Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
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Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
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M. C
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Vol. 41, Nº 76 (2023), 274-291
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Perspectives of civilizational political
development of world regions in the
context of current challenges and
opportunities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.15
Vìtalina Nikitenko *
Valentyna Voronkova **
Roman Oleksenko ***
Larysa Filoretova ****
Liudmyla Lanoviuk *****
Viktoriia Khvist ******
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects
of civilization in the context of the challenges of modern global
development, to analyze a new model of civilization, within which
the basic problems of civilization and a solution to the consequences of
development proposed by the civilizational process are outlined. The theme
is the development of civilization of the world regions and the formation of
a new strategy of the NATO Alliance. The methodology consists in the use of
the synergetic method, agile methodology, political modeling, forecasting,
which help to see the challenges and opportunities of the global development
of modern civilization in a new way. As a result, a distinction was made
between the concepts of civilization as a sociocultural phenomenon and
culture as a measure of human development, because civilization is a set
of political conditions that determines the development of a person and a
society. The analysis of the problems of civilizational development of the
world regions in the context of challenges and opportunities, the objective
processes of modern development and the formation of a new concept of
civilizational protection of the international society was carried out.
* Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
9588-7836
** Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
0719-1546
*** Dmytro Motornyi Tavria state agrotechnological University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-514X
**** Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State University. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-7177-4933
***** University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
6483-101X
****** National University of Life and Environmental Scienses of Ukraine, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-8938
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Keywords: civilization; global development; civilizational processes;
historical challenges; civilizational model in crisis.
Perspectivas de desarrollo político civilizatorio de
las regiones del mundo en el contexto de los desafíos y
oportunidades actuales
Resumen
El objetivo fue investigar los aspectos teóricos y prácticos de la
civilización en el contexto de los desafíos del desarrollo global moderno,
analizar un nuevo modelo de civilización, dentro del cual se esbozann los
problemas básicos de la civilización y una solución a las consecuencias del
desarrollo que propone el proceso civilizatorio. El tema es el desarrollo
de la civilización de las regiones del mundo y la formación de una nueva
estrategia de la Alianza de la OTAN. La metodología consiste en el uso del
método sinérgico, la metodología ágil, el modelado político, la previsión,
que ayudan a ver los desafíos y oportunidades del desarrollo global de la
civilización moderna de una manera nueva. Como resultado se hizo una
distinción entre los conceptos de civilización como fenómeno sociocultural
y, cultura como medida del desarrollo humano, debido a que la civilización
es un conjunto de condiciones politicas que determina el desarrollo de
una persona y de una sociedad. Se realizó el análisis de los problemas del
desarrollo civilizatorio de las regiones del mundo en el contexto de los
desafíos y oportunidades, los procesos objetivos del desarrollo moderno y
la formación de un nuevo concepto de protección civilizatoria de la sociedad
internacional.
Palabras clave: civilización; desarrollo global; procesos civilizatorios;
desafíos historicos; modelo de civilización en crisis.
Introduction
The relevance of the study of civilization in the context of the challenges
of modern global development is taking place in the environment of
the increasing inuence of global factors on the challenges of modern
civilizational development related to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis,
contradictory global processes, and the new reformatting of the global
world. Even J. Vico in his work “Fundamentals of a new science of the
general nature of nations” (Vico, 1994) tried to explain the objective law
of historical change, to substantiate the idea of the unity of world history,
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challenges and opportunities
to nd the things in common and the things that are repeated in the social
development of dierent peoples and countries.
Throughout the history of the development of the social and
philosophical thought, taking into account the civilizational context, there
were many followers who focused on the description of the known histories
of civilizations, or “cultural-historical types”, which allowed to identify
the patterns of emergence, development, decline and disappearance
of civilizations and cultures. It should be noted that Spengler counted
8 socio-historical groups (Spengler, 1993), Gobineau considered the
Aryans - aristocratic white sub-race (Indo-Europeans) - as the center of
all civilizations, Toynbee focuses on 21 civilizations (Toynbee, 1995), M.
Danilevsky mentions 13 (Danilevsky, 1991).
Civilization environment is a complex and quite broad social, cultural,
economic phenomenon represented in modern philosophical, political
science thought, international economic and political relations. In terms
of the modern geocultural and geopolitical picture of the world, the most
acceptable is the division into 8 civilizational branches, namely 1. North
Atlantic region of the world. 2. the Arab-Islamic region of the world. 3.
