https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33285
Received: 23/06/2023 Accepted: 15/08/2023 Published: 27/09/2023
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Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXIII, rcfcv-e33285
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to carry out the morphological
characterization of the Tabby cat’s hard palate by light and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), in addition to gross and morphometric
analysis. A total of 20 Tabby cat heads used. The materials was
provided from the Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality Street Animals
Temporary Nursing Home and Rehabilitation Center, Balıkesir, Turkey.
Adult, regardless of gender difference, died from variety of reasons
and 20 Tabby cat cadavers which weigh approximately 3–4 kg were
brought to the laboratory in accordance with the procedure. Hard
palates were subjected to gross examination, morphometric analysis,
light and SEM.The Tabby cats hard palate was split up rostral and caudal
parts and incisive papilla (papilla incisive), rugae palatine and with a
gutter between them, the presence of palatine raphe and secondary
rugae palatine were observed. The rostral and caudal parts of the
hard palate were determined to have a smooth appearance with SEM
540X magnication and the presence of epithelial desquamations
was found out. It was determined that the rostral and caudal part
of the Tabby cat’s hard palate had a honeycomb appearance of the
microplicae of the 3000X magnication hard palate epithelium with
SEM. Round islets were detected with the SEM at the magnication of
600X of the incisive papilla, the 270X of the rostral–caudal parts and
the 44X of the gutter between the palatine rugae. These adaptations
of the Tabby cat’s hard palate might increase its eciency during
ingestion and mastication of hard food and in directing the food
backward. The study shows the detailed anatomical description of
the hard palate of the Tabby cat with light and SEM.
Key word: Hard palate; SEM; Tabby cat
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la morfología del paladar
duro del gato Tabby mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de
barrido (SEM), además de análisis macroscópico y morfométrico. Se
utilizaron un total de 20 cabezas de gato Tabby. Los materiales fueron
proporcionados por el Centro de Rehabilitación y Hogar de Ancianos
Temporales de Animales Callejeros del municipio Metropolitano
de Balıkesir, Balıkesir, Turquía. Los adultos, independientemente
de la diferencia de género, murieron por diversas razones y se
llevaron al laboratorio 20 cadáveres de gatos atigrados que pesaban
aproximadamente 3–4 kg de acuerdo con el procedimiento. Los
paladares duros se sometieron a examen macroscópico, análisis
morfométrico, microscopía óptica y SEM. El paladar duro de los gatos
Tabby estaba dividido en partes rostral y caudal y papila incisiva palatine
rugosa y con una canaleta entre ellos, la presencia de raa palatine y
secundaria rugae palatine fueron observados. Se determinó que las
partes rostral y caudal del paladar duro tenían una apariencia lisa con
SEM 540X de aumento y se encontró la presencia de descamaciones
epiteliales. Se determinó que la parte rostral y caudal del paladar duro
del gato Tabby tenía una apariencia de panal de abeja de las microplicas
del epitelio del paladar duro de aumento 3000X con SEM. Los islotes
redondos se detectaron con el SEM al aumento de 600X de la papila
incisiva, el 270X de las partes rostral–caudales y el 44X de la canaleta
entre las rugosidades palatinas. Estas adaptaciones del paladar duro
del gato Tabby podrían aumentar su eciencia durante la ingestión y
masticación de alimentos duros y al dirigir los alimentos hacia atrás. El
estudio muestra la descripción anatómica detallada del paladar duro
del gato Tabby con microscopía óptica y SEM.
Palabras clave: Paladar duro; SEM; gato atigrado
Morphological characterization of hard palate in the Tabby cats
Caracterizacion morfológica del paladar duro en los gatos Tabby
Ayşe Gizem Ermiş
1
, Mehmet Can
2
*
1
Balikesir University, Health Sciences Institute, Department of Anatomy. Balikesir, Turkey.
2
Balikesir University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy. Balikesir, Turkey.
