https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33274

Received: 01/06/2023 Accepted: 04/08/2023 Published: 22/08/2023

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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33274

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of alone and

combined treatment of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE)

and Methenolone Enanthate (ME) on morphometric parameters of

humerus and femur in young rats. In this study, 36 ve–week–old

Wistar Albino rats were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups;

Control group (n:6, normal saline solution, 0.2 mL·rat

-1

, subcutaneously

–SC–), TCAE group (Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract, 0.2 mL·rat

-1

SC), ME group (Methenolone Enanthate), 10 mg·kg

-1

, intramuscularly

–IM–) and TCAE + ME group (Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract,

0.2mL·rat

-1

, SC + Methenolone Enanthate, 10 mg·kg

-1

, IM). Drug

treatments were done once a week for 7 weeks. At the end of the

experiment, all the animals were euthanized and their humerus and

femur bones were resected and their morphometric parameters were

determined. No statistical differences were determined (P>0.05)

between the groups in terms of the anatomical reference points

(length, corpus thickness, cavum medullare diameter, and cortex

thickness) of humerus and femur bones. In conclusion, it was found

that alone and combined treatments of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic

extract and ME (at normal dose) had no effects on morphometric

parameters of humerus and femur bones in rats in the growing period.

However, these effects may not be observed at high–dose and long–

term treatments in rats.

Key words: Alcoholic extract, femur, humerus, methenolone

enanthate, rat, Tarantula cubensis

RESUMEN

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos del tratamiento

solo y combinado de extracto alcohólico de Tarantula cubensis y

enantato de metenolona (EM) sobre parámetros morfométricos de

húmero y fémur en ratas jóvenes. En este estudio, se utilizaron 36 ratas

Wistar Albino de cinco semanas de edad. Los animales se dividieron

en 4 grupos; Grupo control (n:6, solución salina normal, 0,2mL·rata

-1

por vía subcutánea –SC–), grupo TCAE (extracto alcohólico de

Tarantula cubensis, 0,2 mL·rata

-1

, por vía SC), grupo ME (enantato de

metenolona, 10 mg·kg

-1

, por vía intramuscular –IM–) y TCAE + grupo ME

(extracto alcohólico de Tarantula cubensis, 0,2 mL·rata

-1

, por vía SC

+ enantato de metenolona, 10 mg·kg

-1

, por vía IM). Los tratamientos

farmacológicos se realizaron una vez por semana durante 7 semanas.

Al nal del experimento, todos los animales fueron sacricados y

sus huesos húmero y fémur fueron resecados y se determinaron

sus parámetros morfométricos. No se determinaron diferencias

estadísticas (P>0,05) entre los grupos en cuanto a los puntos de

referencia anatómicos (longitud, grosor del cuerpo, diámetro del

cavum medular y grosor de la corteza) de los huesos húmero y fémur.

En conclusión, se encontró que los tratamientos solos y combinados

de extracto alcohólico de Tarantula cubensis y EM (a dosis normal)

no tuvieron efectos sobre los parámetros morfométricos de los

huesos del húmero y fémur en ratas en el período de crecimiento.

Sin embargo, es posible que estos efectos no se observen con dosis

altas y tratamientos a largo plazo en ratas.

Palabras clave: Extracto alcohólico, fémur, húmero, enantato de

metenolona, rata, Tarantula cubensis

The efects of alone and combined treatment of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic

extract and Methenolone Enanthate on two long bones of young Rats

Los efectos del tratamiento solo y combinado de extracto alcohólico de Tarántula cubensis y

enantato de metenolona en dos huesos largos de ratas jóvenes

Mustafa Sedat Arslan* , Kamil Besoluk

Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy. Konya, Turkey.

