Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
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Vol. 41, Nº 76 (2023), 311-335
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Institutional systems of public
administration of personal security
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.17
Bohdan Tsymbal *
Serhii Kuzmenko **
Ilgar Huseynov ***
Kateryna Dobkina ****
Abstract
The issue of ensuring personal security has always been the
focus of researchers around the world in the face of continuous
manifestations of crises. That is why the aim of this article was to
clarify the constituent elements of institutional systems of public
administration of personal security, to dene the methods and
tools of public administration, as well as their main orientations.
The research involved the following scientic methods: analysis
and synthesis, economic and statistical analysis, classication
methods, correlation analysis. As a result of the research, the main strategies
and tools of public administration of personal safety were established. The
process of institutionalization of sustainable development and its role
in ensuring personal safety was delineated. The extent to which Ukraine
has achieved each of the seventeen sustainable development goals was
determined, as well as the number of tasks and measures introduced by the
government to achieve each of the goals. The conclusions highlight the need
to emphasize, in terms of public policy, the problem of personal security
and to separate it from other types of security.
Keywords: institutional system; personal security; public administration;
sustainable development; cybersecurity.
* PhD of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Labor Protection and Technogenic and
Environmental Safety, Faculty of Technogenic and Environmental Safety, National University of Civil
Defence of Ukraine, 61023, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3428
** Doctor of Public Administration Sciences, PhD in Law, Professor, Department of Civil, Labor Law and
Social Security Law, Faculty No. 4, Donetsk State University of Internal Aairs, 25000, Kropyvnytskyi,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5325-9433
*** PhD in Law, Research Ocer, Scientic Institute of Public Law, 03035, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-2127
**** Doctor of Law Sciences, Dean of the Faculty, Faculty of Law, Institute of Management, Technology and
Law, State University of Infrastructure and Technologies, 02000, Kyiv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://
orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-8871
312
Bohdan Tsymbal, Serhii Kuzmenko, Ilgar Huseynov y Kateryna Dobkina
Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
Sistemas Institucionales de Administración Pública de
Seguridad Personal
Resumen
El tema de garantizar la seguridad personal siempre ha sido el foco de
los investigadores de todo el mundo ante las continuas manifestaciones
de crisis. Es por ello que el objetivo de este artículo fue esclarecer los
elementos constitutivos de los sistemas institucionales de administración
pública de seguridad personal, denir los métodos y herramientas de
la administración pública, así como sus principales orientaciones. La
investigación involucró los siguientes métodos cientícos: análisis y
síntesis, análisis económico y estadístico, métodos de clasicación, análisis
de correlación. Como resultado de la investigación se establecieron las
principales estrategias y herramientas de la administración pública de
la seguridad personal. Se delineó el proceso de institucionalización del
desarrollo sostenible y su papel en la garantía de la seguridad personal. Se
determinó hasta qué punto Ucrania ha logrado cada uno de los diecisiete
objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, así como la cantidad de tareas y medidas
introducidas por el gobierno para lograr cada uno de los objetivos. En las
conclusiones se destaca la necesidad de enfatizar, en términos de políticas
públicas, en el problema de la seguridad personal y de separarlo de otros
tipos de seguridad.
Palabras clave: sistema institucional; seguridad personal;
administración pública; desarrollo sostenible;
ciberseguridad.
Introduction
The people’s life has always been accompanied by numerous risks and
dangers. Certain risks had dierent degrees of manifestation at each stage
of human development, but the picture of the world underwent particularly
signicant changes with the advent of scientic and technical progress and
the deepening of globalization processes.
On the one hand, such processes as the digital transformation of the
economy (Popelo et al., 2021; Małkowska et al.,2021; Nambisan et al., 2019),
penetration of innovative technologies into all spheres of life (Teece, 2018;
Fukuda, 2020), internationalization, exchange of experience and values
between representatives of dierent peoples (Jones et al., 2021; Eduardsen
and Marinova, 2020), the transition of countries to the sustainable
development principles (Dantas et al., 2021; Polasky et al., 2019; Biermann
et al., 2022), provide an opportunity to reduce existing risks. Innovations
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in medicine make the lives of people with disabilities more comfortable,
to overcome diseases, the treatment of which was previously ineective
(Valdez et al., 2021; Pesapane et al., 2018; Dzobo et al., 2018).
Distance education provides the opportunity to study from home
(Sadeghi, 2019), various tracking systems help to track the location of
people, goods, transport (Hao et al., 2018; Brunetti et al., 2018), video
surveillance systems contribute to guaranteeing the safety of housing
and work space (Chen et al., 2019), cashless settlements increase the
safety and transparency of transferring and receiving money (Kang, 2018;
Pazarbasioglu et al., 2020). These and other advantages of the era of
globalization are essential and valuable achievements of mankind.
However, the modern environment is characterized by numerous risks,
often associated with globalization processes. The main ones include the
exacerbation of military conicts, epidemics, natural disasters, terrorism,
crime, environmental degradation and climate change, man-made
accidents, etc. All these factors reduce the level of security of both society
as a whole and each individual, which is also dened as “personal security”.
Personal security is a state in which the vital interests of an individual are
protected in all spheres of life (Zelenyy, 2020).