*Corresponding author: mehmetcan4310@hotmail.com
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INTRODUCTION
The Feline family consists of 39 felines and these cat breeds
descend from the last common ancestor, 'Pseudaelurus' who lived
10–15 million years ago. The Anatolian cat, which is a member of
'Felidae' is an extension of 'Felislybica' which evolved 3–4 million
years ago from its last common ancestor, the wild cat [1]. It has been
observed that the 'Felis silvestrislybica' whose archaeological remains
were analyzed by ancient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contributed
to the gene pool of different historical periods in the Near East and
Egypt populations [2].
Tabby cats (Felis catus) constitute the majority of the cats kept at
home in Turkey and the name Tabby is quite common. Tabby cats,
also called stray cats, make up the majority of street cat species in
the Country. The Tabby cat is used as a noun in English– speaking
Countries, Tabby, which expresses a skin pattern, is based on the word
tigris, which has its etymological origin in ancient Greek and Latin
languages meaning tiger. Today, Tabby is used sense reminiscent of
a tiger sriped back (Panthera tigris). The story of the Tabby cat, which
is expressed as 'Chattigre' in French and 'Gattotigrato' in İtalian and
'Tigerkatze' in German, is slightly different. While these cats were
called tigercats in England, the name of fabric impotent from the
Attabiye District of Baghdad, which is known for weaving taffeta silk
fabric in a way that resembles the lines of a tiger, became heavy and
as a result of this story, it began to be called Tabby [3].
Taste buds are responsible for perceiving the sense of taste. In
mammals, most of the taste buds in the tongue, soft palate, epiglottis
epithelium, larynx, and the retromolar mucosa are located on the
tongue papillae [4, 5].
The sense of taste, which functions together with smell, functions
both peripherally and centrally in physiological harmony. The sense
of taste, which functions together with smell, is a physiological
harmony peripherally at the reseptor level and centrally at the reticular
activating level [6]. This union leads us to the concept of taste. The
sense of taste in mammals with four primary sensations; salt and its
stimulant NaCl; sour and its stimulant kşi acetic acid; sweet and its
stimulant sucrose; spicy and its stimulant quinine. In mammals, taste
buds embedded in the epithelium of the tongue are small structures
(20–42 μm) and contain between 50 and 150 taste receptors.
In this research, macro–anatomical evaluation and morphometric
measurements of the hard palate of the Tabby cat, which is common
in Turkey, were made; Tissue samples taken from the anatomical
formations on the hard palate were examined with SEM (Jeol, model
JCM–5000 NeoScope™ Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and light microscopy.
(Nikon, Eclipse, E 200 MB–R, Tokyo, Japan) With data obtained, it is aimed
to determine the morphological and morphometric characteristics of
the hard palate of the Tabby cat and to determine the similarities and
differences with other domestic mammal species and humans in the
light of current literature. In addition, knowing the hard palate anatomy
of Tabby cats is important in clinical examination in the detection of
structural disorders such as congenital–acquired anomalies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used in the thesis study were obtained from Balıkesir
Municipality Stray Animals Temporary Care Home and Rehabilitation
Center with permission. The research material consisted of 20 Tabby
cat cadavers, which were adults, died for various reasons, without
gender discrimination, and weighed approximately 3–4 kg.
The study was carried out with the approval of Balikesir University
Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Decision no: 2020/2–8).
Cat cadavers were transferred from Balıkesir Metropolitan
Municipality Stray Animals Temporary Care and Rehabilitation
Center to Balıkesir University Veterinary Faculty Anatomy Application
Laboratory. To expose the hard palate of the cadavers, the maxillary
and mandibular jaws were separated from each other by making an
articulatio temporomandibularis incision. The hard palate upper jaw
parts are numbered and xed with 10% formaldehyde. After xation,
the hard palate was washed and photographed with a Canon 50 Digital
camera (Ota, Tokyo, Japan). The macro anatomical nomenclature of
hard palate structures was made according to Nomina Anatomica
Veterinaria (2017) [7].