*Corresponding author: msedatarslan@hotmail.com

Tarantula cubensis extract and Methenolone Enanthate: Effect on Bone Growth in Rats / Arslan and Besoluk _____________________

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INTRODUCTION

The alcoholic extract obtained from the spider Tarantula cubensis

has been licensed and offered for sale as a Homeopathic Medicine in

Veterinary Medicine. Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) is a

product that has been frequently preferred in Veterinary Medicine in

the recent times for many diseases. In the product’s package insert

the target species are dened as horse (Equus caballus), cattle (Bos

taurus), dog (Canis lupus familiaris), cat (Felis catus), pig (Sus scrofa

domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus). It has been

stated that TCAE produces demarcation, regeneration, antiphlogistic

and resolutive effects in septic cases, dermatitis, inammatory nail

diseases, phlegmons, ulcers, boils, purulent lesions and cases with

purulent necrosis and pathologically varying proliferative and necrotic

tissues [1]. The studies with TCAE have reported that it may be safe

to make use of during pregnancy [2] and expedites healing in oral

lesions [3] and tendon ruptures [4]. It has also been reported that it

may exert antioxidant activity [5], reduce the formation of aberrant

cryptal foci (ACF) and polyps in experimental colon cancer [6, 7]. In

addition, TCAE has been reported to have an antiproliferative effect

in experimental colon cancer [8]. It has been reported that TCAE

administration in the rst period following birth in cattle can increase

the rate of uterus involution [9] and does not cause signicant side

effects in horses [10].

Preparations containing Anabolic Android Steroids (AAS) are

licensed by the authorized institutions of the Countries and

produced and sold by pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of

hypogonadism in men, delayed puberty, and suppression of lactation,

post–menopausal loss of libido, and aplastic anaemia in women,

as well as treatment of conditions with increased catabolism and

hereditary angioedema with a physician’s prescription [11]. In males,

95% of Testosterone is secreted from leydig cells in the testes, its

small amounts is secreted from Sertoli and epididymis cells and

the adrenal gland cortex. In females, it is secreted from the ovaries

and very little from the adrenal gland cortex [12, 13]. These effects

of Testosterone, which acts by binding to androgen receptors (AR)

are observed in the penis, accessory genital glands, genital ducts,

skin, bone, bone marrow, muscle, brain, adipose tissue and liver, in

which the receptors are concentrated [14, 15]. AASs can be abused

by athletes to improve performance in tasks related to endurance by

developing muscle quantity and strength. Signicant side effects

can be seen as a result of the prolonged use of these hormones [16].

Many derivatives of Testosterone, which was discovered in 1935, have

been produced so far [17].

There is an anatomical structure called as epiphysis which

promotes growth and development in the proximal and distal parts

of the long bones of the body. This formation assumes a signicant

role in extending the length of the bone during the growth period

of the organism [18]. One of the most important side effects of

AASs is the premature closure of bone growth plates (epiphyseal

plate) during the growth period. Therefore, prolonged use of these

substances may cause short stature in livestock. Some researchers

have also reported that the use of AAS has a negative effect on the

healing of injuries. Therefore, it is recommended to be used with

caution in clinical treatment [19]. Methenolone Enanthate (ME), a

Testosterone–like synthetic commercial product, is recommended to

be used especially in the therapy of bone marrow failure–associated

anemia, wasting syndromes, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia [20]. The

high–dose administration of ME to rats (Rattus norvegicus) may arrest

the growth of these bones by causing early epiphyseal closure in

femur and humerus bones, and in consequence, it may cause negative

effects on bone development, especially in athletes and sedentary

individuals who use AAS at a young age [21].

In the present study, given the negative effects of AASs on bone

development [19] and the regeneration effect of TCAE [1], it was

hypothesised that the administration of ME to growing male rats

may slow down bone development, while TCAE administration may

prevent this drawback.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of TCAE, ME,

and the combined use of the two drugs on the humerus and femur

lengths and corpus thickness, cavum medullare diameter and cortex

thickness of these bones in growing male rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted on a total of 36 5–week–old male Wistar

Albino rats procured from the Experimental Medicine Application and

Research Centre of Selcuk University. During the study, the animals

were accommodated in a total of eight polysulfone cages (Tecniplast,

1354G Eurostandard Type IV, Italy), with a maximum of ve animals

in each cage, at 24 ± 1

C, 60% atmospheric humidity and 12 h of light

and 12 h of darkness. Standard rat feed and water were supplied ad

libitum. Before the study, permission was obtained from the “Local

Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments” (Approval number: 2021/3).

