Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.39 N° 68
Enero
Junio
2021
Recibido: 01/07/2020 Aceptado: 01/08/2020.
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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Re vicyhLUZ, In ter na tio nal Po li ti cal Scien ce Abs tracts, Re vis ta In ter ame ri ca na de
Bi blio gra fía, en el Cen tro La ti no ame ri ca no para el De sa rrol lo (CLAD), en Bi blio-
gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
Po li ti cal Scien ce, Re vencyt, His pa nic Ame ri can Pe rio di cals In dex/HAPI), Ul ri ch’s
Pe rio di cals Di rec tory, EBS CO. Se en cuen tra acre di ta da al Re gis tro de Pu bli ca cio-
nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
L
OIRALITH
M. C
HIRINOS
P
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Co mi té Edi tor
Eduviges Morales Villalobos
Fabiola Tavares Duarte
Ma ría Eu ge nia Soto Hernández
Nila Leal González
Carmen Pérez Baralt
Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
José Ce rra da
Ri car do Com bel las
An gel Lom bar di
Die ter Nohlen
Al fre do Ra mos Ji mé nez
Go ran Ther born
Frie drich Welsch
Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
“Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che”. Ma ra cai bo, Ve ne zue la. E- mail: cues tio nes po li ti cas@gmail.
com ~ loi chi ri nos por til lo@gmail.com. Te le fax: 58- 0261- 4127018.
Vol. 39, Nº 68 (Enero - Junio) 2021, 571-580
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Legal linguistics as a promising eld of knowledge
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.36
Petro V. Makushev *
Olha V. Minchenko **
Iryna V. Tsareva ***
Abstract
The relevance of the article is stipulated for the necessity to
study a new and promising eld of knowledge – legal linguistics.
The purpose of the article is to study legal linguistics as a promising
eld of knowledge. Achieving the goal of the study necessitated
processing the scientic literature on legal techniques,
hermeneutics, linguistic interpretation, public speaking, and legal
linguistics. The main method while studying these issues is the
hermeneutic method, which is programmed for a new approach
to understanding and interpreting the language of law and the
language of laws, legal language formation and allowed to understand
the text as a process of interpretation. The problems of linguistic eld,
interaction of linguistics and law are revealed, the specic functioning of
language in the eld of law is analyzed. Prospects of combining legal and
linguistic competence, interpretation of texts of laws, speeches of judges
and lawyers, and legal translation are studied. The article emphasizes the
necessity to single out such a eld of knowledge as legal linguistics and the
prospects for its development are outlined.
Keywords: language of law; legal technique; legal eld; jurisprudence;
legal linguistics.
* Department of General and Law Subjects, Dnipovskii University of the Humanities, Ukraine. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8693-1428. Email: makushev5514-2-10@uohk.com.cn
** Department of Theory of State and Law, National Academy of Internal Affairs, Ukraine. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-0919. Email: minchenko@tanu.pro
*** Department of Social and Humanitarian Sciences, Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1939-7912. Email: itsar@nuos.pro
572
Petro V. Makushev, Olha V. Minchenko y Iryna V. Tsareva
Legal linguistics as a promising eld of knowledge
La lingüística jurídica como campo de conocimiento
prometedor
Resumen
La relevancia del artículo está estipulada por la necesidad de estudiar
un nuevo y prometedor campo de conocimiento: la lingüística jurídica. El
propósito del artículo es estudiar la lingüística jurídica como un campo de
conocimiento prometedor. El logro del objetivo del estudio requirió procesar
la literatura cientíca sobre técnicas legales, hermenéutica, interpretación
lingüística, oratoria y lingüística legal. El método principal en el estudio de
estos temas es el método hermenéutico, que está programado para un nuevo
enfoque de comprender e interpretar el lenguaje del derecho y el lenguaje
de las leyes, la formación del lenguaje jurídico lo permite comprender el
texto como un proceso de interpretación. Se revelan los problemas del
campo lingüístico, la interacción de la lingüística y el derecho, se analiza
el funcionamiento especíco del lenguaje en el campo del derecho. Se
estudian las perspectivas de combinar competencia jurídica y lingüística,
interpretación de textos de leyes, discursos de jueces y abogados y traducción
jurídica. Se concluye enfatizando en la necesidad de destacar un campo de
conocimiento como la lingüística jurídica y se esbozan las perspectivas para
su desarrollo.
Palabras clave: lenguaje del derecho; técnica jurídica; ámbito jurídico;
jurisprudencia; lingüística jurídica.
