Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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Vol.39 N° 69
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2021
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Vol. 39, Nº 69 (Julio - Diciembre) 2021, 615-629
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
The Role of Information Technologies in
Improving Eciency of Russian Customs
Administration (Based on Results of
Sociological Survey)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.38
Andrey Kurochka *
Mikhail Popov **
Inna Gaidareva ***
Victoria Enina ****
Abstract
As a research objective, the digital paradigm of economic and
social development, in general, which denes the information
strategy for the development of the Russian customs service
and administration as necessary and priority, is analyzed. The
methodological basis is based on the ideas and principles
of an integrated information approach to the study of the customs
service and the concept of «customs service», which treats the customs
administration as service oriented. We also use additional theoretical
approaches (socio-cultural and neo-institutional) as an explanatory model
of the developmental characteristics of the Russian customs service. The
empirical verication of conceptual attitudes in this study was conducted
based on our 2020 expert sociological survey. In the survey, there were 269
employees of Rostov customs, which is structurally included in the Southern
Customs Administration. The study concludes that the greater eciency
in the positive dynamics of the work of the Russian customs authorities
is associated with the introduction of information technologies (especially
electronic declaration). Consequently, the results of this study can be used
to develop a strategy to overcome certain barriers in service.
Keywords: information technology; customs administration; customs
system; customs authorities; digitization of computerization.
* Graduate Student of the Department of Theoretical Sociology and Methodology of Regional Studies,
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9895-
3752. Email: kurochka-andrey@yandex.ru
** Editor-in-Chief of the Scientic Journal "Humanities, Socio-Economic and Social Sciences, Krasnodar,
Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2090-0933. Email: popov-52@mail.ru
*** PhD of Social Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative
Law, Adygeya State University, Maykop, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2398-7592.
Email: alay_1968@mail.ru
**** PhD of Social Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Automobile Transport and
Technological Equipment", Don State University, Shakhty, Russia. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9116-9877. Email: kurochka-andrey@yandex.ru
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
El papel de las tecnologías de la información en la
mejora de la eciencia de la administración aduanera
rusa (según los resultados de la encuesta sociológica)
Resumen
A modo de objetivo de investigación se analiza el paradigma digital
del desarrollo económico y social, en general, que dene la estrategia de
información para el desarrollo del servicio y la administración aduanera
de Rusia como necesaria y prioritaria. La base metodológica se basa en las
ideas y principios de un enfoque integrado de información para el estudio
del servicio aduanero y el concepto de «servicio aduanero», que trata a la
administración aduanera como orientada al servicio. También utilizamos
enfoques teóricos adicionales (socioculturales y neoinstitucionales) como
modelo explicativo de las características de desarrollo del servicio de
aduanas ruso. La vericación empírica de las actitudes conceptuales de
este estudio se llevó a cabo sobre la base de nuestra encuesta sociológica de
tipo experto de 2020. En la encuesta, había 269 empleados de la Aduana
de Rostov, que está estructuralmente incluida en la Administración de
Aduanas del Sur. El estudio concluye que la mayor eciencia en la dinámica
positiva del trabajo de las autoridades aduaneras rusas está asociada con
la introducción de tecnologías de la información (especialmente con la
declaración electrónica). En consecuencia, los resultados de este estudio
se pueden utilizar para desarrollar una estrategia para superar ciertas
barreras en el servicio.
Palabras clave: tecnologías de la información; administración
aduanera; sistema aduanero; autoridades aduaneras;
digitalización de la informatización.
Introduction
Strategically important areas of development of the Russian Federation
include creation of favorable conditions for foreign economic activity,
increasing competitiveness and improving the investment climate of the
country (Anisina and Pavlova, 2021). In this regard, customs administration
naturally falls into the focus of public and scientic attention. It should be
noted that over the past decade a lot has been done to improve its eciency,
which has yielded positive results, especially in the eld of digitalization
of customs procedures (Balandina et al., 2018). Experts state that Russia
is even ahead of other countries in terms of eciency and timeliness of
publishing information on classication and origin of goods, possibility
and conditions for appealing administrative decisions by the regulatory
authorities (Solehzoda, 2017; Dmitrieva et al., 2020).
