Evaluación de la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda en la industria láctea de Napo, Ecuador
Resumen
El presente trabajo analizó la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche cruda en la provincia de Napo, Ecuador. La investigación busca destacar la importancia de garantizar la inocuidad y el valor nutricional de la leche cruda, dado que factores como la composición y los niveles microbiológicos afectan su calidad y seguridad. Estos aspectos son críticos para el fortalecimiento del sector lácteo ecuatoriano y su competitividad en mercados internacionales. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, como grasa, proteína, sólidos totales, sólidos no grasos, conteo de células somáticas (SCC) y conteo bacteriano total (TBC), con el fin de identificar variaciones por región y año. Se analizaron 238 muestras recolectadas entre 2020 y 2024 en centros de acopio y unidades productivas agropecuarias de los cantones Tena, Quijos y El Chaco. Los métodos incluyeron espectrofotometría infrarroja para composición fisicoquímica y citometría de flujo para CCS y CBT. Las pruebas estadísticas incluyeron la prueba de Kruskal–Wallis, adecuado para datos no normales. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre cantones y años en todos los parámetros analizados. Destaca un promedio de grasa de 4,03 g·100 mL-1 y proteína de 3,28 g·100 mL-1. Los niveles de CCS y CBT superaron los límites normativos, esto refleja desafíos en las prácticas de higiene y manejo. Factores como el clima, la dieta y el manejo del ganado influyen en la calidad de la leche. Es urgente implementar mejores prácticas de higiene y manejo para optimizar la calidad microbiológica y composicional de la leche cruda.
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