Asia-Pacic region of the world. 4. Orthodox-Slavic region of the world. 5.
Hindu-Indian region of the world. 6. Shinto-Japanese civilization. 7. Latin
American civilization. 8. African region. The allocation of these civilizational
branches remains relevant to this day.
For a detailed study of civilization processes, let us analyze the term
“civilization “ in the context of the challenges of modern global development.
The concept of civilization comes from the Latin word “civis” “citizen”.
According to most modern studies, civilization means the next stage of
culture after barbarism, which creates the most important precondition
for culture. Thus, “civilized” and “cultural” are perceived as concepts of
the same order, but civilization and culture are not synonyms (the system
of modern civilization, characteristic of developed countries of Western
Europe, the USA and Japan, is the same, although cultures in all countries
are dierent). In other cases, this term is used to denote a known level of
society development, its material and spiritual culture.
As the basis for the allocation of the form of civilization are taken features
of the region or continent (civilization of the ancient Mediterranean,
European civilization, Eastern civilization, etc.) They to a greater or lesser
extent reect the real characteristics that express the commonality of
cultural and political destinies, historical conditions, but it should be noted
that the geographical approach can not always convey the presence in this
region of dierent historical types, levels of the development of socio-
cultural communities.
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Another meaning is that civilizations are understood as autonomous,
unique cultures that go through known cycles of development. This is how
Danilevsky (1991), Toynbee (1995) and Huntington (1994)use this concept.
They believed that culture is one of the main characteristics of civilization
and even denes civilization. Of course, culture has a great inuence on the
formation of the spiritual world of a person, on art, literature, psychology,
on social life. It should not be denied that there is a reverse inuence of
civilization on the formation of culture and religion. Moreover, it is not
so much culture and religion that shape civilization, but civilization itself
adapts it to its spiritual and material needs, forms an intercivilizational
dialogue (Afanasyeva et al., 2017).
According to Spengler, civilization is a set of technical and mechanical
achievements of a person, culture as a sphere of organic life, which is reduced
to the level of civilization and together with it moves towards its destruction.
In modern Western literature, the idea of material and technical factors
absolutization, the allocation of human civilization according to the level of
technical and economic development is carried out.
Civilization is the degree of the development, which includes the human
transformed nature and means of transformation, a man. It is a commonality
of people characterized by a certain set of values (technologies, skills,
traditions), a system of general prohibitions, similarity (but not equivalence)
of spiritual worlds. The development of civilization is accompanied by the
growth of diversity of organization of life, but civilization has never been
and will never be unied, despite the technological community that unites
humanity.
Civilization emerges due to the special function of technology, which
creates, generates and constructs an adequate regulatory environment in
which it lives and develops. Now it is customary to distinguish between
traditional and technogenic civilizations. Naturally, this division is relative,
but nevertheless it makes sense, because it carries certain information and
can be used as a starting point for research.
Traditional civilizations are usually called those civilizations where
the way of life is oriented by slow changes in the sphere of production,
preservation of cultural traditions, reproduction of social structures and
lifestyles that have often been formed for many centuries - customs, habits,
relationships between people that are sustainable. The modern period of
society development is determined by the progress of technogenic (digital)
civilization, which actively conquered all new social spaces.
This type of civilized development was formed in the European region,
which is called Western civilization. But it is implemented in dierent
versions both in the West and in the East, so the concept of “technogenic
civilization” has been used, since its most important feature is accelerated
scientic and technological progress.
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challenges and opportunities
Technical, and then scientic and technological revolutions make the
technogenic civilization an extremely dynamic society, often causing a
radical change in social relations - forms of human communication - over
the course of several generations. The deep values of technogenic civilization
were formed historically. Their background was the achievements of the
culture of antiquity and the European Middle Ages, which were then
developed during the Reformation and the Enlightenment and determined
the system of value priorities of technogenic culture. Man was understood
as an active being in active relation to the world.
The idea of transforming the world and subjugation of nature by man
was the main one in the culture of technogenic civilization at all stages of
its history, up to our time. Transforming activity is considered here as the
main purpose of a man. An important component in the system of values of
technogenic civilization is a special value of scientic rationality, scientic
and technical view of the world, which creates condence that man is able,
controlling external circumstances, to rationally, scientically arrange
nature and social life.