Experimental design and animal studies

Control group (n: 6)

In this group, the feed and water needs of the animals were supplied

ad libitum during the experiment. Normal saline solution (NS) was

administered subcutaneously (SC) once a week for 7 weeks at a dose

of 0.2 mL·rat

-1

TCAE group (n:10)

This group was subjected to the same care and feeding conditions

as the animals in group 1. TCAE (Theranekron D6

inj, Richter Pharma,

Austria) was administered SC once a week for 7 weeks at a dose of

0.2 mL·rat

-1

ME group (n:10)

This group was subjected to the same care and feeding conditions

as the animals in group 1. ME (Rimobolan

ampul, Bayer Türk Kimya,

Istanbul, Turkey) was administered intramusculary (IM) once a week

for 7 weeks at the recommended dose of 10 mg·kg

-1

(diluted in ricinus

communis seed oil ).

TCAE + ME group (n:10)

This group was subjected to the same care and feeding conditions

as the animals in group 1. TCAE was administered SC at a dose of

0.2mL·rat

-1

and ME was administered IM at the recommended dose of 10

mg·kg

-1

(diluted in ricinus communis seed oil) once a week for 7 weeks.

The body weights of all animals in the groups were measured and

recorded with a precision balance (Kern PFB 6000, Germany) before the

beginning of the study and once a week during the study. Weekly group

averages were taken and necessary ME dose adjustments were made.

Animals in the groups were anaesthetised with Ketamine (95 mg·kg

-1

SC) + Xylazine (5 mg·kg

-1

, SC) and sacriced by cervical dislocation

FIGURE 1. Length (A), Corpus thickness (B), Cavum medullare diameter

{(C1+C2)/2} and Cortex thickness {(D1+D2)/2} reference points of the femur

(Right medial side). A: Distance between the endpoints of the caput ossis

femoris and trochlea ossis femoris, B: Medio–lateral thickness of the corpus of

the femur (lower border level of the trochanter tertius), C1–C2: Medio–lateral

and cranio–caudal mean diameter of the cavum medullare at the level of the

corpus of the femur, D1–D2: Mean thickness of the cortex (cortical bone –

substantia compacta) at the level of the corpus of the femur

FIGURE 2. Length (A), Corpus thickness (B), Cavum medullare diameter

{(C1+C2)/2} and Cortex thickness {(D1+D2)/2} reference points of the humerus

(Right medial side). A: The distance between the endpoints of the caput humeri

and trochlea humeri. B: Medio–lateral thickness of the corpus of the humerus

(lower border level of the tuberositas deltoidea). C1–C2: Medio–lateral and

cranio–caudal mean diameter of the cavum medullare at the level of the corpus

of the humerus. D1–D2: Mean thickness of the cortex (cortical bone – substantia

compacta) at the level of the corpus of the humerus

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1 week after the last administration (at the end of the 8

week) by

measuring their nal weights with a precision balance. Following

sacrication, femur and humerus bones were resected from all groups

of animals. Extremity bones were dissected and the obtained bones

were cleaned from soft tissues and dried. The anatomical reference

points {A= Length, B= Corpus Thickness, (C1+C2)/2= Cavum Medullare

Diameter, (D1+D2)/2= Cortex Thickness of the femur and humerus

bones on the right and left sides (FIGS. 1 and 2) were identied and

necessary morphometric values were measured from those points with

a 0.01 mm accuracy digital calliper (Mitutoyo CD–15APX Digital Calliper,

Japan) [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The obtained materials were captured with

a digital camera (Nikon D200, China) (FIGS. 1 and 2). “Nomina Anatomica

Veterinaria” was used for anatomical terms [27].

FIGURE 3. Lengths of right and left femurs between groups (mm)

FIGURE 5. Corpus thicknesses of right and left femurs between groups (mm)

FIGURE 6. Corpus thicknesses of right and left humerus between groups (mm)

FIGURE 4. Lengths of right and left humerus between groups (mm)

Tarantula cubensis extract and Methenolone Enanthate: Effect on Bone Growth in Rats / Arslan and Besoluk _____________________

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The data were statistically analysed using SPSS 22.0 software. The

data were compared by ANOVA and Duncan test as post–hoc test.

The results were represented as mean ± SD (SPSS 22.0 for Windows/

SPSS

Inc, Chicago, USA). The value of P<0.05 was considered as

statistically signicant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the experiment, one animal from the ME group died in the

second week and one animal from the TCAE group died in the third week.