Morphometric measurements of different parts of the hard palate
were made with a digital caliper (Piranha PDC 1850 Digital Caliper,
China). The total length of the hard palate, the length of the narrow
(rostral) and wide (caudal) segment, the length of the rough and straight
segment, the width of the narrow and wide segment, the total length
of the palatine raphe, the length of palatine raphe deep and shallow
segment, number of palatines rugae (double), and the incisive papillae
diameter was measured. Data were expressed by calculating the mean
and standard deviation values in millimeters (mm).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Samples taken from the hard palate were primarily fixated in
glutaraldehyde solution at +4°C for 24 h. The sample was kept in 0.2
M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 15–30 min, for a total of 1 h at +4°C,
by changing the solution 2 times. The samples removed from the
phosphate buffer were kept in the solution prepared by putting 1%
osmium tetraoxide in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and kept for 1 h
at +4°C for secondary xation. Afterward, the samples were kept in a
phosphate buffer of 0.2 M (pH 7.2) for a total of 1 h. After the samples
were subjected to dehydration at 30–60–70–100% levels for 15 min,
they were kept in hexamethyldisilazane and dried using the critical
dried point method [8]. Samples; after drying, it was covered with
gold and examined with a NeoScope JCM–5000 scanning electron
microscope (Tokyo, Japan).
Light microscopy
Samples obtained from the hard palate xed with 10% formaldehyde
were placed in tissue cassettes in 0.3 cm sections. Blocking was
performed by passing the tissue cassettes through formol– alcohol–
xylol– paran solutions. After paran sections were cut (Leica
Biosystems RM2245, GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at 5 μm thickness
and placed on the slide, they were kept in the oven at 60–70 °C until
the paran melted. It slowly passed through the previously prepared
xylol solution. Sections were passed through alcohol solutions of
different percentages. The sections were completely freed from
paran by washing them with distilled water. Subsequently, these
tissues were stained with Hematoxylin–Eosin. After staining, the
tissues were washed with tap water. It was then passed through a
70–99.9% alcohol solution. The prepared slides were kept in xylol for
at least 10 min. The coverslips were covered and examined under the
microscope. The prepared slides were examined under Nikon, Eclipse
light microscope (E 200 MB–R, Tokyo, Japan).
FIGURE 1. Photograph of the hard palate of the Tabby Cat: Dİ: D. Incisivi, DC: Canin,
DP: D. Premolar, Pİ: Incisive Papilla, RHP: Palatine Raphe, RUP: Palatine Rugae,
PSD: Rough Hard Palate, DSD: Straight Hard Palate, SRP: Seconder Palatine Rugae
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Gross morphology
The total length of the hard palate of the cat, consisting of rostral
and caudal parts was 28.11 ± 2.4 mm. The total length of the hard palate
consisted of 72.92% caudal parts and 27.08% rostral parts (TABLE I).
The width of the rostral part at the level of the premolar tooth
was 16.25 ± 2.25 mm, and the width of the caudal part between the
second premolar tooth and the last molar tooth was 25.95 ± 2.4 mm.
The deep part of the palatine raphe was between the incisive papilla
and the last molar tooth and its length was 23.40 ± 1.8 mm. The length
of the shallow section behind the last palatine rugae was 2.54 ± 0.6
mm, 6–8 palatine rugae with transverse extension was seen on both
parts of the palatine raphe.
Palatine rugae on both sides of the palatine raphe had a symmetrical
appearance. 7 palatine rugae in 19 cats, 8 palatine rugae in 1 cat and
secondary papilla (palatine rugae) in 17 cats were determined (TABLE II).
The seconder palatine rugae located between the last palatine
rugae and the last molar tooth and had an asymmetrical appearance.