The object of research includes a set of methods, principles, approaches
to the analysis of civilizational problems of human existence and society,
immersed in a contradictory civilizational society. It is necessary to
draw special attention of scientists, politicians, experts to the analysis of
contradictory global processes related to overcoming the problems of
civilizational development at the level of global reformatting of the world
and the formation of a new strategic concept of the NATO Alliance to
protect international society.
1. Analysis of the Literature Sources
We rely on the classic studies of Danilevsky, Toynbee, Huntington,
who believed that culture is one of the main characteristics of civilization
and even denes civilization. Of course, culture has a great inuence on
the formation of the spiritual world of man, on art, literature, psychology,
social life. It should be noted that O. Spengler counted 8 socio-historical
formations of civilizations (Spengler, 1993), J. Gobineau considered the
Aryans - aristocratic white subrace ( Indo-Europeans) as the center of
all civilizations, A. Toynbee focuses on 21 civilizations (Toynbee, 1995),
M. Danilevsky mentions 13 civilizations (Danilevsky, 1991). The article
by Hussein (2013) analyzes the peculiarities of the philosophy of history
concept of J. Vico regarding the emergence and development of human
societies and institutions.
In the context of modern sources, we analyze the works of modern
representatives of philosophical thought L. Afanasyeva, E. Muzya, K.
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Kolev, R. Oleksenko (2017) to analyze intercultural dialogue in the
context of Ukraine’s unication; the work of V. Voronkova, V. Nikitenko,
R. Andriukaitene to identify the philosophical foundations of geopolitical
reformatting of the world in the context of modern challenges of
globalization.
The research of V. Voronkova, O. Punchchenko, M. Azhazha to identify
the problems of globalization and global governance in the Fourth Industrial
Revolution (INDUSTRY 4.0) played a key role in the analysis of such a
complex problem as civilization. The analysis of the socio-dynamics of the
globalizing world in its civilizational dimension, carried out by Punchenko
et al. (2018), played a fundamental role for us. We should also highlight the
work of Oleksenko (2011) “Policy of Ensuring Ukraine’s Competitiveness
in the World Food Market in the Context of Globalization: Trends and
Prospects”.
Undoubtedly, a great role was played by the analysis of the search for
new forms of personal expression in the era of postmodernism, carried out
by Kyrychenko et al (2021). The interaction of the digital person and society
in the context of the political philosophy is represented by the work of O.
Buhaychuk, V. Nikitenko, V. Voroknova, R. Andriukaitene, M. Malysh.
In general, it was interesting to trace the comparative analysis of
civilization in the context of the challenges of modern global development,
to analyze the new model of civilization, which outlines the basic problems
of civilization and proposes solutions to the consequences of the civilization
process in the works of both classics of philosophical thought and modern
philosophers. The modern period of society development is determined by
the progress of technogenic (digital) civilization, which actively conquered
all new social and cultural spaces.
2. Materials and Methods
Today, many specialists - philosophers, sociologists, historians,
ethnologists, psychologists - are engaged in the problems of civilizations,
their features. The civilizational approach to the challenges of modern
civilizational development is considered as opposed to the formational one.
But there is no clear, generally accepted denition of civilization.
There are many dierent studies, but there is no general picture of the
development of civilizations, as this process is complex and contradictory.
And at the same time, the need to understand the peculiarities of the genesis
of civilizations and the birth of the phenomenon of modern society within
their framework is becoming an increasingly urgent problem in modern
conditions, as today a choice is made between modern and pre-modern
forms of civilization.
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challenges and opportunities
From the point of evolution, the distinction of civilizations plays an
important role in comprehending the enormous amount of information
that the historical process represents, so the historical method or approach
will be the main one.
The profound values of technogenic civilization were formed historically.
Their preconditions were the achievements of the antiquity and European
Middle Ages culture, which were then developed during the Reformation
and the Enlightenment and determined the system of value priorities of
anthropogenic culture.
The humanistic approach allowed to analyze the ideals of progress, when
a person was understood as an active being in an active relationship to the
world. The idea of transforming the world and subordination of nature by
man was the main one in the culture of technogenic civilization at all stages
of its history, up to our time.
Transformative activity is considered here as the main purpose of a
man (Rybalchenko et al., 2021). Moreover, the activity-based ideal of man’s
relationship to nature extends to the sphere of social relations. The ideals
of technogenic civilization are the ability of an individual to join all kinds of
social communities and corporations.