Introduction
Law, being a social phenomenon, is undergoing constant change. For
example, new generations of human rights are being emerged (Ivanii et al.,
2020a). The development of the legal system of Ukraine is conditioned by
the rejection of the normative understanding of law, which has long been
characteristic of domestic legal science and practice, and this signicantly
affects the contents of law itself (Kuchuk et al., 2019). At the same time,
the processes of international integration, unication and harmonization
of legal regulation require improvement of forms of expression of law,
in particular, solving linguistic and technical issues in the eld of legal
regulation, developing a system of science-based requirements, technical
and legal rules, techniques and methods.
The well-known German theorist of law rightly states: “The quality of
law directly depends on the quality of the language in which it is expressed
and through which it is communicated to the addressee” (Shablii, 2012:
52). Unfortunately, not enough attention is paid to the connection between
linguistics and jurisprudence. But this aspect objectively exists and is a
crucial subject of linguistics:
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Since language is a social phenomenon, there is a tendency to compare it with
some aspects of public life. Thus, the institutional nature of language, in which
the phenomenon of norm is of great importance, prompted linguists to compare
language with legal regulations (Aleksieiev, 1982: 35).
Recently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to study the
outlined phenomenon, namely: Pradid (2001) (legal linguistics), Baltaji
(2008) (legal language of law enforcement acts), Liubchenko (2012) (legal
terminology). However, there is a need to emphasize once again the issues
solved by legal linguistics, to outline the basic directions of linguistics and
law eld to substantiate the necessity to separate legal linguistics into an
independent promising science.
Legal language has traditionally been considered within the framework
of an instrumental concept, as a result of which researches possessed
purely applied nature. There was a lack of system within relations between
lawyers and linguists, which did not contribute to the scientic solution of
language issues in theoretical and practical jurisprudence. Lawyers have
long ignored the “language issue”, and the issue of legal language belonged
to the competence of linguists. Therefore, the researches, carried out in
recent years, have been mostly in the eld of philology. Quantitative and
qualitative parameters of legal practice development have led to signicant
changes in the attitude towards legal language. The analysis of legal texts
opens the possibilities of studying the language of law not only as a legal
or linguistic concept, but also as a reection of the linguistic consciousness
of the participants of communication within the legal eld (Baltaji, 2008).
Legal linguistics is now actively being developed, but recently most
studies of the language of law have gradually changed the emphasis, namely
not only formal studies of a special language in terms of its terminological
composition are on the rst place, but they are replaced by interdisciplinary
studies. The problems that legal linguistics deals with are multifaceted and
complex. Legal linguistics requires both legal and linguistic competence at
the same time. The state of legal linguistics research as a science is at the
stage of active scientic studies of the language of law around the world.
1. Methods
The processes of the European and international integration,
harmonization of legal regulation require the improvement of forms of
expression of law, in particular, the solution of linguistic and technical issues
in the eld of legal regulation. Legal linguistics is called for solve a variety
of problems of the linguistic eld, not only the issues of legal technique,
which is of great attention in Ukraine, but also other areas such as linguistic
examination of legal documents; legal terminology; theoretical and practical
researches in the eld of legal translation; speeches of practitioners (judges,
574
Petro V. Makushev, Olha V. Minchenko y Iryna V. Tsareva
Legal linguistics as a promising eld of knowledge
lawyers); interpretation of legal texts. Thus, the authors consider legal
linguistics not only as a branch of linguistics or jurisprudence, but as an
individual science performing its own tasks, and possessing an arsenal of
concepts, methods, and terminology. The methodological basis of the article
was the scientic literature on legal techniques, hermeneutics, linguistic
interpretation, public speaking, and legal linguistics.
In the research the following methods were used: hermeneutic method,
the method of prediction, and a systematic approach. The hermeneutic
method programmed for a new approach to understanding and interpreting
the language of laws, legal language forming, and allowed to understand the
text as a process of interpretation. It revealed the concept of legal linguistics
not only through the interpretation of legal texts but also the semantic
bases of legal discourse, which is the system of legal knowledge expressed
in language, the language of the law. The method of predicting provided
an opportunity to outline the trends of legal linguistics in the future and
allowed to determine the prospects for the development of legal linguistics
on the basis of existing scientic researches.
A systematic approach allowed a fuller, deeper understanding of the
role of language in the legal eld, its internal structure with law. Also,
using this method was forming an idea of the necessary structuring of
legal information, to consider the nature of relationships and interactions
between the constituent elements of law and language, the integrity of the
system, environmental factors that affect the formation of the language
of the law. A systematic approach allowed to justify the essentiality of
distinguishing legal linguistics as an individual eld of knowledge.
2. Results and Discussion
Active integration processes, harmonization of legal regulation in the
world in general, and in Ukraine in particular, have led to the urgency of
linguistic and technical issues in the eld of lawmaking, law enforcement,
legal acts interpretation and systematization, which leads to the formation
of new scientic directions. The language of law, jurisprudence and practice
is one of the indicators of the development level of society legal system.
