Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV Recibido: 19/12/2024 Aprobado :10/03/2025 Publicado: 02/05/2025 hps://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35593 UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico 1 of 7 Situaon of gastrointesnal endoparasites in ruminants in an agropastoral region of Algeria (Djelfa): ocurrence and inﬂuence of risk factors Situación de los endoparásitos gastrointesnales en rumiantes en una región agropastoral de Argelia (Djelfa): ocurrencia e inﬂuencia de los factores de riesgo. ¹Laboratory of Exploraon and Valorizaon of Steppe Ecosystems, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, PO Box 3117, Djelfa 17000, Algeria. ²Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji of Laghouat, 03000, Route de Ghardaia, Laghouat, Algeria. ³Centre de Recherche Scienﬁque Et Technique Sur Les Regions Arides-CRSTRA, Biskra, Algeria ⁴Laghouat Regional Veterinary Laboratory (LRVL), BP 5270 Mkam city, Laghouat 03000, Algeria. ⁵Center for Research in Agropastoralism (CRAPast), Road to Medjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria. *Corresponding Author: m.hamiroune@univ-djelfa.dz ABSTRACT The objecve of the present work was the research and idenﬁcaon of gastrointesnal endoparasites in ruminant livestock, as well as the study of the inﬂuence of certain risk factors on the prevalence of the endoparasites that have been idenﬁed. This study was carried out over a period of 8 months from October 2023 to May 2024 and on 300 fecal samples (100 cale, 100 sheep and 100 goats). Coprological analyzes will be carried out using the ﬂotaon technique and the observaon was made by an opcal microscope. The results obtained showed that the overall infecon rate is 47.67%. Depending on the parasites sought, the prevalences of Fasciola hepaca (F. hepaca), Eimeria spp., Strongyle eggs, Nematodirus spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Moniezia spp. were 0, 26.33, 15.33, 4.33, 0.67 and 1% respecvely. Stascal analyzes showed a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.001) between the animal species for Strongyle eggs and a non-signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the three animal species for the other parasites (P > 0.05). This results reﬂect the high prevalence of certain endoparasites in the three animal species studied, which constutes a major risk to health and the level of animal producon. In this case, the need to ﬁnd adequate control measures against these parasic diseases is mandatory in order to reduce its harmful impacts and preserve animal health. Key words: Prevalence; endoparasites; ruminants; risk factors; Algeria RESUMEN El objevo del presente trabajo fue la idenﬁcación de los principales endoparásitos gastrointesnales presentes en ganado rumiante, así como el estudio de la inﬂuencia de ciertos factores de riesgo en la prevalencia de los endoparásitos que han sido idenﬁcados. Nuestro estudio se llevó a cabo durante un período de 8 meses desde octubre de 2023 hasta mayo de 2024 y en 300 muestras fecales (100 bovinos, 100 ovinos y 100 caprinos). Se realizarán análisis coprológicos mediante la técnica de ﬂotación y la observación mediante microscopio ópco. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la tasa de infección global es del 47,67%. Dependiendo de los parásitos buscados, las prevalencias de Fasciola hepaca (F. hepaca), Eimeria spp., huevos de Strongyle, Nematodirus spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Moniezia spp. fueron 0, 26.33, 15.33, 4.33, 0.67 y 1% respecvamente. Los análisis estadíscos mostraron una diferencia claramente signiﬁcava (P <0,001) entre las especies animales para huevos de Strongyle y una diferencia no signiﬁcava entre las tres especies animales para los otros parásitos (P > 0,05). Nuestros resultados reﬂejan la alta prevalencia de determinados endoparásitos en las tres especies animales estudiadas, lo que constuye un riesgo importante para la salud y el nivel de producción animal. En este caso, la necesidad de encontrar medidas de control adecuadas contra estas enfermedades parasitarias se hace imperiosa con el ﬁn de reducir sus impactos nocivos y preservar la salud animal. Palabras clave: Prevalencia; endoparásitos; rumiantes; factores de riesgo; Argelia Samiha Hebali 1 , Mourad Hamiroune 1 * , Radhwane Saidi 2 , Abdelhamid Foughalia 3 , Brahim Brihoum 4 , Fethi Saimi 5 , Naima Belkheir 1 , Brahim Kouidri 4

Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico INTRODUCTION Gastrointesnal parasic diseases are oﬅen what are called zoonoses, i.e. diseases that can be transmied between humans and animals which include various helminths (nematodes, cestodes, trematodes) and protozoan parasites (single-celled organisms) [1], are the main cause of economic losses in farm animals [2]. These infecons present similar clinical symptoms ranging mainly from inﬂammaon of the digesve tract, damage to the integrity of gastrointesnal ssues, nutrional disorders. These result in progressive weight loss, anemia, limited growth and development, slowed weight gain, reduced feed ulizaon eﬃciency, exhauson and even death in sheep in severe cases [3 ,[4]. It negavely aﬀects the quality of skin, coat, meat and milk producon while increasing breeding costs and decreasing economic beneﬁts. This is also one of the main reasons why spring fague and thinness seriously hamper the development of sheep farming [4]. This study area, the Wilaya of Djelfa, has 3,353,800 sheep (Ovis aries), 22,100 cale (Bos taurus) and 378,200 goats (Capra hircus) [5]. It is characterized by signiﬁcant livestock breeding and a vast agropastoral territory. It is naonally recognized for its breeding and is the largest producer of red sheep meat. The aim of this study was to research and idenfy thus esmate the prevalence of gastrointesnal endoparasites in cale and small ruminants (sheep and goats) and to study the inﬂuence of certain potenal intrinsic and extrinsic eﬀects on the variaon in prevalence rates of the endoparasites sought. MATERIAL AND METHODS Presentaon of the study area This study is carried out in Djelfa which, located in the heart of the steppe space, constutes a transion zone between the high steppe plains of the Tell Atlas and the desert beginnings of the Saharan Atlas. It is delimited by: the wilaya of Médéa to the north, the wilaya of M’Sila to the northeast, the wilaya of Tiaret to the northwest, the wilaya of Biskra to the east, the wilaya of Laghouat to the southwest and the wilaya of Ouargla to the southeast. Its extreme geographic coordinates are: 33° and 35° north latude and 2° and 5° east longitude (FIG. 1) [6]. It is characterized by a contrasng Mediterranean climate with a long hot and dry summer season and a cold and rainy winter season. Animals and study period Random sampling was carried out on 20 farms in the Birine and Hassi Bahbah regions of the wilaya of Djelfa during a period of 8 months (October 2023 to May 2024). The feces were collected via a glove directly from the rectum or anus of the animals or just aﬅer emissions from each animal (upper part of the droppings). The samples were taken in individual boles which were idenﬁed by self-adhesive labels on which the general informaon of the animal (age, sex, date of collecon) was menoned. The sample boles were subsequently transported in a cooler to the analysis laboratory or stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of approximately +4°C for 4 to 7 days in a plasc or glass container and hermecally sealed. The ideal is for the stools to remain on the ground for less than 5 min to avoid external contaminaon by soil worms. The search for endoparasites was carried out by coproscopic examinaons at the Agropastoral Research Center (CRAPast- Djelfa) and at the Regional Veterinary Laboratory of Laghouat. FIGURE 1. Geographic locaon of the study region Coproscopic analysis method First of all, a macroscopic examinaon allows the consistency and color of the stool to be assessed. The presence of blood, diarrhea, mucus or steatorrhea can guide the diagnosis. The coproscopic method chosen is a ﬂotaon technique because it is inexpensive, the eliminaon of numerous debris which allows easy reading of the slide and the idenﬁcaon of numerous parasite eggs and oocysts. In addion, the blade being thin allows more precise idenﬁcaon of parasic elements. At the same me, we used sodium chloride (NaCl) soluon in the parasite analyses. Firstly, 5 g of the fecal maer was deposited and a soluon of (NaCl) was added up to the 75 mL graduaon. Next, a sieve made from a colander is placed over a stemmed glass and the mixture is then ﬁltered through the sieve to remove large debris. Aﬅer placing a coverslip at the top of the tube and leaving it to rest on the rack for 15 to 20 min so that the parasic elements rise and aach to the lower part of the coverslip, the coverslip is then placed on a slide for the reading under a microscope with x10 objecves to examine the enre slide and x40 to idenfy parasic elements. Stascal analysis and data processing The prevalence of idenﬁed parasites was calculated by sex, age, animal species and study period or season. Sex, age, animal species and season were used as sources of variaon in risk factors. 2 of 7