Classication of civilizations is only a certain perspective in which the
history of human development is being studied. Today, the problems and
prospects of modern civilization acquire a special signicance, as a result of
the contradictions and problems of the global order, which are becoming
increasingly acute and a new reformatting of the world.
Therefore, the methods and approaches that will help to reveal this
contradictory state of civilization are the cross-cultural method, which
helps to compare civilizations, highlight their dierences, highlight the
things that unite civilizational branches, and highlight the unconditional
priority of universal interests and values (Kyrychenko et al., 2021).
In order to conduct a comprehensive study of civilization in the context
of the challenges of modern global development, it is necessary to form
a new model of civilization, based on the anthropological method, which
opens a new approach to understanding civilization, an anthropological
view of the existing space of society and man in the conditions of the “new
reality”, and to identify its crisis factors.
Also an important approach is the existential one, aimed at identifying
the human being existence in certain coordinates of civilization, which
allows to analyze the existentials of living in conditions of crisis and
uncertainty.
An important role was played by the synergetic method (analysis of
entropy, bifurcation points, choice of attractors), the Agile method as a
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method of exibility and adaptation of certain countries and regions to
the environment, the method of nonlinearity, in the context of taking into
account a new model of civilization, which overcomes deviations from
equilibrium, openness, homeostaticity and adjusts to self-stabilization,
self-regulation, self-management.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characteristics of civilization branches of the world and the
problem eld of their existence
1.1. Asia-Pacic civilization is a large, traditionally sustainable and
rapidly developing part of the world. China can be considered a state that
leads almost all processes in the region. The population of China is very
large and has already exceeded one billion. As for the geopolitical plans of
China itself, the goal is to create a “Great China”, that is, to further expand
its inuence and capabilities at the level of economy, politics, culture.
The implementation of integration processes is carried out through
various structures and methods of general diplomacy, but the small number
of regional organizations does not allow to become an equal partner for
Western regional cooperation. The ideological justication of Chinese
statehood, which is based on communist ideas, diversied by Confucian
philosophy, praising the hierarchy, makes other countries in the Asia-
Pacic region perceive China as an imperial country and express either
positive or neutral assessment towards it.
As for China’s plans for the nearest future, it is the creation of a new
geopolitical and geocultural space of its own, which should be implemented
through the following points of the state’s development program: alliance
with some underdeveloped in the economic and geocultural context states
to create an anti-hegemonic alliance to jointly overcome extreme poverty;
growth of integration processes in the region and the possibility of using the
Siberian natural complex.
The countries of the Asia-Pacic region are inuenced not only by Japan
and its ally the United States, which even have their military base there, but
also by India and its neighbours. This pressure on the Asia-Pacic region
is characterized by both social, cultural and economic orientation. The
“cornerstone” of the region is the Korean problem.
It creates the most signicant contradictions and conicts in the region
and is the largest geopolitical source of hostility. In addition to the Korean
issue, there is also the Indonesian instability, as religious and national
contradictions occupy a leading position in foreign policy. China plays
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challenges and opportunities
the role of a catalyst in the issues of ethnicity, religion and culture, being
a nation-state that cares about ensuring Ukraine’s competitiveness in the
world market in the context of globalization (Oleksenko, 2011).
1.2. A special geocultural and geopolitical zone is the Hindu-Indian
civilization, which includes India, Indochina and a number of island states.
This zone is special because in geopolitical language it is called “Rimland”.
This civilization sphere is a coastal zone that equally receives impulses from
the Land and the Sea. This zone is quite dynamic in terms of its development,
as it is a border zone. The undisputed leader of the region is India. The
country has its own religion, which it spreads to neighboring countries.
Leadership in terms of economic, socio-cultural, political, geographical
and religious assessments makes the country quite attractive not only in
material but also in spiritual (religious and cultural) terms.
Recently, India has been considered even as an alternative to China.
Of course, the ocial Beijing understands this and pursues the tactics of
close cooperation with Pakistan, which has territorial conicts with India
(meaning the unresolved issue of the provinces of Jammu and Kashmir).
In this case, from the point of view of geoculture, a civilizational
conict is manifested according to (Huntington, 1994: 40): “The clash of
civilizations will become a dominant factor in world politics. The dividing
lines between civilizations are also the lines of future fronts” (i.e., Beijing
- Delhi - Islamabad relations). In this region, there is not only conict
(Pakistan - India, China - India), but also organized strategic cooperation
against India (Pakistan - China). Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Nepal have a
special geo-cultural signicance. Both countries are resort areas of a fairly
high level, which are attractive to tourists.