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Nevertheless, experts state, that it has not yet been possible to overcome
the signicant gap between Russia and other countries in the eld of
customs administration, which determines the low position of Russian
customs service in international rating (Koroleva et al., 2019; Kiyanova
et al., 2020). The problems associated with customs clearance procedure
and the signicant time spent on processing documents (the number
of documents being disproportionately large), have a painful impact
on functioning of Russian customs system. This system has some other
problems: the growth of business costs, the lack of sustainable partnership
with business actors; disjointed work of customs and tax services and, as
a result, the reproduction of shadow schemes and strategies, in customs
payment and taxes. (Vorotyntseva et al., 2020; Dmitrieva et al., 2021).
The solution of these and other problems that determine the lag of
Russian customs system from other states is directly related to high
quality of customs administration. Approved by the Government of the
Russian Federation in May 2020 (No. 1388-r), the “Customs Service
Development Strategy until 2030” involves overcoming barriers to improve
competitiveness of customs system by creating favorable conditions for all
of the participants in foreign economic activity. Taking into account the
world practice of customs administration (primarily related to the digital
paradigm transition of customs services), it is focused on automation of
business processes related to customs administration; interaction of
customs authorities with other government agencies and business through
electronic technologies; reducing time and nancial costs for participants
in foreign economic activities while improving the eectiveness of customs
control (Romanovskaya et al., 2020).
Thus, although the period of Russian customs service reform has brought
some positive results, the remaining problems in the system of customs
administration do not yet allow us to assess it as one meeting international
standards and tasks of economic development of Russia, ensuring its
economic security.
This determines social signicance of the study, while its scientic
relevance is associated with a wide range of opinions and positions
regarding the concept of customs administration, methodological models
of its study and strategies for improving eciency of Russian customs
system and administration in the context of modern Russian realities and
risks (Dmitrieva et al., 2020).
Many Russian scientists turn to the study of foreign experience in
organizing management of the customs service. That seems justied in
view of the earlier transition of some countries to advanced information
technologies, awareness of the prospects of service work of customs
authorities, understanding the need of a dialogue between customs
services and business (Balandina et al., 2018). For Russian scientists, the
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
factor of customs service proximity to business (in terms of understanding
its problems and trying to solve them optimally) is also an important
eectiveness indicator of the customs administration system (Solehzoda,
2017; Anisina and Pavlova, 2021).
Research shows that abroad they also discuss interaction of tax and
customs departments and validity of their separate existence (Kahn et
al., 2001). These aspects are included in Russian customs discourse, and
in most cases, experts treat the inconsistency of tax and customs services
as one of the serious reasons for the low eciency of Russian customs
administration.
At the same time, despite some discussions in the study of Russian
customs administration, it is obvious to most scientists that transition to the
digital paradigm of economic and social development in general determines
(as necessary and priority) the information strategy for development of
Russian customs service and its organizational and managerial component,
i.e., customs administration. Many studies have been devoted to this aspect
(Dmitrieva et al., 2021). However, there is a clear shortage of sociological
works in this direction. At the same time, sociological reection on the
problems of management and managerial eciency can lead us to a new
level of understanding and solving problems related to improving eciency
of Russian customs administration.
1. Materials and Methods
A deep examination of the problematic background of Russian customs
authorities and customs administration involves an appeal not only to
statistical data, positions of scientists and analysts but the opinion of
customs system employees themselves. This will allow us to look “from
the inside”, through the eyes of the main actors in organization of customs
process and functioning of this sphere.
In this regard, sociological study of the role of information technologies
in improving eciency of Russian customs administration (which is the key
goal of this work) is based on the array of our sociological survey empirical
results. The full-time employees of Rostov customs presented their expert
opinion on the key areas of reforming Russian customs service and meeting
the international standards.