Gastrointesnal endoparasites in ruminants / Hebali et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico Calculaons were performed using Microsoﬅ Oﬃce Excel® 2010 soﬅware. To analyze the data stascally, we used the XLSTAT soﬅware (2009). The chi-square test was used to quanfy the existence of a signiﬁcant link at 5% (risk of error) and an associaon is considered signiﬁcant when the p-value is less than 0.05. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Overall results and distribuon of the prevalence rate of parasites according to the animal species aﬀected In light of the results obtained, it emerged that out of a total of 300 samples (100 cale, 100 sheep and 100 goats), 143 samples were infected with the parasites that were idenﬁed (i.e. a rate of 47.67%). The prevalence rate of Eimeria spp. was the highest (26.33%), than that of Strongyle eggs (15.33%) and that of Nematodirus spp. (4.33%), as well as, that of Dicrocoelium spp. and Moniezia spp. (0.67 and 1% respecvely). However, no cases of Fasciola hepaca (F. hepaca) were idenﬁed (0%) (TABLE I and FIG. 2). FIGURE 2. Some gastrointesnal endoparasites idenﬁed by coprological examinaon A : Eimeria spp. ; B : Strongyle eggs ; C : Nematodirus spp. ; D : Dicrocoelium spp. ; E : Moniezia spp. TABLE I. The overall prevalence of the six endoparasites studied in relaon to three hundred animals examined (n=300) and its distribuon according to each aﬀected animal species Parasites Cale n (%) (n=100) Sheep n (%) (n=100) Goats n (%) (n=100) SA Total F. hepaca 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 0 (0%) Eimeria spp. 31 (31%) 27 (27%) 21 (21%) NSDa 79 (26.33%) Strongyle eggs 27 (27%) 13 (13%) 6 (6%) ***a 46 (15.33%) Moniezia spp. 2 (2%) 1 (1%) 0 NSDb 3 (1%) Dicrocoelium spp. 2 (2%) 0 0 NSDc 2 (0.67%) Nematodirus spp. 5 (5%) 5 (5%) 3 (3%) NSDd 13 (4.33%) Total 67 (67%) 46 (46%) 30 (30%) 143 (47.67%) SA ***b ***b ***b ***b SA : Stascal analyzes, ***a : P = 0.00014, ***b : P< 0.0001, NSDa (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.271, NSDb (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.363, NSDc (non-signiﬁcant diﬀerence): P= 0.134, NSDd (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence): P= 0.725 Stascal analyzes showed a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.0001) between animal species for Strongyle eggs and between all the parasites found, on the one hand, and on the other hand a non-signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the three animal species for the other parasites (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the comparison between the parasites idenﬁed for each animal species showed the existence of a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.001) for each animal species. According to the results obtained, cale are the most infected by the idenﬁed parasites, followed by sheep. While goats are lightly infected (or zero infestaon) with the excepon of Eimeria spp. where the infecon is 21%. These results can be explained by several factors, however, it should be noted that cale and sheep feed on grass in contact with the earth, which promotes the transmission of parasites. On the other hand, in the majority of cases, goats prefer anything that is suspended and away from the ground, which can jusfy the reducon or even the absence of parasite aack. Furthermore, infecon by these endoparasites is considered an important indicator of lack of inspecon and prevenve and curave treatment of animal species by veterinary praconers. According to the parasites, Eimeria spp. is the most idenﬁed species in the animals examined with prevalence rates of 31, 28, 21% respecvely in cale, sheep and goats. It remains lower than those found in Ethiopia where its prevalence rate was higher, reaching 45.0% in cale and 58% in sheep [7]. Likewise, the prevalence rate in goats is signiﬁcantly lower than that found in Ghana with a prevalence of 78.4% [8]. These diﬀerences can be explained by factors such as climac