In addition, Sri Lanka is one of the largest suppliers of tea in the world,
and Nepal, tightly compressed by India and China, has created its own,
rather mystical religion and culture and carries an important historical
mission (Nikitenko et al., 2021).
1.3. The Arab-Islamic region of the world is perhaps the most complex
and controversial geopolitical eld. From the point of view of geopolitical
science, the Arab-Islamic civilization zone is a predominantly tellurocratic
region. The constant stress in the region and the spread of the conict is a
direct consequence of the presence of numerous players in the territory,
which have quite inuential geopolitical power and signicance.
The possibility of creating a single geopolitical eld is rejected due to
numerous religious and ethnic contradictions, which is quite benecial for
other civilizational branches. Other geopolitical entities use this political
fragmentation and geocultural enmity within the region for constant
expansion in the region. The African complexity of international relations,
caused by constant disputes between tribes, forces the Arab countries of
North Africa to participate in conicts.
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In the region there is a noticeable tendency to Islamocentric integration,
which is born from the ideas of pan-Islamism. Islamocentric integration is
the basis for many political parties and virtually all military formations in
the region. It is believed that there are four centers of geopolitical gravity
in the region, namely the inuence of Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia.
Although Turkey does not belong to the Arab-Islamic region, its inuence
on the countries of this civilization branch is great.
The fact is that Turkey builds its expansion on the basis of the ideas of
Pan-Turkism - a close ethnic relationship with the Turkic peoples living in
the territories that are areas of interest of other civilizations, for example
- Orthodox (meaning the territories of Azerbaijanis, Gagauz and Crimean
Tatars).
That is, we are talking about the fact that the zone of Turkey’s interests
is also the zone of interests of many other countries, as well as the countries
of the Arab-Islamic region. As for Egypt, the leading role here is played by a
fairly favorable geopolitical position on both sides of the Suez Canal, which
explains the rapid development of the country’s economy. This prospect is
very benecial for European countries.
It is important to note the fact that the country is in the process of
integration with Syria and Lebanon, and as a result, Egypt will become the
center of gravity of the Arab world. The rapid development of Islamocentrism
began with the liberation of the region from pro-Western and socialist
forces. It was Iran that led the Islamocentric processes. The ocial religion
of Saudi Arabia is Wahhabism, which represents orthodox Islam. It was the
export of Wahhabism that determined the zone of inuence of this state. The
Arab-Islamic region is rich in natural resources, which makes it attractive
for military invasion and conquest by other countries and civilizations.
Geopolitically benecial decisions for the region are made by interstate
structures. The ethno-cultural potential of the Middle East countries is
a guarantee of avoiding demographic problems that are now becoming
more acute in the countries of the South. Migration of the population of
the Arab-Islamic region to other countries allows to introduce the Muslim
element into the cultural eld almost without assimilating it. This is the
basic argument for the spread of expansion processes in the countries of
Africa, located to the South of Algeria and Sudan, which are not Muslim.
1.4. European civilization today aims at integration due to the division
of the region into two parts during the so-called Cold War. Europe is
much weaker than the USA also in terms of weapons, so consolidation and
unication into the European Union is a priority for European countries.
The leading role in the European Union is played by the Franco-German
core, which has many contradictions inside.
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Vìtalina Nikitenko, Valentyna Voronkova, Roman Oleksenko, Larysa Filoretova, Liudmyla
Lanoviuk y Viktoriia Khvist
Perspectives of civilizational political development of world regions in the context of current
challenges and opportunities
The areas of geopolitical interests of the countries of the European Union
do not coincide, so the integration processes are signicantly delayed.
At the moment there are unied state authorities, but there are serious
problems with the adoption of a single concept of the constitution of the
EU countries. There is also a need for a new defence strategy that would be
independent of the US and NATO. France and Germany claim leadership in
the European integration process.
1.5 Latin America is one of the largest regions of the world. More than a
hundred dierent peoples and tribes live on its territory, and a large share
is occupied by the population emerging from mixed marriages. The lands of
the Latin American region have always been attractive to colonial invaders:
the British, Spanish and Portuguese.
The complex ethnic and national landscape contributes to the
development of a large number of cultures and religions, and the
peculiarities of interaction at the supranational level allow us to talk about
the complexity of regional integration. S. Huntington called the Latin
American region of potential civilizations, which can become civilizations
only if a number of social and cultural trends are observed.
