Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Publicación cientíca en formato digital
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185
Depósito legal pp 197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.40 N° 75
2022
Recibido el 03/09/22 Aceptado el 14/11/22
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
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cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
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ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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M. C
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Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
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Vol. 40, Nº 75 (2022), 104-113
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Financial and legal protection of land
from being contaminated with hazardous
substances as a component of regional
environmental policy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.06
Vitalii Gursky *
Liliya Zaykova **
Serhiy Miroshnychenko ***
Anton Borysenko ****
Yevgen Volko *****
Abstract
The purpose of the research is nancial and legal protection of
land from being contaminated with hazardous substances (wastes)
as a component of regional environmental policy. Main content.
It is known that land contamination by industrial enterprises,
through irrational use of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection
agents lead to the accumulation of toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides,
oil products, radionuclides. Therefore, one of the important factors of
improving the legal protection of land, including protection from being
contaminated with hazardous substances in Ukraine, consists in taking into
account positive experience of those post-Soviet states that have a practical
orientation in terms of legislation and achievements in law enforcement
activities related to land protection. Methodology: The methodological
basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic
analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method
as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. The institution
of legal land ownership in the post-Soviet Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania,
Latvia) and Georgia has been disclosed in detail. Justiably, contamination
is dangerous not only for life and health, but also for land resources in
general.
* Post Graduate Student of the Department of public and private law. University of customs and
finance, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-4254
** Graduate student of the Department of Civil, Economic and Environmental Law, Dnipro University of
Technology. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-156X
*** Professor, Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Process and Forensics, Kyiv
Institute of Intellectual Property and Law of the National University "Odesa Law Academy". Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4215-1603
**** PhD in Law, first deputy head of the Gubyn village council of the VIII convocation Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0911-7665
***** Post Graduate Student of the Department of public administration and customs administration,
University of customs and finance, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-8210
105
CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 104-113
Keywords: soil contamination; legal protection of soil; hazardous
substances; environmental law; regional policy.
Protección nanciera y jurídica de la tierra contra
la contaminación con sustancias peligrosas (desechos)
como componente de la política ambiental regional
Resumen
El propósito de la investigación es la protección nanciera y legal de
la tierra contra la contaminación con sustancias peligrosas (desechos)
como un componente de la política ambiental regional. Se sabe que la
contaminación de la tierra por empresas industriales, a través del uso
irracional de agroquímicos y agentes tosanitarios químicos conduce a la
acumulación de toxinas, incluidos metales pesados, pesticidas, productos
derivados del petróleo y radionúclidos, entre otros. Por lo tanto, uno de
los factores importantes para mejorar la protección legal de la tierra,
incluida la protección contra la contaminación con sustancias peligrosas
en Ucrania, consiste en tener en cuenta la experiencia positiva de los
estados postsoviéticos que tienen una orientación práctica en términos de
legislación y logros en las actividades de aplicación de la ley relacionadas
con la protección de la tierra. La base metodológica de la investigación se
presenta como análisis comparativo-legal y sistemático, método formal-
legal, método de interpretación, método hermenéutico, así como métodos
de análisis y síntesis. Se concluye que la contaminación es peligrosa no solo
para la vida y la salud, sino también para los recursos de la tierra en general.
Palabras clave: contaminación del suelo; protección jurídica del suelo;
sustancias peligrosas; derecho ambiental; política
regional.
Introduction
As dened by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist and academician
Shemshuchenko, by the very nature the problem of protecting the natural
environment from being contaminated and organization of rational nature
management constitutes a global problem, as far as this problem aects
interests of all countries of the world (Shemshuchenko, 1985). Thus, in the
era of scientic and technological progress, contradictions in the sphere of
new prospects for the use and exploitation of the environment are becoming
increasingly large-scale, thereby creating a threat of contamination, human
106
Vitalii Gursky, Liliya Zaykova, Serhiy Miroshnychenko, Anton Borysenko y Yevgen Volko
Financial and legal protection of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances as a
component of regional environmental policy
poisoning of the environment, including land resources within the existing
structure of the state (Lisitsyn, 1978).
In this regard, environmental protection is an area where interests of a
large majority of countries coincide. The idea of environmental protection is
realized when the legislator does not act on behalf of material, historical and
other values, but acts thanks to the preservation and restoration of natural
resources with the aim of creating ideal conditions in the surrounding
natural environment.