Our study was conducted in the period from April to June 2020 according
to the type of expert survey based on a standardized questionnaire. In
total, 269 employees of the Rostov Customs, structurally included in the
Southern Customs Administration (among other 7 customs oces) took
part in our expert study. The selection of experts was carried out on the
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basis of data on the total number of employees (879 people) of the Rostov
Customs for the survey period, i.e., April 2020, in the ratio of management
and inspection sta. The study involved 26 employees of management
sta and 243 employees of inspection sta. The selection of respondents
also took into account their work experience, gender and age. Among the
experts there were 144 men and 125 women aged 18 to 65 years. 59 people
had less than 5 years of work experience, 46 - from 5 to 10 years, 93 - from
10 to 20 years, 68 - from 20 to 30 years and 3 - over 30 years.
Methodological foundations of this study are based on a number of
concepts and theoretical paradigms that are most adequate to the current
trends in development of customs administration on a global scale and in
the Russian state, following international standards and trends.
One of these approaches, which reects the needs and realities of
development in a modern way, is the information-integrated approach.
Anisina and Pavlova (2021) state that this approach does not contradict the
traditional administrative paradigm of studying the customs service, but,
on the contrary, complements and forms it in a synergistic form. Within the
framework of this approach, customs (as the main core of customs services
formation) integrate various elements of customs service sphere and
projects a kind of “informational and legal image of the service” (Anisina
and Pavlova, 2021). In this conceptual design, customs appear as a “service
customs”, and customs administration - as a service-oriented one.
The advanced countries have recognized the advantages of the “service
concept” in customs aairs and management. In fact, the world customs
system can be called a system of customs service (Balandina et al., 2018),
focused primarily on eective interaction with business to increase its
eectiveness and ensure a high level of economic security.
This, of course, involves minimizing bureaucratic procedures of customs
process and various types of costs (nancial, time) for participants in foreign
economic activity (FEA). Within the framework of the “service customs”
concept, control, and promotion of trade (business) are considered as
components of a single mechanism aimed at positivizing attitudes of business
to the customs service; improving the quality of services; simplication of
customs procedures for law-abiding participants of foreign trade, etc. All
that determines the evolutionary trajectory of customs system development
to the “service customs”.
This service nature of customs, which is still quite new for the entire
world community and for Russia in particular, denes provision of state
(customs) services as its most important function, which does not contradict
the structural and functional component of Russian customs system as a
state structure designed to promote eective development of foreign trade
activities in control and law enforcement activities within certain functional
powers (Krasulina et al., 2019; Dmitrieva et al., 2020).
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
In the outlined methodological priorities, customs administration
should be considered as a management activity of customs authorities,
designed to promote the development of foreign trade, and provide services
to persons moving goods and vehicles across the customs border, as well
as perform tax, law enforcement and control functions (Solehzoda, 2017;
Dmitrieva et al., 2021).
2. Results
One of the problems in functioning of Russian customs service is
traditionally called “administrative barriers” (Kiyanova et al., 2020) which
hinder the customs formalities. The results of our expert survey have
generally conrmed this well-established point of view: 54.6% of Rostov
Customs employees we surveyed believe that administrative barriers, albeit
slightly, hinder the customs control, 22.3% of experts are convinced that
this factor has a signicant impact. At the same time, 50.2% of experts
state, that it is impossible to completely overcome administrative barriers,
but it does not negate the need to ght this vice, which, from the point of
view of only 12% of the experts surveyed, can be completely eradicated in
customs control system. A fairly large number of experts (22.7%) think
that without administrative barriers the customs control system cannot
function in principle, i.e., the barriers are generated by the very system of
state administration.
Most of the customs ocials still see the need to overcome administrative
barriers, and, as our research has shown, the most eective way to treat them
is the eective use of new information and communication technologies
in activities of Russian customs authorities, such as electronic declaration,
interdepartmental interaction, auto-registration of declarations for goods,
auto-release of goods, etc. Among the information technologies that
have been developed in administrative activities of customs authorities,
electronic declaration was named the rst in terms of eectiveness (4.25
points on a 5-grade scale).
