltered by publication year (between 2020 and 2022) and country of
publication (Latin America and Mexico). This review ltered a total of
49 articles, which were reviewed and selected according to relevance
criteria via the information provided in their abstracts, ending up with
a total of 17 relevant articles. The second review used the SCOPUS
platform these were also ltered by year (and publication country. 9
articles were selected for relevance. In the third and nal review, we
used GOOGLE SCHOLAR and RESEARCHGATE. 9 more articles
were drawn from this, to nish up with a total of 35 articles reviewed.
Identifying eects
The gathered eects arising from the scientic literature were
catalogued as positive eects or negative eects in each agro-food
chain. This categorization obeys the convenience criteria for proper
chain functioning, where any eect found which is considered to
interrupt or harm any link in the chain will be categorized as negative.
Any eect found which reinforces, helps with innovation, or
improves any link will be catalogued as positive. This study considers
the denition proposed by ONUDI (2004) and by Cayeros et al.
(2016), to identify the following links in an agro-food production
chain: production, transportation, processing, commercialization, and
consumption.
Results and discussion
It is widely recognized that the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the
agri-food sector by causing supply chain breakdowns, labor shortages,
and market shifts. Travel restrictions and lockdowns delayed food
distribution, increased waste, and hurt farmers nancially. Our results
in general, suggest that eects identied are mostly negatives (81.5
%) and concentrated in production (32.3 %) and market (24.6 %)
links of the chain (gure 1); those sub-sectors are the most studied
according to the evidence. Studies related to primary production and
markets changes were present among chains in the study period.
Figure 1. Eects identied by type and chain link.
Along with the ows between the countries studied here and the
aforementioned links; Mexico, Brazil; followed by Argentina, and
Chile had the largest number of documented positive and negative
eects (Figure 2). By contrast, Central America and Paraguay had
less evidence of eects. This result can be related to the agri-food
sector economic relevance in those countries, and also given the
market size.
The gure 2, also shows the dierences between countries with
respect to the eects reported for each link in the chain. Mexico and
Brazil, with the largest number of studies, refer mainly to the eects
on production, markets and consumers, while the rest of the countries
refer mainly to eects on production and very little on transportation.
Neither Paraguay nor Central America report eects on consumers.
Figure 2. Frequency of eects indicated by country towards
various chain links.
Eects on production
Primary production was the most aected according to the
literature, mainly because the supply chain was interrupted, causing
eects in several dimensions. In Mexico, farming supply prices
were documented as rising by 30 % (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021).
By 2020, Venezuelan’s producers had shortages of certied seeds,
fertilizers, and farming chemicals, along with major shortages of
gasoline or diesel for farm machinery in an oil-producing country
(Hernández, 2020). For animal husbandry, producers worldwide had
to face various shortages in the supply chain, including frozen semen,
replacement animals, specialized equipment, and additives such as
vaccines, antibiotics, vitamins, and minerals (Rahimi et al., 2022).
Based on evidence of Peru and Brazil, sheries and aquaculture
also faced problems with their activities during the pandemic. In
Peru, after quarantines were declared, shing production dropped
by up to 80 % (Bassett et al., 2022). A study in Brazil working on
the value chain among small artisan shers saw 77.4 % of 31 survey
respondents mention a drop in their earnings due to pandemic impacts,
while 61.3 % reported losing over half their income compared with
the years before COVID-19 (Benevenuti Soares et al., 2022).
Ramírez et al. (2021) reported that many seasonal crops suered
losses since lack of worker mobility impeding optimize crop cycles.
Access was also blocked for specialized workers, such as veterinarians
and professional operators, exposing herds to possible diseases
(Hashem et al., 2020). Major movement restrictions also obligated
sizable numbers of migrant workers in livestock industries to return
to their countries of origin (Rahimi et al., 2022).
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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(2): e254221 April-June. ISSN 2477-9409.
4-6 |
Also foreign trade closures presented a problem for producers,
especially those whose production systems and infrastructure were
totally or partially focused on this type of trade. This occurred in
El Salvador, where coee producers had to modify their production
strategies, since most of their production was sold to the USA, and
they wound up having to sell most of their production on domestic
markets at lower volumes and prices (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021). The
same study also mentioned that tomato, avocado, and berry exports
fell by 50 %, 30 %, and 15 %, respectively. In Argentina and Uruguay,
red meat export decreases cut most producers’ incomes (Hashem et
al., 2020). Global drops in animal feed imports and exports impeded
producers working in animal husbandry and fattening (Rahimi et al.,
2022).