1. Literature review
Modern ecological problems of Ukraine are largely caused by the fact
that during the Soviet period of its development the territory was one of the
most technogenically loaded. While occupying only 3% of the territory of the
former Soviet Union Ukraine formed about 23% of the total gross domestic
product, which in general led to signicant regional changes in landscapes,
surface runo and signicant deterioration in the quality of basic resources
necessary for human life. The negative environmental situation in the
country was also promoted by such factors as irrational use of natural
resources, development of environmentally dangerous industries, weak
nancing of environmental protection measures (Zabelshensky, 1979).
So, land contamination by industrial enterprises, through irrational
use of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection agents lead to the
accumulation of toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, oil products,
radionuclides. Soils around large industrial enterprises and transport
arteries (where technogenic gaps are often formed) are the most heavily
polluted (Kazanchuk, 2015). Such contamination is the most acute and
urgent ecological problem, since most enterprises are located in densely
populated cities and settlements; about sixty percent of the total population
lives permanently in such areas.
In this regard, one of the most important factors which would contribute
to the procedure of improving the legal protection of land (including
protection from being contaminated with hazardous substances in
Ukraine) consists in taking into account positive experience of those post-
Soviet states that have a practical orientation in terms of legislation and
achievements in law enforcement activities related to land protection.
That is why it is necessary to study and generalize the wide experience
of establishing and developing legal norms in the sphere of land protection,
including contamination with dangerous substances, because this problem
is not subjected to administrative-territorial borders and goes beyond the
borders of one country.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 104-113
For example, when taking into account geographical and cultural
factors Ukraine and the post-Soviet states of the Baltic region belong to
two dierent groups: Eastern European States and Baltic States. At the
same time, for many centuries, there has been a close relationship between
them based on the commonality of historical, cultural, economic and
geographical factors. The specics of regulation of land and soil protection
in the modern legislation of the former USSR states is conditioned by the
necessity to solve the problem of land protection from contamination or
related problems arising in the following cases:
1. Soil depletion, which is gaining alarming proportions;
2. the consequences of the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl
nuclear power plant. Therefore, the depletion of soils and land
contamination, as well as the necessity of their rehabilitation as a
basis for development of legislation on protection of this natural
resource, inuenced the formation of environmental law in Estonia,
Lithuania, Latvia, as well as in other countries that emerged after
the collapse of the USSR.
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
on methodological approaches of understanding financial and legal
protection of lands from being contaminated with hazardous substances
(wastes) as a component of regional environmental policy.
The gnoseological method helped to determine the essence of
methodological approaches of understanding nancial and legal protection
of lands from being contaminated with hazardous substances (wastes) as a
component of regional ecological policy. Due to logical-semantic method the
concept of nancial and legal protection of lands from being contaminated
with dangerous ecological substances (wastes) as a component of regional
policy was developed.
The system-structural method was used to study components of
methodological approaches of understanding nancial and legal protection
of lands from being contaminated with hazardous substances (wastes)
as a component of regional environmental policy. The structural-logical
method is applied to determine the main directions of optimization of
methodological approaches to understanding nancial and legal protection
of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances (wastes) as a
component of regional environmental policy.
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Vitalii Gursky, Liliya Zaykova, Serhiy Miroshnychenko, Anton Borysenko y Yevgen Volko
Financial and legal protection of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances as a
component of regional environmental policy
3. Results and discussion
So, the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia in Article 28 enshrines
the right to health care, and an environment safe for life and health is
the main basis for guaranteeing this fundamental right (Law of Estonia,
1992). Part of 3 Article 40 of the above-mentioned normative legal act has
stipulated that enterprises, organizations and institutions that develop
mineral deposits in an open or underground manner shall carry out
geological exploration, constructions and other works on agricultural lands
or forest lands allocated to them for temporary use.
They are obliged to bring such land plots into a state suitable for use
in agriculture, forestry or shing at their own expense, and during the
performance of the specied works on other lands they shall bring them into
a state suitable for their intended use (Law of Estonia, 1992). Bringing land
plots to a suitable condition is carried out during development of mineral
deposits by open method or underground method, geological exploration,
construction and other works, and if it is impossible this procedure
should be performed not later than within a year after completion of such
operations and works.
Another important rule regarding prevention of land contamination is
established in part 4 of Article 40 of the Land Code of Estonia. It states
that enterprises, organizations and institutions carrying out industrial or
other construction works, developing deposits of minerals in an open way,
as well as carrying out other works related to violation of the soil cover
shall be obliged to remove and store the fertile soil layer for its use for land
recultivation as well as for increasing fertility of low-productive areas (Law
of Estonia, 1992).