But already now we can talk about a complex multi-vector phenomenon
called Latin centrism, which is caused by the growth of Latin American
regional identity, the rejection of the model of Western culture, the growth
of trade relations. In terms of geopolitical science, most Latin American
countries have continental orientation. Another economic resource that
is very attractive for developed countries is the cheap labor force of poor
areas of the region. The situation in the region is complicated by the fact
that some countries are in the process of national liberation and separatist
movements, which hinders stability in the area (Voronkova et al., 2020).
1.6. The undisputed leader of the Shinto-Japanese geocultural region is
Japan. The islands are located in an area where earthquakes and typhoons
often occur, and so the inhabitants of the islands are accustomed to be
constantly on guard due to climatic features. Despite the natural elements,
the Shinto-Japanese culture has always reected the desire to harmonize
the relationship between Man and Nature through the ability to see the
beauty of the world around.
Shinto-Japanese civilization is a unique original phenomenon not only
in the context of world culture, but also among other Eastern cultures. It
dates back to the 10-11th centuries. A characteristic geo-cultural feature was
the fact that Japan was practically isolated from the rest of the world and
was inaccessible to foreigners during the 17-19 centuries (except Holland
and China).
Japan itself, the leader of the region, is located on the islands of the
Pacic Ocean. Despite the natural elements, Japanese culture has always
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reected the desire to harmonize the relationship between Man and Nature
through the ability to see the beauty of the world around. Shinto-Japanese
civilization was formed as a result of complex and dierent in time ethnic
contacts. Shinto-Japanese culture, unlike Indian or Chinese culture, was
just emerging at the turn of the Middle Ages, so it is characterized by
increased dynamism and special sensitivity to the perception of foreign
inuence. Shinto-Japanese civilization has the richest culture and history.
Its unique architecture, painting, literature and other arts have signicantly
inuenced the world geoculture, geopolitics, digital man and society
(Buhaychuk et al., 2021).
Many exclusively Japanese traditions and customs are gradually
“capturing” other countries of the world; the spread of “Japanese
minimalism” design; the ever-increasing number of Japanese restaurants,
the takeover of world show business by Japanese directors, the emergence
of more and more Japanese literature and other geocultural expansion,
which clearly demonstrates the widespread achievements of Shinto-
Japanese civilization.
One of the geocultural features of the Shinto-Japanese culture should
be considered that it has not lost its originality under the inuence of other
civilizations. The Shinto-Japanese culture received signicant geocultural
inuence due to its geographical location, natural conditions, proximity to
China and India, which brought Buddhism, Confucianism and writing to
Japan.
1.7. The African region is divided into parts according to the geographical
factor. North Africa is a geocultural sub-region with countries of rather
large size, the largest of which are Sudan and Algeria. The Mediterranean
zone with a special climate, extremely comfortable for human existence is
the extreme north of the continent, which is a narrow strip along the coast
with amazing ora and fauna.
The Canaries, Madeira, Ethiopia and Eritrea are also sometimes referred
to as the North African geopolitical bloc. But the majority of the territory
is the uninhabited Sahara, which is a “geopolitical desert” whose only
inhabitants are Tuaregs and Berbers. Other ancient cultures existed further
south, in Sudan and Ethiopia. In the context of geo-cultural topics, it is
worth mentioning that Ethiopia became one of the rst Christian countries
on earth in the IV century A.D.
The beginning of the twentieth century turned North Africa into
European colonies and protectorates. France, Great Britain, Spain and
Italy took possession of the North African country rich in raw materials
and cheap labor, bringing their culture. It should be noted that Africa was
probably the cradle of mankind according to some archaeological nds, the
age of which is determined as more than two million years.
286
Vìtalina Nikitenko, Valentyna Voronkova, Roman Oleksenko, Larysa Filoretova, Liudmyla
Lanoviuk y Viktoriia Khvist
Perspectives of civilizational political development of world regions in the context of current
challenges and opportunities
1.8. Orthodox Slavic civilization is one of the most challenged today
by the Russian-Ukrainian war, an invasion that began in the morning of
24 February when Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a “special
military operation “to “demilitarize “and “denazify “Ukraine. In his address,
Putin espoused irredentist views, disputed Ukraine’s right to statehood,
and falsely claimed that Ukraine was run by neo-Nazis persecuting the
ethnic Russian minority.