condions, livestock management pracces and pasture quality. In fact, intesnal infecons are more common in tropical countries due to favorable condions for transmission [9]. The dry or semi-arid climate of the Djelfa region could help limit the spread of these parasites. At the same me, the prevalence rate of Strongyle eggs is 27% in cale, 13% in sheep and 6% in goats. It comes second aﬅer that of Eimeria spp. This indicates a notable prevalence in our region. In contrast, a study in Indonesia reported a lower prevalence rate of 4.67%, suggesng potenal geographic variaons in the distribuon of Strongyloides spp. in cale [10]. Furthermore, another study in Ghana reported a higher prevalence rate of 91.3% [8]. Similarly, for goats, a study conducted in Italy documented a much higher rate of 34% [11]. 3 of 7

Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico This variety of infecon rates can be explained by factors linked to climac condions, management pracces and quality of pastures present in the region concerned. These gastrointesnal infecons are more common in tropical countries due to environmental condions suitable for the transmission of helminths [9]. At the same me, the Djelfa region, with its dry or semi-arid climate, could oﬀer a less favorable environment for the spread of certain parasites. Distribuon of parasite prevalence by sex Table II represents the distribuon of the prevalence rates of endoparasites obtained according to the sex of the animals. Overall the female is more infected by the idenﬁed parasites (61.63%, i.e.: 53/86 for cale, 51.56%, i.e.: 33/64 for sheep and 35.82%, i.e. : 24/67 for goats) compared to the male (36.11%, i.e.: 13/36 for sheep, 18.18%, i.e.: 6/33 for goats and 14/14 for cale). Stascal analysis showed a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.001) between the parasites idenﬁed for females of each animal species. While for males, except for a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.001) between the parasites idenﬁed for cale, there is a non-signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P = 0.147) between the parasites idenﬁed for goats and another signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P = 0.015) between sheep parasites (TABLE II). Depending on the sex and the parasic species, the exploitaon of the results obtained made it possible to note that females are the most infected, in parcular by Eimeria spp. and Strongyle eggs compared to males with predominance of cale (61.63%) followed by sheep (51.56%) and ﬁnally goats (35.82%). Our results remain disnct from those obtained by Ekawas et al. [12] in Indonesia in cale who showed that the prevalence of Eimeriosis was higher in males (79.3%) than in females (51.9%). Furthermore, in goats, the results of our study showed that the infecon rate was higher in females (26.87%) than in males (9.09%). These results are idencal to those described by Mohamed et al. [13] in Egypt with prevalence rates of 59.02% in women and 24.76% in men. Likewise, for Dicrocoelium spp., females are more infected with Dicrocoelium spp. than males, with an infecon rate of 2.33% in cale. These results are not comparable to those of a study conducted by Shinggu et al. (2019) in Nigeria, who reported a higher incidence in males (83.3%) compared to females (80.3%). On the other hand, in sheep Moniezia spp. is more common in males (2.33%) than in females (0%). This result is slightly diﬀerent from that observed in the study by Heydarian et al. [14], where the parasite was also more common in males (sheep: males 50%, females 49%). The authors aributed the higher infecon rate in females to hormonal impalance during pregnancy and lactaon. Furthermore, this divergence can be aributed to climac diﬀerences which play a major role. The Djelfa region has an arid climate which limits the survival of parasite larvae on pastures. Distribuon of parasite prevalence rates according to the age group of animals Regarding the age group, This results show that cale aged less than 2 years were the most infected, with a prevalence of 84.61%. Furthermore, the stascal analysis always revealed a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.0001) between the parasites studied (Table III). These results are idencal to those announced by Ekawas et al. [12] in a study conducted in Indonesia, where the distribuon of results by age showed that the prevalence of Bovine