The mean number of palatine rugae was 7.05 ± 0.22 and the seconder
papilla was not included in this number. The mean of the length
measurement of the palatines rugae was calculated as 3.49 ± 0.42
mm on the left and 3.54 ± 0.42 mm on the right. Palatines rugae from
rostral to caudal lengths increased (TABLE II).
The mean width measurement of the palatines rugae was
1.84 ± 0.22 on the left and 1.84 ± 0.23 mm on the right. Although the
width measurements on both sides of the palatine raphe show slight
differences, they showed a symmetrical feature. The distance of the
furrows between each palatine rugae was determined symmetrically.
Palatine raphe, which was not prominent until the fth rugae palatine,
was prominently detected from the end of the fth palatine rugae.
TABLE I
Hard palate morphometric analysis
Hard Palate Parameteres x̄ ± SD (mm)
Total length of hard palate 28.1 ± 2.4
The length of narrow (rostral) part 7.6 ± 1.8
The length of wide (caudal) part 20.5 ± 2.3
The length of rough part 20.6 ± 2.9
The length of at part 7.4 ± 2.6
The widht of narrow (rostral) part 16.2 ± 2.2
The widht of wide (caudal) part 25.9 ± 2.4
The total length palatina raphe 25.9 ± 1.9
The length of the deep part of the
raphe palati 23.4 ± 1.8
The length of the shallow part of the
raphe palati 2.5 ± 0.6
Diameter of incisive papilla 2.4 ± 0.4
x̄ : Average, SD: standard deviation
Palatine rugae was seen in the entire rostral part of the hard palate,
but only in the anterior of the caudal part. The hard palate was divided
into rough and at parts according to the palatine rugae distribution.
The rough part between the incisive papilla and last palatine rugae
constituted 73.46% of the length of the hard palate. The at part
between the end of palatines rugae and the level of the last molar
tooth constituted 26.54% of the hard palate. The total length of the
feline hard palate consisted of 37.7% was a narrow piece and 62.3%
was a wide piece.
The incisive papilla was located between the rst palatine rugae
and incisive teeth. The diameter of the incisive papilla, which was
round was round like a rasory and had an olive–like shape (FIG. 1),
was measured at 2.4 ± 0.4 mm.
The hard palate had transversely elongated palatine rugae
characterized by mucosal folds and a median shallow groove
connecting them to the midline. It was determined that the median
groove, called palatine raphe, extends from the incisive papilla to the
level of the last molar tooth and had two parts (FIG. 1). The deep part
between the anterior part of the last molar and the incisive papilla
was determined as the shallow part behind the last molar tooth.
TABLE II
Palatinae rugae morphometric analysis
Morphometric parameters of palatine rugae x̄ ± SD (mm)
Number of palatine rugae
Left 7.05 ± 0.22
Right 7.05 ± 0.22
Palatine Rugae lengths
Left 3.494 ± 0.42
Right 3.542 ± 0.42
Palatine Rugae widths
Left 1.844 ± 0.22
Right 1.845 ± 0.23
x̄ : Average, SD: standard deviation
FIGURE 2. The appearance of the incisive papilla in the scanning electron microscope. Incisive papilla (I); a: 44X magnication,
demarcated groove on both caudal–lateral sides (arrow), b: appearance of keratinized epithelial desquamations (star) 270X
magnication, c: epithelium of the papilla incisiva divided by secondary septa (arrow head) 3000X magnication, d: epithelial and
submucosal layers of the incisive papilla, round islet (star) 600X magnication
FIGURE 3. View of the rostral and caudal part of the Tabby hard palate in scanning electron microscopy. a: round islets and connective
tissue 1000X magnication, b: islets diameters 4.5 µm, 7 µm, 10 µm. 1500X magnication
Hard palate anatomy of Tabby cats / Ermiş and Can_________________________________________________________________________________
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Scanning electron microscopic examination
C–shaped incisive papilla starting from dentes incisive to
caudalaterally, smooth at low magnification (FIG. 2a), epithelial
desquamations at high magnification (FIG. 2b), microplicae with
honeycomb appearance (FIG. 2c), the fiber in epithelial layers,
connective tissue bundles and round islets were seen (FIGS. 2d and
3a). Heterogeneously distributed, round islets of different sizes were
determined on the incisive papilla with a keratinized structure (FIG. 3b).