However, positive eects of the closure of international markets
were also evident. In Honduras, where dairy producers said that the
end of foreign product imports reduced competition against local
products, boosting their own sales (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021).
The same thing happened in Chile, where during the pandemic dairy
producers saw increased demand for their products, leading the
national dairy market to operate at full capacity. Between March and
May 2020, the price producers received per liter of milk at the farm
gate rose by around 10 %. In Mexico, a major cooperative (Grupo
Lala) saw dairy product sales rise by around 14 % (Acosta et al.,
2021). Brazil had state programs in charge of feeding millions of
children, which due to school closures were left without their daily
food intake buying from domestic small peasant family farms,
generating a stable internal market throughout the pandemic period
(Tittonell et al., 2021).
Transport eects
The assurance of the proper food transport along the food supply
chain is a very crucial activity, all food processing stakeholders need
to contribute to keeping the distribution of food products to consumers
(Nagessa et al., 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the agri-
food supply chain through labor shortages, transport delays, and
shifting demand. Border closures and processing plant slowdowns led
to food waste and price uctuations. The eects from the pandemic
on the transportation link in the agro-food chain are one of the least
documented areas.
The connement regulations created by governments led
to confusion and uncertainty about continued agro-food chain
operations (Bassett et al., 2022), which impeded transportation
logistics processes. Mobility restrictions and increased transportation
costs were the most common eects (Mangano et al., 2022). A study
from Brazil suggested that, during the rst year of the pandemic,
logistics companies’ nancial performance was signicantly greater
by contrast with the previous decade (Barbosa et al., 2022).
In Guatemala, since movement restrictions strongly impacted
transportation, a 50 % drop in transport demand was reported, which
also led to cost increases for agricultural supplies (Lopez-Ridaura et
al., 2021). For the aquaculture production chain, the transportation
link was documented as the weakest part (Mangano et al., 2022).
We should note that in the review it was not possible to nd positive
eects for transportation.
Processing eects
The spread of COVID-19 has drastically aected the global
economy, with a profound impact on manufacturing companies
(Ardolino et al., 2022). Since industrial processes depend on raw
materials, which are frequently imported, they had to face interruption
or stagnation in production due to shortages or a total lack of key
supplies. This led to drops or limitations on their production volume.
The supply chain also saw high variation and a general price increase,
leading to higher business expenses (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021).
When considering the human capital of the corporate workforce,
the documentation mentions problems in some industries with
adapting to new health and sanitation protocols demanded by state
organisms. This is illustrated in Chile, where due to social distancing
and movement restrictions, the Aysén Region in the far south wound
up with no specialized workers in its industrial salmon farms and
processing plants, as they mainly came from other regions (Thomas,
2021). No positive eects appeared for this aspect.
Marketing eects
The main negative eects for the commercialization link found
in the literature were related with severe interruptions and closures
suered by local, national, and international markets (Mangano et al.,
2022). In Mexico, 59.6 % of companies had to face these temporary
closures, of which 93.2 % said they had a negative economic impact
(Fernández-Sánchez et al., 2022), and 89 % of sh markets nationwide
closed during the pandemic (Vergara-Solana et al., 2022).
Markets had to close temporarily, reduce capacity volumes,
and adopt new social distancing protocols. Isolation measurements
imposed in Mexico obligated cafeterias and restaurants to expand space
between tables and move into open-air areas. This increased costs and
cut prots, by reducing the time available to open to the public along
with operational capacity (Aguilar-Lopez and Kuhar, 2022). Due to
this business closure, Costa Rica saw meat demand fall by around 30
%, which made the price fall (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021).
Argentina, the largest soy our exporter in the world, saw its
exports fall by 50 % in animal feed factories due to export closures
(Hashem et al., 2020). Prots at aquaculture companies in Chile fell,
and the price of a pound of salmon decreased by 21 % during the
period due to decreased demand (Thomas, 2021). In southeastern
Brazil, sales ows from shing producers to middlemen dropped
by 25.8 %, and there was a 25 % rise in direct sales ows to nal
consumers (Benevenuti Soares
et al., 2022). The “suggestion” eect
experienced by people in Peru at the beginning of the pandemic
caused major market impacts. Initially, crowds of people bought
products in bulk. Afterwards, the markets suered a drastic demand
drop, with notable economic losses (Malone et al., 2021).