Law can be an effective regulator of social relations only when its internal
and external forms meet not only the highest standards of legal technique.
The implementation of the principles of law and human rights is impossible
without the certainty, clarity and unambiguity of legal provisions, which
enshrines the rules of law. The language of regulations and other legal
acts, legal science and practice is one of the indicators of the development
level of the society legal system. The state should be interested in legal
language, understandable to all its citizens, which will be a reliable means
of communication in the process of legal regulation, management, and
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legal proceedings. Because the imperfection of legal language negatively
affects the formation of legal consciousness, contributes to legal nihilism
manifestations (Liubchenko, 2012).
There are two opposing views as to the language of law: some researchers
believe that the language of law cannot be dened as a special one, because
it is close to the common language in the eld of vocabulary. But the other
distinguish the language of law as a professional language that is as an
alternate of common language to dene special subjects, concepts, serving
for communication within one professional group. In Ukrainian science,
a new nature of legal terminology study was formed in connection with
the formation of legal linguistics as one of the relevant areas of study of
the general principles of the language of law functioning in the modern
world. To form and dene any scientic eld, it is important to determine
the subject of its study. Pradid (2001) emphasizes that the subject of legal
linguistics is to study the role and functions of language and speech in the
jurisdictional process both historically and at the present stage.
Language used in the elds of law and law enforcement, legal
proceedings and notary, legal documentation, legal science and education,
legal information and legal journalism is the subject of study of legal
linguistics. It denes the functions and specics of the language of law, its
main varieties and genres, the system of rules for making and interpretation
of legal texts. Special attention is paid to language issues of law-making
and law enforcement. In this connection the following applied directions of
scientic and linguistic analysis of legal categories as legislative stylistics,
legislative technique, textology, legal terminology, syntax of legislative text,
legal hermeneutics, linguistic examination of bills, expert examination
assessment of conict texts, in particular in documentary and information
disputes are being developed (Piholkin, 1990).
M.I. Liubchenko (2012) notes that one of the important aspects of the
language of law which lacks studies is legal terminology, the accuracy,
clarity and intelligibility of which conditions the state of the language of law
in general. However, to reduce legal linguistics to the interpretation of texts
of normative and legal acts is incorrect. One of the issues of legal linguistics
is the question of interpretation of the texts of laws. A special place among a
number of legal linguistics’ directions development is occupied by the issues
related to the study of the quality of court speeches, such as the speeches of
the prosecutors, judges, and lawyers.
The language of law is characterized by a set of certain linguistic and
stylistic parameters, which also serve as requirements for modern legal
text at the same time. They are: formality, clarity, accuracy, unambiguity,
completeness, logical sequence, argumentation, exactness of structure,
directive nature of legal requirements, codication, generalization, sever
normativeness at all language levels, a high degree of standardization,
576
Petro V. Makushev, Olha V. Minchenko y Iryna V. Tsareva
Legal linguistics as a promising eld of knowledge
stylistic homogeneity, neutrality, stability of means of expression, lack of
individual authorial features. Western European scholars also structure
legal language according to the relevant functional branches (structures)
of law:
• W. Otto (1981) – the language of laws (legislative, abstract legal
norms assigned by the legislator for both professionals and no
lawyers); language of legal science and examinations (comments
and discussions of special issues by specialists for specialists); the
language of departmental written communication (forms, memos,
agendas, etc.); administrative jargon (informal discussion of special
issues by specialists).
• L. Eriksen (2002) – legislation, administration, legal proceeding.
• P. Sandrini (1999) – lawmaking (contracts, statutes), administration
of justice (court decisions, testimonies, examinations, lawsuits),
administrative texts (departmental language and the language of
departmental correspondence).
The hermeneutic aspects of law and language, in particular the style of
legal documents, their reading and interpretation by non-specialists in the
eld of law is subject of research by the American and English lawyers and
linguists (Diomidova, 2014). Legal technique allows ensuring the systemic,
structural, and meaningful literacy and unity of both acts of lawmaking
and interpretation of law norms, and acts of law enforcement, aimed at
individualizing the regulatory impact of legal norms on a particular life
situation and specic subjects.
In our opinion, legal techniques, its scientic development, and
implementation into practice ensure the uniformity, quality, and interaction
of legal documents, which together constitute a system of legislation, a
system of acts of law enforcement, a system of acts of interpretation of
law norms. However, legal technique should not be equated with legal
linguistics. Although the effectiveness of the legal impact on the life of
society depends not only on the semantic literacy of the norm, but also on
the “quality” of its design in the form of a legal act.