Within minutes, rockets, missiles and airstrikes struck across Ukraine,
including the capital Kyiv, followed by a major ground invasion from multiple
directions. President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy imposed martial law
and general mobilization. Russian attacks were initially launched on the
northern front from Belarus towards Kyiv, the northeastern front towards
Kharkiv, the southern front from Crimea and the southeastern front from
Luhansk and Donetsk.
Russia’s advance towards Kyiv halted in March, and by April Russian
troops had retreated from the northern front. On the southern and
southeastern fronts, after a blockade, Russia captured Kherson in March
and then Mariupol in May. On April 19, Russia resumed its attack on
Donbas, with Luhansk region fully captured by July 3. Russian forces
continued to bomb both military and civilian targets far from the front line.
In August, Ukrainian forces launched a counterattack in the south
and in September in the northeast, successfully recapturing most of the
Kharkiv region. Soon after, Russia announced the illegal annexation of four
partially occupied Ukrainian regions. In a southern counterattack, Ukraine
retook the city of Kherson in November. The invasion drew widespread
international opposition. The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution
condemning the invasion and demanding the full withdrawal of Russian
troops. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend
military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia.
Many countries have imposed sanctions on Russia as well as its ally
Belarus, aecting the Russian and global economy, and have provided
Ukraine with humanitarian and military aid totaling over $80 billion from
40 countries as of August 2022. More than 1000 companies withdrew from
Russia and Belarus in response to the invasion. The International Criminal
Court has opened an investigation into crimes against humanity in Ukraine
since 2013, including war crimes during the 2022 invasion.
3.2. New strategic concept of international society as a factor of
civilizational development
The new concept of civilization 2022 is a creative and interdisciplinary
concept that combines the European Green Deal with living space and
experience, mind and soul. Beautiful are those places, practices and
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experiences that enrich, inspire art and culture, respond to needs beyond
functionality. Sustainable, in harmony with nature, the environment and
our planet, inclusive development encourages dialogue across cultures,
disciplines, gender and age.
This part of the concept is also available in English on the website of
the Geopolitical Studies Group. Today, it is the missiles falling on Kyiv,
the massacre over Bucha, the bloody shelling of a maternity hospital in
Mariupol, the use of war as a political tool, in short, that has transformed
Euro-Atlantic security in the most profound way, making it the keynote of
the work that will be dedicated to the meeting of the Alliance’s Heads of
State and Government.
For Spain, the Summit, which opens in Madrid on 29 and 30 June, is
an important milestone in our membership of NATO, as it coincides with
40th anniversary of membership. Forty years during which Spain has been
a loyal and committed Ally, for which membership in the Alliance has been
the driving force behind the material modernisation and doctrinal changes
of our armed forces, based on interoperability and the joint deployment of
resources and capabilities with Spain, being one of the main contributors to
Alliance missions and operations.
Today, the use of war as a political tool has profoundly changed Euro-
Atlantic security and has made it the central theme of the work that will
occupy the next meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the
Alliance. From this point of view, the concept should achieve four main
objectives: 1) to develop a rm response to the Russian threat; 2) to respond
to threats emanating from the southern ank; 3) to demonstrate unequivocal
support for the accession of Finland and Sweden; 5) to create an image of
unity and cohesion among the Allies in the context of the current challenges
of globalization (Voronkova and Punchenko, 2021).
This should be reected in the new strategic concept to be adopted
by the Alliance. Among the issues that the Alliance will need to address
is the denition of a deterrence and defence posture, which has gained
prominence, with a focus on the eastern ank. This was an important issue
before 24 February, given the aggressive posture of the Russian Federation
following the invasion of Crimea and the conict in Donbas in 2014, but
observations on the ground that the Russian threat has become a reality
clearly make it necessary to increase deployments to secure NATO’s borders.
For more than 70 years, the Alliance has worked on various options to
deter the threat on this ank. It is therefore part of its DNA and the Alliance
has the concept and the capabilities to adapt accordingly.