Eimeriosis in calves (69.1%) and adult cale (69.2%) presented a high prevalence of Eimeria spp. For sheep and goats, aged animals also recorded high prevalence rates of 51.35 and 71.43%, respecvely. This is consistent with another study conducted in Egypt [15], where it was noted that older sheep were more suscepble to infecon 60.5% compared to 54.5% in younger sheep. As for goats, the infecon rate was higher among older ones, reaching 72%, compared to 45% among young ones [15]. Furthermore, this study shows that the oldest cale are the most infected with Dicrocoelium spp., with a prevalence of 2.30%. This result is in agreement with the study by Chougar et al. [16], where of the 0.52% of posive cases, 0.25% were over 4 years old, 0.22% were middle-aged (2 to 4 years), and 0.05% were young (<2 years). TABLE II. Distribuon of parasite prevalence rates according to the sexes of aﬀected animals Parasites Cale n (%) Sheep n (%) Goats n (%) (n=14) (n=86) (n=36) (n=64) (n=33) (n=67) F. hepaca 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eimeria spp. 7 (50%) 24 (27.91%) 6 (16.67%) 21 (32.81%) 3 (9.09%) 18 (26.87%) Strongyle eggs 7 (50%) 20 (23.26%) 4 (11.11%) 9 (14.06%) 3 (9.09%) 3 (4.48%) Moniezia spp. 0 (0%) 2 (2.33%) 1 (2.78 %) 0 0 0 Dicrocoelium spp. 0 (0%) 2 (2.33%) 0 0 0 0 Nematodirus spp. 0 (0%) 5 (5.81%) 2 (5.56%) 3 (4.69%) 0 3 (4.48%) Total 14 (100%) 53 (61.63%) 13 (36.11%) 33 (51.56%) 6 (18.18%) 24 (35.82%) Stascal analyzes *** *** ** *** NSD *** *** : P< 0.0001, ** : P= 0.015, NSD (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.147 4 of 7

Gastrointesnal endoparasites in ruminants / Hebali et al. UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico TABLE III. Distribuon of parasite prevalence rates according to age groups of aﬀected animals Parasites 1. Age range for cale ≤ 2 ans (n=13) > 2 ans (n=87) F. hepaca 0 0 Eimeria spp. 6 (46.15%) 25 (28.73%) Strongyle eggs 5 (38.46%) 22 (25.29%) Moniezia spp. 0 5 (5.75%) Dicrocoelium spp. 0 2 (2.30%) Nematodirus spp. 0 2 (2.30%) Total 11 (84.61%) 56 (64.37%) Stascal analyzes *** *** Parasites 2. Age range for sheep ≤ 2 ans (n=63) > 2 ans (n=37) F. hepaca 0 0 Eimeria spp. 14 (22.22%) 13 (35.13%) Strongyle eggs 8 (12.70%) 5 (13.51%) Moniezia spp. 1 (1.59%) 0 Dicrocoelium spp. 0 0 Nematodirus spp. 4 (6.35%) 1 (2.70%) Total 27 (42.86%) 19 (51.35%) Stascal analyzes *** *** Parasites 3. Age range for goats ≤ 2 ans (n=93) > 2 ans (n=7) F. hepaca 0 0 Eimeria spp. 16 (17.20%) 5 (71.43%) Strongyle eggs 6 (6.45%) 0 Moniezia spp. 3 (3.22%) 0 Dicrocoelium spp. 0 0 Nematodirus spp. 0 0 Total 25(26.88%) 5 (71.43%) Stascal analyzes *** *** *** : P< 0.0001 Seasonal change in prevalence The prevalence of parasites varies greatly depending on the study periods. The highest prevalence rate was reported in the fall (50%, i.e.: 50/100) with 87.5, 46.99 and 44.44% respecvely for cale, sheep and goats. In parallel, stascal analysis revealed a clearly signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.001) between the parasites idenﬁed in sheep in the fall and in cale and goats in the winter, as well as in cale and goats in the spring, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a signiﬁcant diﬀerence (P < 0.05) between the parasites found in cale in the fall. On the other hand, non-signiﬁcant diﬀerences (P > 0.05) were recorded between parasites in goats, cale and sheep in autumn, winter and spring respecvely (TABLE IV). 5 of 7

Revista Cienﬁca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA Serbiluz Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y de Información Biblioteca Digital Repositorio Académico TABLE IV. Seasonal evoluon of the prevalence of idenﬁed parasites Autumn (n= 100) Winter (n= 114) Spring (n= 86) CT n (%) (n=8) SP n (%) (n=83) GT n (%) (n=9) CT n (%) (n=54) SP n (%) (n=9) GT n (%) (n=51) CT n (%) (n=38) SP n (%) (n=8) GT n (%) (n=40) F. hepaca 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eimeria spp. 5 (62.5%) 24 (28.92%) 2 (22.22%) 12 (22.22%) 2 (22.22%) 12 (23.53%) 14 (36.84%) 1 (12.5%) 7 (17.5%) Strongyle eggs 2 (25%) 10 (12.05%) 0 14 (25.93%) 2 (22,22%) 3 (5.88%) 11 (28.95%) 1 (12.5%) 3 (7.5%) Moniezia spp. 0 1 (1.20%) 0 0 0 0 2 (5.26%) 0 0 Dicrocoelium spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (5.26%) 0 0 Nematodirus spp. 0 4 (4.82% 2 (22.22%) 2 (3.70% 1 (11.11%) 1 (1.96%) 3 (7.89%) 0 0 Total 7 (87.5%) 39 (46.99%) 4 (44.44%) 28 (51.85%) 5 (55.55%) 16 (31.37%) 32 (84.21%) 2 (25%) 10 (25%) 50 (50%) 49 (42.98%) 44 (51.16%) Stascal analyzes **a ***a NSDa ***a NSDb ***a ***a NSDc ***b CT : Cale, SP : Sheep, GT : Goats **a : P= 0.001, ***a : P< 0.0001, ***b : P= 0.0001, NSDa (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.092, NSDb (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.158, NSDc (Non-Signiﬁcant Diﬀerence) : P= 0.470 Depending on the animal species, the result showed that the cale are the most infected across the study seasons (87.5% in autumn, 51.85% in winter and 84.21% in spring) compared to sheep (46.99% in autumn, 55.55% in winter and 25% in spring) and goats (44.44% in autumn, 31.37% in winter and 25% in spring). In addion, Eimeria spp. was present in all study seasons, followed by Strongyle eggs which were only absent in goats in autumn. While Dicrocoelium spp. is rare and mainly found in cale in spring, with a prevalence of 5.26%. This result is not consistent with data in Iran, where the highest percentage is found in summer (0.68%) [17]. These results obtained can be explained by numerous factors, such as the place where the animals were raised, the biotopes, the climate, the age or even the absence of an integrated pest management program [18]. At the same me, in this sense, the climate of the Djelfa region is Mediterranean type contrasted with a long dry and hot summer season and a rainy and cold winter season [19]. It is characterized by the existence of signiﬁcant water resources giving the wilaya an addional advantage in the possibilies of its development. Diﬀerent factors favor, across the territory of the wilaya, the creaon of probably signiﬁcant underground reserves. Surface resources are low. These diﬀerent factors favoring the formaon of underground reservoirs are mainly the structural context (synclines), the topography of the land (relave weakness of the slopes) and the water tables. There are, in the wilaya, six large layers, four of which are quite well known (Ain Ousséra layer, Oued Touil, Zahrez and the North and South synclines). The least known are those located in the southern part of the wilaya, the aquifer of the terminal complex and that of the connental intercalary; so many indicators of infecon [20]. The lack or absence of any treatment by companions in the ﬁght and an eﬀecve and serious vaccinaon strategy before the arrival of the seasons (spring-autumn) would favor the appearance of the condion and the increase in prevalence during these periods of two seasons [21]. Finally, it is interesng to know the prevalence of endoparasites in the three animal species, because they cause signiﬁcant economic losses in meat and oﬀal and can constute a major risk for animal health. CONCLUSION Gastrointesnal parasites remain a major problem for breeders worldwide. The results of this study interesngly show the distribuon of diﬀerent gastrointesnal tracts in ruminants. They conﬁrm the importance of the aack on three animal species, especially cale, by the ﬁve parasites idenﬁed, more parcularly Eimeria spp. and Strongyle eggs. The overall infectaon rate by idenﬁed endoparasites is 47.67%. This ﬁgure highlights the importance of monitoring and managing parasic infecons to maintain animal health and prevent disease outbreaks. This results showed that Eimeria spp. was recorded the highest infecon rate (26.33%). It is therefore important to act on the life cycles of these parasites in order to control the transmission of the causave agents. In addion, awareness raising and popularizaon among breeders and other stakeholders in the sector is mandatory. All this would help to beer ﬁght against the three endoparasites and would also improve the producon of meat and oﬀal. Which ulmately provides beneﬁts for the enre economy of the country. Tesng for endoparasites by stool analysis is an eﬀecve and commonly used method for several reasons. It allows easy access to samples and is inexpensive compared to other medical tests. As a result, the results of this study appear to provide a clear evidence base for developing beer policies for prevenve and curave processes against the disease, which poses a major threat to animal husbandry and the economy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks are extended to all laboratory staﬀ and breeders as well as all who parcipate in carrying out this work. 6 of 7

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