Comparison of constitutional laws of the former republics of the Soviet
Union is also interesting. Thus, let us compare the current Constitution
of the Republic of Lithuania with the Land Code of the Soviet Socialist
Republic of Lithuania. So, in part 1 of Article 54 of the Constitution of
the Republic of Lithuania it is stipulated that the state shall take care of
protection of the environment, animal and plant world, certain natural
objects and territories of special value, and shall supervise purposes of their
respectful use, as well as restoration and application of natural resources
(Law of Lithuania, 1992).
It is noteworthy that the Constitution of Lithuania contains a separate
norm dedicated to the problems of land protection from contamination.
Part 2 of Article 54 the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania stipulates
that it is prohibited by law to deplete and pollute land and its subsoil, water
resources and air, as well as to cause a negative impact on the surrounding
natural environment resulting in impoverishing of the animal and plant
world (Law of Lithuania, 1992).
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Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 104-113
The Government of the Republic of Lithuania adopted a resolution
“Rehabilitation of damaged land and conservation of fertile layer of soil”
dated August 14, 1995 (Law of Lithuania, 1995) and aimed at strengthening
legal positions on protection of land from hazardous waste contamination.
On the basis of this resolution land owners and land users, as well as other
natural and legal persons carrying out works related to land contamination
shall be obliged to keep the removed fertile layer of soil and use it for the
purpose of improving unproductive agricultural lands.
At the same time, natural and legal persons, using useful minerals,
as well as those performing other works shall be obliged to recultivate
disturbed areas into agricultural lands, and if it is impossible - into water
bodies.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that according to the mentioned
resolution of the Government of Lithuania this requirement does not always
apply, due to the following reasons: 1) an area with a disturbed land on it
(soil cover) is allowed to be used for another purpose without recultivation
of this land in accordance with the established procedure; 2) areas of
disturbed land are subject to development according to the respective plans
or must be used for the construction of roads, equipment of sites, placement
of other constructions (Law of Lithuania, 1995).
As we can see from the above, in the legislation of Ukraine and Lithuania
there is quite a lot in common concerning implementation of legal protection
of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances, and land
as a natural resource is the subject of regulation in various branches of
legislation.
The majority of legal norms fall directly on land legislation and legislation
on nature protection. Thus, Lithuania, never separating the general
regulation of land and soil protection (as Georgia did) approached in more
detail the development of the procedure for recultivation of contaminated
land as one of the main points of soil restoration and protection (Leheza et
al., 2020).
In order to improve the current legislation of Ukraine, it is advisable
to take into account the positive experience of neighboring countries on
the example of Georgia. Georgia’s economy suered greatly as a result of
the collapse of the Soviet Union, and armed conicts that took place after
gaining independence in 1991 caused further deterioration of the social and
economic situation in the country.
Thus, the Constitution of Georgia (adopted on 15 October, 2010 and
put into eect on 01 January, 201) establishes in part 3 of Article 37 that
everyone has the right to live in a healthy environment, and the state, taking
into account interests of the present generation and all future generations
shall provide protection of the environment and rational use of natural
110
Vitalii Gursky, Liliya Zaykova, Serhiy Miroshnychenko, Anton Borysenko y Yevgen Volko
Financial and legal protection of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances as a
component of regional environmental policy
resources, sustainable development of the country in order to ensure an
environment that is safe for human health in accordance with the ecological
and economic interests of the society (part. 4 of the Constitution of Georgia)
(Law of Georgia, 1995).
Despite the fact that the Georgian Constitution has settled the issue of
environmental protection in the most modern way, the problem causing
a negative impact on the state of land resources consists in the absence
of a framework law, which would clearly dene categories of land, their
legal status, procedures for transfer of ownership to land, principles of land
use and legal status of documentation in the sphere of rational use and
protection of lands. In the long term, the absence of a Land Code may lead
to increased problems in creating conditions for rational land use (Leheza
et al., 2022).
The greatest concern is caused by problems associated with collection
and treatment of household wastes and industrial wastewater. The energy
crisis that has occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union, alongside
with a signicant increase in electricity taris due to insucient nancing
of the industry, has negatively aected the state of almost all wastewater
treatment facilities in the country: In Tbilisi and Rustavi (two of the three
major cities of Georgia) only 74% of total amount of wastewater is cleaned,
and in Kutaisi (the third largest of these cities) treatment of wastewater is
not carried out, because all installations for cleaning of wastewater are in
unsatisfactory condition.