It should be noted that the institute of legal technique in scientic
sources is usually considered in the context of lawmaking as one of its
elements or tools used by relevant subjects. It (legal technique) is a system
of rules, methods, tools and techniques for preparing the most advanced
in form and structure of draft regulations, which provide the fullest and
most accurate compliance with the form of regulations of their content, as
well as the availability and simplicity of regulatory material. These include
requirements for the form of the act, change or cancellation of the adopted
act, registration of a new version of the document, as well as formal details,
the specics of the language of legal regulations, denition of terms and
special means of ensuring the rules.
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Making a logical and stable system of legal acts, which would correspond
in its contents to the trends of social development, is one of the most
important legal prerequisites for the implementation of public policy into
public and state life. In our opinion, issues of legal and technical execution
of legal acts, including acts of law enforcement, arise from the moment
of appearance of the acts, which requires their adequate documentation
in order to achieve the maximum social effect, which was determined by
the author of the document. The relationship between law and language is
complex, as both of these categories have an ideal and material embodiment:
language is embodied through speech, and law – through a law. Language
as a product of human mental activities, a way of forming an opinion, shows
the existing connection between language and law, and reveals the essence
of the inuence of the language factor on the processes of lawmaking and
laws making.
According to Maksymova and Matsiupa (2015), it is language, as
a means of legislative technique and law enforcement activities, that
ensures functioning of the state and its institutions. Thus, the synthesis of
linguistics and jurisprudence is necessary to solve a number of issues that
require both linguistic and legal knowledge, as language is the only and
main material for the design of legal categories. The issue of translation is
no less important. We can speak on the example of the translation of the
decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and, if necessary,
the involvement of an interpreter and the scope of the translation. We
would like to pay special attention to the practice of the European Court of
Human Rights, because in accordance with Art. 17 of the Law of Ukraine
“Enforcement of Judgments and the Application of the Case-Law of the
European Court of Human Rights” (2006) courts apply the Convention for
the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) and
the practice of the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law.
However, the ECHR’s ndings in the judgment of the European Court
of Human Rights of 28 November in Case of Luedicke, Belkacem and Koc
v. Germany (1980), which states that the right to an interpreter/translator
concerns, both oral speeches and documentary materials of criminal
proceedings. As to the scope of the translation of the written documents,
Case of Kamasinski v. Austria (1989) made clear: “Article 6, paragraph 3(e)
of the Convention cannot be considered to require a written translation of
all written evidence or ofcial documents, subjoined to the proceedings. The
assistance of an interpreter should be such as to ensure that the defendant
understands the case against him and his defense, in particular through the
fact that with the help of the interpreter he (defendant) can put forward his
version of events”.
However, there are questions to solve with the ofcial translation of
ECHR’s judgments in cases where Ukraine was not a party, since a number
578
Petro V. Makushev, Olha V. Minchenko y Iryna V. Tsareva
Legal linguistics as a promising eld of knowledge
of ECHR’s judgments do not currently have an ofcial translation into the
state language. The courts should use the ofcial translation of the Court’s
decision, which is published in an ofcial publication or, in the absence
of a translation, the original text. But working with the original text of
the decision of the ECHR is quite challenging without proper philological
training, and no one will check the correctness of the translation by the
judge and, accordingly, the application of such a decision of the ECHR.
National courts mainly appeal to the prescription of a legal act, which
they use as an argument for their own decision, without resorting to the
interpretation of this prescription. The European Court of Human Rights,
applying the provisions of hermeneutics, takes a different view of the text
of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, considering it possessing implicit nature. And this raises the issue
of the adequacy of understanding of each other by lawyers – representatives
of various legal traditions. Thus, legal linguistics is designed to solve a
variety of issues of the linguistic eld, namely: linguistic examination
of legal documents; making recommendations for the development of
texts of laws and other regulations; legal terminology (unication and
harmonization); theoretical and practical research in the eld of legal
translation; speeches of practitioners (judges, lawyers); interpretation of
legal texts; legal technique.
Conclusions
Language is an integral part of the legal system with certain traditions,
functions, features and properties. Language is the national basis for
reforming the legal system, so the separation of the language of law into an
independent science, based on the synthesis of linguistics and jurisprudence,
will have a positive impact not only on the language of law but also on legal
practice in general. Legal linguistics is necessary to improve the efciency
of the language of law and the quality of legal documents by developing
linguistic and stylistic principles and rules of lawmaking, nding the
optimal use of language tools in various areas of legal communication.
Legal linguistics should be considered not only as a branch of linguistics
or jurisprudence, or an interdisciplinary phenomenon, but as a separate
independent and promising science.
The urgency of further research is stipulated for the necessity to
generalize the work of Ukrainian and foreign scholars on the formation and
development of legal linguistics, the study of problems of linguistic and law
eld – those that are at the intersection of law and linguistics; substantiation
of the status of legal linguistics as a separate science; selection, specication
and detailing of the main directions of scientic research; effective use of
linguistic knowledge in law-making, law enforcement and judicial practice.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en enero de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 68