FIGS. 3 and 4 presented the femur and humerus length measures

obtained from the study. No statistical difference was determined

between the bone lengths in the groups (P>0.05).

FIGS. 5 and 6 presented the corpus thicknesses of the femur and

humerus obtained from the study. No statistical difference was

determined between the corpus thicknesses in the groups (P>0.05).

FIGS. 7 and 8 presented the cavum medullare diameters of the

femur and humerus obtained from the study. No statistical difference

was determined between the cavum medullare diameters in the

groups (P>0.05).

FIGS. 9 and 10 presented the cortex thicknesses of the femur and

humerus obtained from the study. No statistical difference was

determined between the cortex thicknesses in the groups (P>0.05).

FIGURE 7. Cavum medullare diameters of right and left femurs between groups (mm)

FIGURE 9. Cortex thicknesses of right and left femur between groups (mm)

FIGURE 10. Cortex thicknesses of the right and left humerus between groups (mm)

FIGURE 8. Cavum medullare diameters of right and left humerus between groups (mm)

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TABLE I shows the weekly body weight gains observed in the

animals throughout the study. In the sixth week of the study, statistical

differences between the groups started to be determined (P<0.05).

At the end of the experiment, the body weight values of the control

group were higher than those of the other 3 groups (P<0.05).

It has been reported that the continuous use of AAS has very

serious side effects except for the medical use of Testosterone for

its known normal physiological effects [28]. In this study, no statistical

difference was determined between femur length (P>0.05, FIG. 3),

corpus thickness (P>0.05, FIG. 5), cavum medullare diameter (P>0.05,

FIG. 7) and cortex thickness (P>0.05, FIG. 9) among control, TCAE, ME,

and TCAE + ME groups at the end of the experiment in 5–week–old

Wistar albino male rats. No information on the effect of TCAE on

bone development was found in the literature review. However, TCAE

application to embryo chicken eggs was reported to have no effect

on development [2]. It has been reported that intraperitoneal (IP)

administration of Methenolone Enanthate to 40–day–old Sprague–

Dawley male and female rats at a dose of 5 mg·kg

-1

, ve days a week

for four weeks caused shortening of femur length in males, and

longer femur in females, as well as a decrease in corpus thickness

in males and an increase in females, and no difference was observed

in cavum medullare diameter in both sexes, and while no difference

was determined in cortex thickness in males, it caused an increase

in females [22].

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in females. In another study, it was reported that when 50–day–old

Sprague–Dawley rats were administered Testosterone SC at a dose of

5 mg·kg

-1

ve days a week for 10 weeks, humerus length shortened in

males and increased in females, corpus thickness decreased in both

sexes, cavum medullare diameter showed no difference in both sexes,

cortex thickness had no effect in males but an increase in females

[24]. Ozdemir and Lok [21] reported that when ME was administered

IM to a 28–day–old Wistar male rats at a dose of 10 mg·kg

-1

ve days

a week for ve weeks, the humerus length was shorter than the

control group, and no difference was found in corpus thickness,

cavum medullare diameter and cortex thickness.

The present study indicated no change in the parameters of the

femur and humerus. This may be associated with the use of different

AAS derivatives as well as dose, route of administration, duration of

administration, breed, sex, and age differences. Although the study

revealed no statistical difference between the body weights of the

groups at the beginning of the experiment, a statistical difference was

observed in the sixth week and the control group was heavier than

the other three groups at the end of the experiment (P<0.05, TABLEI).

In a study in which a 10 mg·kg

-1

of Nandrolone was administered IP to

30–day–old Sprague–Dawley rats 5 days a week for 4 weeks, it was

reported that no statistical difference was determined between

the experimental groups in terms of weights at the end of the study

[23]. Ozdemir and Yalcin [29] reported no difference between body

weights of the control group and the Testosterone group at the end

of the experiment when Testosterone at a dose of 5 mg·kg

-1

was

administered SC to 50–day–old Sprague–Dawley rats 5 days a week

for 10 weeks. It was also reported that Testosterone may enhance

lean muscle mass [30]. No study was directly available to prove that

TCAE increases body weight in rats. However, it was reported that it

had no effect on body weight in rats with colon cancer [6]. The loss of

body weight observed in the experimental groups may be associated

with the stress imposed by the application.