And, as a result, most of the wastewater treatment plants have been
decommissioned, and wastewater is discharged untreated into open water
bodies. The only settlement in Georgia where wastewater treatment is
carried out is the city of Khashuri (Law of Georgia, 1994). As you can see,
the protection of land from contamination for the Republic of Georgia is a
state problem, since the correct and rational use of all types of soil available
in the republic, including saline, swampy, saline, acidic and waterlogged
ones, is the main reserve for dynamic development of agriculture and
economy in general.
The Law of Georgia “On Protection of soils” adopted on 12 May1994
(Law of Georgia, 1994) denes the following in its Article 2: 1) provision
of a complete soil layer, preservation and improvement of land fertility;
2) denition of both duties and responsibilities of land users and the
state in the sphere of land protection from contamination and creation of
environmentally friendly products; 3) prevention of negative consequences
of the use of means aimed at increasing soil fertility but endangering lands
and soils themselves; 4) establishment of maximum permissible norms and
standards concerning concentrations of dangerous substances in soils.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 40 Nº 75 (2022): 104-113
In contrast to Georgian land legislation, the current land legislation of
Abkhazia provides for existence of a single, codied land law - the Land
Code of the Republic of Abkhazia. Article 91 of the current Land Code of the
Republic of Abkhazia (Leheza et al., 2022) has established that landowners
and land users (including tenants) shall be obliged to protect lands from
water and wind erosion, mudslides, ooding, waterlogging, contamination
with production wastes, chemical and radioactive substances.
And in Article 92 of the Land Code, it is determined that land protection
from being contaminated with hazardous substances shall be carried
out by landowners, including tenants, in accordance with the norms and
requirements established by the aforementioned Code and the legislation
on nature protection.
In connection with the above, we would like to remind that in part 2 of
Article 2 of Art. 93 of this Code it is stipulated that commissioning of objects
and the use of technologies not provided with measures aimed at protection
of lands from degradation or violation shall be prohibited. Provisions of the
Land Code of Abkhazia should be taken into account in the development of
the land legislation of Ukraine as an important novel.
The same applies to part 3 of Article 3 of Art. 93 of the above-mentioned
legal act; according to this part placement of objects that negatively aect the
state of land is allowed to be carried out only in agreement with landowners,
land users, land management service, nature protection authorities and
other interested authorities (Leheza et al., 2022).
Conclusions
It is substantiated that in Ukraine implementation of measures aimed
at protection of lands from being contaminated with hazardous wastes,
as well as the level of preservation of land from being contaminated with
hazardous substances requires improvement of the management system
of these lands, taking into account the experience of foreign countries in
matters of land use and land protection. Of course, land contaminated with
hazardous substances can be used in the economy of Ukraine, which will
undoubtedly aect the investment climate in the region and the country as
a whole.
It is notable that regardless of the economic development in the post-
Soviet Baltic countries, in Georgia sucient attention is paid to land-and-
legal protection of the environment. The land codes of these states contain
sections devoted to land protection, in other cases social relations in this
sphere are regulated only through separate land legal norms. At the same
time, practice of land protection in each country reects the national
112
Vitalii Gursky, Liliya Zaykova, Serhiy Miroshnychenko, Anton Borysenko y Yevgen Volko
Financial and legal protection of land from being contaminated with hazardous substances as a
component of regional environmental policy
experience of law-making as well as principles of international documents
that regulate environmental protection.
When carrying out a comparative analysis of the legislation of the post-
Soviet Baltic countries on protection of land from being contaminated with
hazardous substances with similar land legal norms of the Land Code of
Ukraine (LC of Ukraine), we should note that during the Soviet Union period
the Baltic countries already had signicant advantages over other Soviet
republics in the sphere of nancial economic provision of environmental
protection, primarily in the form of investments in their highly developed
economy, as one of the most eective in the state; and the fact that these
countries are already members of the European community is important
for our dissertation research.
In our opinion, adoption of a single codied act in the sphere of land
legislation is necessary at the legislative level, because its absence has
a negative impact on the use and protection of lands, including their
protection from being contaminated with hazardous substances.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en diciembre de 2022, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.40 Nº 75