It was followed by the procedure of preliminary information (3.95 points),
automatic registration of declarations for goods (3.76 points), automatic
release of goods in accordance with the declared customs procedure (3.63
points). The lowest number of points (3,59) in the rating table of the types
of information technology used in administration of customs authorities
scored a system of interdepartmental electronic cooperation (SIEC). It
corresponds to the experts’ opinion on measures for the most eective
development of e-Declaration mechanism in Russian customs system.
The majority of respondents (17.9 per cent) believes that it is necessary to
establish the mechanism of interdepartmental interaction in practice of
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electronic communication, interaction of foreign trade participants and
regulatory authorities (tax and customs) within the framework of a single
information system, standardized forms of electronic communication and
data exchange.
Among the signicant measures there were also those related to
introduction of more eective mechanisms of interaction between
electronic customs and customs of control (17.7%); maximum simplication
of electronic declaration technologies (17.0%); improvement of the
mechanism for providing information to the customs authority, without
the need to duplicate it (14.9%), as well as regulatory legislation in the eld
of implementing the electronic declaration system in activities of Russian
customs (9.6%).
Experts also noted the importance of studying the world experience in
implementation of information technologies and electronic declarations
in the system of customs authorities, creation of special centers for
implementation of this task (8.1%). At the same level of signicance there
was the measure associated with reduction of information volume provided
in declaration for goods (8.0%), in contrast to the measures related to
ensuring condentiality and protection of information, primarily in the
process of interdepartmental interaction (4.4%), as well as the use of
sociological diagnostics and forecasting methods (2.2%). Without them it is
dicult to count on eectiveness of innovations and ongoing reforms, since
they should be based on real assessments of the emerging interaction system
for participants in foreign economic activity and customs authorities.
Assessing the overall positive implementation of information
technologies in the work of customs authorities in terms of reducing the time
for customs operations (61%), primarily due to introduction of electronic
declaration mechanisms and the “single window”, experts pointed to
a number of factors that reduce eectiveness of this process. The most
signicant among them there are: imperfection of electronic technologies
themselves: their complexity, bulkiness, inaccessibility for understanding
and use (22,2%); the lack of a unied information system for interactions,
traders and regulatory authorities as a necessary condition of eective
inter-agency cooperation in electronic communications (15,6%); problems
of funding (13,6%); the lack of qualied personnel (12,3%); imperfection
of the legal framework for Russian customs system as a system focused on
new information (e-digital) technology (10,1%).
The introduction of information technologies in organizational and
managerial activities of Russian customs bodies can help to solve another
problem – the lack of trust of Russian participants in foreign economic
activity to the customs authorities.
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
Experts named the terrible bureaucratic red tape (35%) as the main
reason for this situation. Informatization of the customs system is designed
to ght it. The solution can have a positive impact on other crisis factors of
condence in customs authorities of the Russian Federation, related to the
negative image of Russian customs system (31.0%), formed in the logic of
historical trajectory of Russian state development.
The opinions of experts holding dierent positions on the scale of “head
/ inspector” are somewhat divided on this issue: managers (as the key
reasons for distrust of the customs authorities of modern Russia) highlight
the image of the customs service that has formed over the history of the
Russian state (65.4%) and the current economic policy of the state (65.4%),
while the inspection sta of experts put the factor of excessive bureaucratic
red tape in the rst place among the reasons for distrust of Russian customs
system (55.6%), and the image factor – in the second place (44.9%) (see
Figure 1).
Figure 1. The Reasons for the Lack of Condence of Foreign Trade
Participants in Customs Authorities of the Russian Federation (as %)
(Kiyanova et al., 2020; Dmitrieva et al, 2021).
Figure 1 shows that experts do not associate distrust of Russian customs
authorities with the low level of professionalism and corruption of customs
structures. And this does not contradict positions of the experts, who do
not include corruption factor in the list of key vices of Russian customs
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system. Most of the experts estimate the level of professionalism of customs
employees as quite high (43.9%), but if you look at the data on ocial cross-
section, the situation is somewhat dierent: the vast majority of expert
managers (50%) rated the level of professionalism of employees as “above
average” and only 23.1% of them gave the highest rating, which allows us
to conclude that managers have a less high opinion of professional training
and competence of their subordinates than the subordinates themselves
(see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Assessment of Professional Level of Customs Ocials,
Depending on their Position (as %) (Kiyanova et al., 2020; Dmitrieva et
al, 2021).