CONCLUSION

It can be stated that administration of ME at the recommended

doses in rats in the growth period had no effect on femur and

humerus development and slowed down the body weight gain, TCAE

administration had no effect on femur and humerus development and

slowed down the body weight gain. When the studies conducted with

AAS are examined, it can be stated that no similar results could be

obtained and the differences between the studies may be due to the

derivative of the drug used, dose, route and duration of administration,

experimental animal breed, sex, and age differences.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by SUBAPK (21212022)

Conict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conict of interest.

Data availability statement

The data that support the ndings of this study are available from

the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

TABLE I

Body weight gain (g) of the rats by weeks (mean ± SD)

Groups Control TCAE ME TCAE+ME

1st Week 126.38 ± 15.63 126.22 ± 11.04 125.89 ± 13.36 126.10 ± 9.05

2nd Week 183.25 ± 17.27 180.22 ± 15.83 179.78 ± 13.32 182.80 ± 13.07

3rd Week 237.00 ± 21.88 229.11 ± 17.95 220.00 ± 14.97 232.60 ± 19.60

4th Week 291.75 ± 25.01 278.89 ± 17.47 271.56 ± 19.54 274.00 ± 27.63

5th Week 338.25 ± 27.20 316.22 ± 16.51 311.78 ± 25.31 312.00 ± 33.49

6th Week 367.25 ± 28.20

341.11 ± 16.34

334.22 ± 29.74

342.00 ± 37.45

7th Week 401.50 ± 31.58

367.33 ± 18.00

349.78 ± 46.97

371.40 ± 41.22

8th Week 431.50 ± 33.58

394.67 ± 19.65

382.50 ± 32,86

396.60 ± 48.07

a, b

: Different letters in the same row were statistically signicant (P<0.05)

Lok and Yalcin [23] reported that when Nandrolone, another AAS

derivative, was administered to 30–day–old male and female rats at

a dose of 10 mg·kg

-1

, IP, ve days a week for four weeks, femur length

was shortened compared to the control group, and no difference was

identied in femur corpus thickness, cavum medullare diameter and

cortex thickness. Another study reported that when Testosterone

was administered SC to 50–day–old Sprague–Dawley rats at a dose of

5 mg·kg

-1

ve days a week for 10 weeks, it shortened femur length in

males and caused extension in females, thinning in corpus thickness in

males but no effect in females, and no difference in cavum medullare

diameter in males, narrowing in females and no effect on cortex

thickness in both sexes [24]. Ozdemir and Lok [21] stated that when ME

was administered IM to 28–day–old Wistar male rats with and without

exercise at a dose of 10 mg·kg

-1

ve days a week for ve weeks, the

femur length of both groups was shorter than the control group, and no

difference was found in corpus thickness, cavum medullare diameter

and cortex thickness. When the data of the present study and the

literature were examined, it was observed that TCAE application had

no effect on femur development during the growth period and AAS

applications caused no xed and denite effects.

In the present study, no statistical difference was determined

between humerus length (P>0.05, FIG. 4), corpus thickness (P>0.05,

FIG. 6), cavum medullare diameter (P>0.05, FIG. 8) and cortex thickness

(P>0.05, FIG. 10) in the Control, TCAE, ME and TCAE + ME groups at

the end of the study. As stated above, no information on the effect

of TCAE on bone development was found in the literature reviews,

however, its effect was not reported on growth in the embryonal

period in poultry [2]. It has been reported that the IP administration

of ME to 40–day–old male and female Sprague–Dawley rats at a dose

of 5 mg·kg

-1

, ve days a week for four weeks caused shortening of

humerus length in males, an extension of the humerus in females,

a decrease in corpus thickness in males but an increase in females,

no effect on cavum medullare diameter in males but an increase in

females, a decrease in cortex thickness in males but no effect in

females [25].

Lok and Yalcin [26] reported that when Nandrolone, another AAS

derivative, was administered IP to 30–day–old Sprague–Dawley rats

at a dose of 10 mg·kg

-1

ve days a week for four weeks, there was no

change in humerus length in males, but shortening in females, and

no change was observed in corpus thickness, while cavum medullare

diameter had no change in males, but increased in females, and no

difference was observed in cortex thickness in males, but a decrease

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