International market closures also led to positive repercussions
for some local businesses. The pandemic and social isolation also
led to opportunities to seek new, alternative product oerings, along
with reinventing businesses and expanding into digital markets and
delivery services. This led to many cases of further market expansion
and sales success (Vargas-Flores et al., 2021), this is the case of
AVICASA, which invested in poultry product delivery vehicles to
directly connect with consumers (Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2021).
Consumption eects
Consumption behavior shifts under stress, uncertainty, or during
crises (Vásquez et al., 2022). Family income levels are directly
related with food consumption habits. In this way, meat consumption
preferences are aected by external shocks such as the pandemic,
decreasing in lower-income homes (Ramírez et al., 2021).
New consumption habits during the pandemic arose from multiple
factors. There was a campaign in Mexico to persuade the population
to avoid eating outside the home (cafeterias and restaurants), and
Mexican homes saw demonstrable increases in their food spending
during the pandemic, along with more meals shared by families within
the home, more online purchases, and a drop in food waste (Aguilar-
This scientic publication in digital format is a continuation of the Printed Review: Legal Deposit pp 196802ZU42, ISSN 0378-7818.
Roco et al. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2025, 42(2): e254221
5-6 |
Lopez and Kuhar, 2022). Social distancing was also an occasion for
people to suer from boredom and anxiety, which probably led to
consuming more unhealthy foods, more alcohol, and higher tobacco
use rates (Vargas-Ramella et al., 2021).
The pandemic also has driven changes in purchase patterns,
granting preference to online markets over in-person sales. COVID-19
led to many people being limited to home delivery apps for food in
developed and developing countries alike (Aguilar-Lopez and Kuhar,
2022).
Surveys in Ecuador have shown that during the COVID-19
pandemic, consumers have opted to look more closely at nutritional
labels, choosing healthier foods. The same study armed that 82 %
of survey respondents had positive inuences from the COVID-19
pandemic, consuming less junk food, eating a balanced diet, and
drinking enough water (Cordero-Ahiman et al., 2022). A survey in
Brazil showed that packaged food consumption rose by 38 %, and over
half (55 %) of respondents increased their fresh food consumption
(Leal Filho et al., 2022).
The need of a transition from the globalized food system
towards a more equitable and resilient has become apparent given
its fragility due to the COVID-19 (Altieri & Nicholls, 2020). In this
line, according to Paudel et al., (2023), policymakers should reinforce
the diversication of production as well as supply chains to build
a resilient food system in the face of the challenges posed by the
COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and wars.
Rebuilding food systems in the wake of COVID-19 presents a
particular challenge to countries whose economies have been severely
aected; but it also presents an opportunity not just to restore, but also
to fundamentally transform those systems (Webb et al., 2021).
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has had important eects on global
supply chains. Data collected showed that the eects on production
and marketing were the most reported for the entire agrifood chain.
There were also disparities between Latin American countries with
respect to the eects reported for each chain link.
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were generally
negative, mainly on production due to diculties of labor force
mobility, disruption of the supply chain, closure of foreign markets
and increased transportation costs. In this sense, transportation was
the link with the most diculties due to restrictions in mobilization
and permits, even though it was the least referenced. This also had
a negative impact on processing, reporting raw material shortages
and interruption or closure of industries. In Consumption link, was
reported that stress and the decrease in purchasing power caused by
connement, resulted in a decrease in protein products demand.
Some positive eects were reported: the development of local
markets due to reduced competition and the easier access to food, also
the emergence of alternative products and digital markets with direct
home delivery. Likewise, a change to healthy habits or preferring
domestic and less processed products was reported.
Agricultural policies designers should consider these results to
propose strategies for adapting local markets, product diversication
and alternatives of transportation and food comercialization in order
to development more resilient agrifood chains that can face challenges
such as those caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Funding source
This work was funded by the Chilean National Agency for
Research and Development (ANID) trougth the grant FOVI210046.
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