However, we note that the managers were critical when assessing
professional level of the senior sta of Russian customs authorities: 38.5%
of them rated it as “above average” and only 23.1% - as “quite high”. Even
in this case, inspectors highly appreciated the work of customs authorities,
considering in their majority (39.5%) that professional level of managers
is quite high. Although there were also quite a few who consider it to be
“average” - 27.6% (see Figure 3).
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
Figure 3. Assessment of Professional Level of Employees of the Customs
Service Management Bodies, Depending on their Position (as %)
(Kiyanova et al., 2020; Dmitrieva et al, 2021).
With introduction of information technologies in every sphere of activities
traditionally associated with changes in the structure of organization,
dynamics, productivity and quality of work, they do not bind the results
of ongoing Russian customs service activities aimed at computerization of
customs procedures (concentration of customs clearance in the centers of
electronic declaration, dierentiation of customs authorities on the powers
of electronic customs and customs of actual control) with optimization of
customs ocials while maintaining productivity of the sta (only 11.3% of
experts believe so).
Experts associate the main prospects of the measures carried out in this
direction with reduction of material and time costs for customs operations
prior to release of goods and reduction of the period of release of goods
(29.6%); with transition to contactless (Internet) mode of interaction
between the customs authority and the citizens in the process of customs
operations, making them transparent, reducing the level of corruption in
Russian customs bodies (24,4%); with the possibilities of importation of
goods in a convenient location and on any temporary storage without charge
to the customs authority responsible for declaring to deliver the goods from
the border to the receiver, reducing the time and costs of delivery (23,5%).
There are relatively few experts who do not associate introduction of
electronic declaration mechanisms with these prospects – 11.1%, but this
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percentage is not insignicant as only 32.7% of experts gave a satisfactory
assessment of introducing new information technologies in their customs
division, i.e. in the Rostov customs (44.6% rated this process as “good” and
only 11.2% – as “excellent”).
The national nature of the problems in development of Russian
customs system and customs administration has its roots in the history of
Russian customs, so it is impossible not to take into account the regional
peculiarities of customs authorities and services. These features also have
their historical and socio-cultural conditionality, but informatization of the
customs system is precisely focused on standardization, universalization of
customs procedures automation and minimization of the negative impact
of human factor in terms of bureaucratic eect of customs administration
(a vice of Russian customs system).
3. Discussion
The large-scale, world-wide process of informatization of the customs
(with varying intensity and eciency in dierent countries) is based on the
principles of the integrative (sometimes called “synergetic” or “information-
integrative”) concept, which puts forward security and eective development
of trade in the eld of foreign economic activity as a strategic task and
goal of customs administration (Dmitrieva et al., 2021). The international
community has been actively using the “single window” system on the
principles of this concept and in the most eective way (Balandina et al.,
2018) In Russia, it has also become widespread, including in the customs
sphere. The principles and mechanisms of electronic declaration are being
actively implemented, but the key problem that hinders customs control and
reduces eectiveness of information technologies implementation remains
unaected: the “single window” mechanism cannot ensure harmonious,
holistic interaction of customs structures, services, departments and other
state services and bodies. There is still a signicant gap between the customs
authorities and business. The partnership system of relations between
them is just a projected model, transition to which is not yet possible in the
current paradigm of public administration and the social order itself, which
faintly resembles a democratic and socially fair one with a high culture of
civic values and relations (Dmitrieva et al., 2020).