FIGURE 4. The image of the palatine raphe and the groove between the two palatines rugae of the hard palate of the Tabby cat in
scanning electron microscopy. a: rugae palatina (star), groove between two rugae palatine ridges (arrow head) 24X magnication, b:
desquamation of epithelial layers and round islet (star), connective tissue bundles and microplicae of epithelial layers 540X magnication
FIGURE 5. Image of incisive papilla of Tabby hard palate in light microscope. a: hyaline cartilage (star), complementary epithelium
(arrow) 10X magnication, b: Light microscope image of cat palatine raphe; Keratinized epithelium (KE), stratied squamous
epithelium (YE), microscopic papillae (arrow head), artery (star), vein (arrow) 10X magnication
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It was observed that the transversely arranged palatines rugae
were conical in shape, free at the tip, and connected to each other
at the base (FIG. 4a).
In the image taken from the groove between the palatine raphe
and the palatine rugae, heterogeneously distributed round islets of
different sizes were seen (FIG. 4b).
Light microscopic examination
Complementary epithelium, c–shaped hyaline cartilage, artery,
and nerve plexus were seen in the incisive papilla image of the hard
palate (FIG. 5a). Epithelium in the caudal part of the hard palate and
in the palatine raphe; It was a keratinized structure, and was a deeper
stratied squamous epithelium. Microscopic papillae, arteries and
veins were seen in the lower layer of the epithelial layer (FIG. 5b).
In agreement with the presented study; It has been reported that
the hard palate was divided into rostral and caudal parts in Anatolian
lynx (Lynx lynx) [9], Little Indian Civet (Viverricula malaccensis
baliensis) [10], rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) [11] and Egyptian goat
(Nubian ibex) [12]. The rostral portion, which was the section between
the incisive papilla and premolars; The caudal part, which started to
expand from the premolar tooth level to the caudal; ends at the level
of the molar teeth [9, 10, 11, 12].
On the other hand, the width of the hard palate in Sambar deer (Rusa
unicolor) [13] and cattle (Bos taurus) [14] was wide in the rostral and
caudally and narrow in the middle. Short–tailed monkey hard palate;
rostral and caudal widths were equal to each other [15]. In the squirrel
(Sciuridae) hard palate; width measurements at the end, middle, and
terminal were close to each other [16]. These statements were not
similar to the presented study.
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Hard palate length was measured at 26.4 ± 1.27 cm in cattle
[14], 15.80 ± 0.47 cm in porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) [17], 13
cm in Sambar deer [13] and 11.80 ± 1.05 cm in Bakerwali goat [18].
Measurement of the length of the hard palate of the cat present study
was measured as 28.1 ± 0.24 mm, unlike in these studies.
Palatine raphe on the hard palate had a caudally oriented and
serrated appearance, symmetrically and transversely aligned, on
both sides of the palatine rugae in the study. Palatine raphe was
not prominent in all cats until the 4th rugae palatine, but had a more
shallow appearance, deepening from the end of the 4th palatine rugae.
The mean number of palatine rugae on the hard palate, being equal
on the right and left side was 7. Except for an average of 7 palatine
rugae, 1 secondary palatine rugae was seen in 17 cats. The secondary
palatine rugae were located between the last palatine rugae on the
hard palate and the last molar tooth level. The secondary palatines
rugae on the hard palate of two Tabby cats with pigmented features
did not show symmetrical features. The number of palatine rugae was
determined at 8–22 in rabbits [11] and in the fur animal rabbit, which
is a mixture of rabbits and squirrels; 4–6 [19], 9–10 in the Small Indian
Civet [10], 9 in the African giant mouse (Rhabdomys) [20], 6–10 in the
dog (Canis familiaris) [21], 6–9 in the Anatolian lynx [9], 7 in the squirrel
[16] and 8 pieces in the short–tailed monkey (Pigtail Macaque) [15].