From Spain, NATO Allies have also demonstrated their commitment to
contribute to the Alliance’s deterrence in the East, to whose security Allies
are now contributing through two main missions: the Baltic Air Policing
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Vìtalina Nikitenko, Valentyna Voronkova, Roman Oleksenko, Larysa Filoretova, Liudmyla
Lanoviuk y Viktoriia Khvist
Perspectives of civilizational political development of world regions in the context of current
challenges and opportunities
with the deployment of eight F-18s in the Baltic Air Policing operation, and
the Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Latvia, where more than 500
troops, in addition to armoured vehicles and battle tanks, are currently
deployed. This is a clear demonstration of the concept of European security
as an indivisible whole, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea. It is the
unambiguous idea of European security that requires attention to threats
on other fronts, especially on the southern ank.
The undisputed priority of the eastern ank is and must be compatible
with the Alliance’s need to maintain a “360-degree approach” to
counter threats. Today, the Mediterranean and the Sahel are facing a
multidimensional crisis that directly aects the security of the continent.
NATO Allies perceive European security as an indivisible whole, from the
Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean.
The regions are becoming the epicentre of jihadist terrorist activity,
fuelled by the humanitarian crisis, exacerbated by the food crisis due
to problems with grain supplies to Ukraine and rising prices for basic
foodstus. Together with the deterioration of the political situation and
democratic standards in the Sahel, as well as the growing Russian presence
in the region, governments are being forced to strengthen their commitment
to stability and prosperity on their southern ank.
The southern dimension is also particularly susceptible to the use
of migration and energy as a means of leverage, a phenomenon similar
to that already seen on the eastern ank. NATO is therefore paying
particular attention to its ability to respond to hybrid threats, including by
strengthening cyber security.
Conclusions
The issues that concern NATO today clearly show that their relevance
goes beyond the usual meeting of the Alliance’s Heads of State and
Government. Civilization has a responsibility to its citizens and partners not
only to defend the Euro-Atlantic space, but also to model an international
society based on rules that must resist actors, state or not, who use violence
to achieve their goals.
At this critical moment in the Alliance’s history, the responsibility to
live up to the commitments of the Washington Treaty in the service of a
democratic and secure future encourages nations, as the heart of civilisation,
to further strengthen the unity that has made NATO the most successful
military alliance in history. NATO is there for deterrence, defence and crisis
management. The Alliance must be able to eectively transfer its support
to partners who need it, and to enable partners to contribute to NATO’s
security.
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The international impact of the challenge posed by Russia’s attack on
NATO’s most important partner in the Alliance’s eastern neighbourhood
also raises questions about the future of NATO’s partnerships in the new
security context. In the immediate neighbourhood, support for partners
such as Georgia, Moldova or Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Alliance’s
Open-Door policy are tools to help structure the future of the relationship.
On the southern ank, frameworks such as the Mediterranean Dialogue,
which is particularly important for Spain, or the Istanbul Cooperation
Initiative should be reinvigorated. This should be reected in NATO’s
Strategic Concept. The Concept describes the purpose and nature of the
organization, its core security and defence tasks, and the challenges and
opportunities it faces. It also denes the elements of the Alliance’s approach
to security and provides guidance for its political and military adaptation.
Its development generates one of the most important debates that can
take place in the Alliance, to which an important component of strategic
communication and deterrence is added, as strategic concepts are made
public once they are adopted. Adding to this debate on the Strategic Concept
is the issue of NATO enlargement. The Strategic Concept is the document
that denes the Alliance’s strategy.
It explains what NATO is and why it is needed, identies its core security
tasks, and describes the challenges and opportunities it faces in a changing
security environment. It denes the Alliance’s approach to security and
provides guidance for its political and military adaptation. The Strategic
Concept provides the Alliance with the means to respond to today’s
security threats and challenges and guides its future political and military
development so that it is prepared to meet the threats and challenges of
tomorrow.
The Strategic Concept has been updated several times to reect changes
in the global security environment and to ensure that NATO can continue
to full its core mission and deliver on its core tasks. The Alliance is thus
part of a process of continuous adaptation and evolution.
The Strategic Concept 2022 conrms that NATO’s raison d’être is to
ensure the collective defence of its Allies through a comprehensive approach,
and it identies three fundamental tasks for the Organization: deterrence
and defence, crisis prevention and management, and cooperative security.
Over the years, the Alliance and the world as a whole have undergone an
evolution that NATO’s founders could hardly have imagined; an evolution
that NATO has taken into account in each of the strategic documents it has
produced to defend international society.
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Vìtalina Nikitenko, Valentyna Voronkova, Roman Oleksenko, Larysa Filoretova, Liudmyla
Lanoviuk y Viktoriia Khvist
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challenges and opportunities
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.41 Nº 76