Of course, customs administration (as embedded in the system of
state management of historical, political, economic, and other subjects)
cannot be considered outside the socio-cultural context, even taking
into account the fact that the modern digital era is rapidly changing
appearance of Russian customs. In this regard, the strategy of transition
of Russian customs administration to a new - digital form of work due to
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Andrey Kurochka, Mikhail Popov, Inna Gaidareva y Victoria Enina
The Role of Information Technologies in Improving Eciency of Russian Customs Administration
(Based on Results of Sociological Survey)
introduction of information technologies is actively discussed in scientic
and public discourse (Kiyanova et al., 2020). The high expectations and
prospects associated with this transition are justied, since, as experts
note, Russia has managed to make quite serious progress in improving
customs administration in the course of digitalization, and this has allowed
us to approach the best world examples and practices of organization and
management in the eld of customs relations (Balandina et al., 2018). At the
same time, the remaining problems in the eld of customs administration:
administrative barriers, bureaucratization, corruption, etc. (Vorotyntseva
et al., 2020) can be explained by the fact that modernization of Russian
customs system is not systematic and comprehensive. It is one-sided, and
therefore insuciently eective, unable to resist destructive phenomena
and trends of customs processes. That is why there is not solved the
problem of disunity in various functions of control between the customs
and tax service bodies, as well as other state bodies that also take part in
customs control.
The integrative concept of customs administration suggests that
transformation of the customs service institution should be determined
by a complex of modernist ideas (paradigms), among which the idea of
digitalization, informatization, transition to electronic mechanisms of
development, articial intelligence, hybrid systems of administration is
only one of the key ones, inscribed in the logic of others, such as the idea of
a process-oriented model of customs administration; the idea of managing
digital (electronic) customs administration on the cognitive paradigm
based on knowledge or the idea of a “service customer” (Romanovskaya
et al., 2020). In Russia, such a systematic and holistic model of customs
modernization is unreal, and experts see the most important cause of distrust
to the customs authorities and, accordingly, the low eciency of their
activities, in he modern system of public administration. A conservative,
inexible, inherently authoritarian system of public administration, which
automatically determines all the clusters of administration in the same form,
determines the point nature of innovations in the eld of management as
well (including the customs). The system allows something, but all the other
processes develop along an inertial trajectory, inscribed in institutional
logic of Russian social development (Krasulina et al., 2019).
In this regard, it is understandable and predictable that development
of customs administration through transition to information and digital
technologies is realized in the space of many barriers: technological,
administrative, economic, political, and socio-cultural (the most important
ones). The latter are the most complex, because they are the most stable,
weakly susceptible to rapid changes and impacts. These behavioral
models are rooted in mentality of society, in its archetypes, attitudes and
stereotypes.
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Conclusion
At the present stage, there is an urgent need to form a system of customs
administration (adequate to international practice and international
standards), which determines both the eectiveness of relations in the
system of foreign economic activity, and economic well-being of Russian
people, the state, and its security. The extensive customs issues discursive
eld of various scientic branches basically contains no disagreements
about assessment of Russian customs system eectiveness and its most
problematic areas. The course taken as a basis for informatization and
digitalization of the customs service, implementation of measures, programs
and projects related to transition to electronic mechanisms of customs
services is also clearly positive, without much disagreement. This course
has brought a lot of positive results, but, as the expert survey showed, many
“birthmarks” of Russian customs system (bureaucratization, corruption,
distrust of customs authorities, etc.) persist and are reproduced in modern
social order and public administration.
In this regard, expectations for formation of Russian customs compliant
with international standards as a necessary condition for reaching a
competitive level of foreign economic relations with an appropriate
image and level of trust may remain expectations. Implementation
of this strategic task involves implementation of integrative model of
modernization (reform) of Russian customs system with clear conceptual
and methodological foundations of the customs administration model. The
customs is a part of state administration, so its modernization should t
into the logic of state administration system modernization.
So, the customs authorities, primarily the management cluster, still face
many problems, which at the present stage are mainly solved by introduction
of information technologies in practice of customs control and procedures.
Their eectiveness is noted by many Russian scientists, as well as by the
interviewed experts (employees of the Rostov Customs). However, while we
appreciate information and digital technologies in improving eciency of
customs administration, we are convinced that this strategy needs support
in the form of a synergy of ideas, principles, mechanisms, and resources. In
other words, they need a conceptual model of modernization (reform) of
Russian customs service.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en julio de 2021, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.39 Nº 69