The number of palatine rugae was similar to those in the Anatolian
lynx [9], dog [21], and squirrel [16], in the present study.
In presented study, palatine raphe, which became evident after the
end of the 5th palatine rugae; In the studies of the Little Indian Civet
[10] and the short–tailed monkey [15], it was similar to the fact that
the palatine raphe was not prominent until the 5th palatine rugae.
The transversely aligned palatines rugae differ in the Little Indian
Civet [10], they were prominent in the front and, not in the back, but
were prominent in the front and back in the presented study.
Similar to presented study; in Anatolian lynx [9] and squirrels [16]
had the longest palatine rugae on both sides of the palatine raphe,
where the hard palate meet the smooth part, and at caudally there
were a secondary palatine rugae.
In a study by Toda [22], the palatine rugae on the hard palate
of the cat were transversely aligned, and caudally curved, and the
anterior slope of each back was longer than the posterior slope,
and the posterior slope was slightly steeper, similar to the present
study [22]. Against this; a study by Yamazaki et al. reported that the
crocodile (Crocodylus) hard palate did not have palatine rugae as in
cats, mice (Mus musculus), humans and other animals and that the
crocodile had many papilla–like conical projections on the hard palate
were not compatible with the presented study [23].
In this study, based on the examination of the hard palate of the
Tabby cat, the incisive papilla was in the shape of a rosary and had an
olive–like appearance due to its narrowing on the sides. Similarly to
the study; the hard palate incisive papilla of goat [24], dog [20] and
Indian Civet [10] had a round shape. Against this; incisive papilla was
found on the hard palate in a triangular pyramid shape of the African
giant mouse [20], half–moon shape in Bakerwali goat [18], diamond–
shaped in Sambar deer [13], and as a small carboy in Anatolian lynx [9].
The similarity with the presence of round islets in SEM images of
the human hard palate, differs from the light microscope image. In the
research of Imfeld and Schroeder [25], where the islets were located
was the middle, posterior part of the soft palate and border with the
hard palate. The present study was similar to the presence of round
islets in the grooves of the palatines rugae, incisive papilla, palatine
raphe, and palatine rugae grooves like in humans [25] and Anatolian
lynx [9] hard palate studies with SEM. It differed from these studies
carried out under the light microscope because the presence of islets
in the hard palate with a keratinized structure was not mentioned.
The results of the stratum corneum with a keratinized structure and
the fact that it is covered with stratied squamous epithelium, obtained
in histological examination of the hard palate with light microscopy,
were similar to Anatolian lynx [9], water buffalo [26], Egyptian goat
[12], goat [24], crocodile [23] and human [27, 28] studies.
In the histological examination of the hard palate of rabbit [29] and
cat [22], the presence of vascular arterial and venous plexus was similar
to the ndings of the presented study. In addition, the incisive papilla
containing 'C' shaped hyaline cartilage and the presence of nerves and
vessels was similar to those that Anatolian lynx [9] reported.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the shape and direction of the rugae
palatines and the raphe palatine ensure the backward orientation
of food. Taste bud–like round islets were observed as taste–related
anatomical structures in the samples examined by Scanning electron
microscope. The ndings obtained in the study were discussed in
terms of similarities and differences with the ndings in studies on
humans, domestic and wild animals. It was thought that the ndings
obtained in the study will contribute to the literature and will shed
light on the studies to be done in this eld.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The presented study was obtained from 1005 science eld–coded
thesis study completed at Balıkesir University Health Sciences
Institute in 2020.
The preprint of this study is available at https://www.authorea.com.
(https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.167355886.63514200).
Conicts of interest
The authors declare no potential conict of interest.
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