Tsymbal (2021) provide the most widespread classications of the
types of personal protection in the context of their compliance with vital
interests of people. The rst classication includes the following types of
personal security: vital, physiophysiological, mental, genetic, reproductive,
intellectual. The second classication includes the following types:
economic, informational, medical, legal.
The issues of personal protection are especially relevant in view of
such global-scale events as the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (Babore et
al., 2020), the military encroachment of the Russian Federation upon
the sovereign territory of Ukraine in 2022 (Borin et al., 2022), as well
as aggravation of other conicts in the world. In this time, guaranteeing
personal security largely depends on the sustainable institutional system
that is able to ensure the exercise of human rights and freedoms even in the
crisis environment.
Tsymbal (2021) focuses on institutional processes as a personal security
interpretation parameter. He distinguishes the regulatory, organizational
and self-organizational elements of the institutional environment as the
main ones. These elements are closely related and interact with each other.
The organizational structure of the institutional environment is
represented by public authorities that exercise legislative control over the
security, exercise managerial inuence, and ensure law and order. In turn,
self-organization of civil society results in the formation of certain values,
and the need to protect them leads to the establishment of the relevant
institutions.
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Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
The personal values may include: legal order in the country, equality
before the law, sustainable development of the economy, culture and
spirituality, preservation of the national traditions during the integration
into the world community, a sense of protection by the strong state. In the
other study, the researcher with his co-authors details the composition of
the instruments of public administration of personal security, which include
a number of state strategies (Tsymbal and Kryukov, 2021).
Besides, in a separate study the researcher distinguishes the following
systems of guaranteeing social security: the system of education, science and
culture, healthcare system, the system of physical culture, sports, tourism,
youth, social insurance system and dierent types of social security, in
particular, pension system, crime control system, social protection system,
etc. (Tsymbal, 2022).
The foregoing is the ground for determining the aim of the research,
which is to clarify the components and subsystems of the institutional
systems of public administration of personal security, determining the
methods and instruments of public administration, as well as its main
directions.
The aim involved the following objectives:
• study the strategies ad instruments of public administration of
personal security;
• outline the stages of institutionalization of sustainable development
and its role in ensuring personal security;
• determine the extent of achieving sustainable development goals
and innovations in the context of institutional support for personal
security;
• identify the cyber security level and its signicance for guaranteeing
personal security.
1. Literature review
Most researchers do not consider personal security separately, mostly
focusing on national security issues. Personal security is often considered
in the context of social security. Tsymbal (2022) denes social security
as a state in which vital interests of an individual, social group or social
community are protected against any threats that may violate it.
The social security objects include an individual, social group and social
community.
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Figure 1. Social security objects (prepared by the authors based on Tsymbal
(2022).
Zelenyy (2020) identies the main barriers to building secure social
system, which aims at guaranteeing personal security. Such barriers may
include: lack of transparency of government’s actions, violation of rights
and freedoms of people, the actions of certain political gures, inadequate
development of humanitarian technologies. The researcher also focuses on
the problem of ensuring cybersecurity.
Tsymbal (2022) also outlines the main threats in the social sector, which
include: a small proportion of well-provided citizens and the majority of
poor people in the society; growing proportion of people living below the
poverty line; unemployment; aggravation of health, reduced life span and
birth rates; degradation of moral and creative potential of people, etc.
The researchers often consider certain directions of guaranteeing
personal security. The research into the informational security and cyber
security has been urged in view of the penetration of digital technologies into
all spheres of human life. Sarker et al. (2020) distinguishes the following
incidents that often occur in the eld of cyber security because of increased
dependence of digitalization and the Internet of Things: unauthorized
access to the information, malware attacks, zero-day attack, data leakage, a
denial-of-service attack, phishing, etc.
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Bohdan Tsymbal, Serhii Kuzmenko, Ilgar Huseynov y Kateryna Dobkina
Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
Lezzi et al. (2018) and Corallo et al. (2020) outline the issue of cyber
security in the context of implementation of Industry 4.0 and mostly focus
on business security. However, this eld is also closely related to personal
security, as cyberattacks against the organization have a direct impact on its
founders and employees, while the costs of business related to the elimination
of harm caused by the cyberattacks adversely aect the employees’ salary
and well-being. Lezzi et al. (2018) provide a comprehensive denition of
cyber security – this is a protection of IT equipment, software and data
stored in the systems against data theft or damage.
Some studies describe the new direction in guaranteeing cyber security
– social cybersecurity. Carley (2020) notes that the emergence of new
direction is related to the growing number of cybercrimes on dierent
online platforms, where people spread information about themselves and
can view/collect information about other people. Social cyber security
crimes involve getting some benets in bad faith not only for individuals,
but also for their groups.
In many studies, personal security is considered in the context of
sustainable development goals. In fact, all sustainable development goals
are aimed at guaranteeing personal security of individuals as representatives
of modern generation and their descendants. Therefore, personal security
in a particular country directly depends on achieving each particular
sustainable development goals.
Sustainable development are aimed at ensuring dierent security
directions. Gil et al. (2019) and Tanumihardjo et al. (2020) consider the
problems of guaranteeing food security, Sachs et al. (2019) emphasize the
importance of green investment in guaranteeing energy security, Osaulenko
et al. (2020) and Gryshova et al. (2020) outline the issue of guaranteeing
economic security, Simpson and Jewitt (2019) focus on resource security,
while Kharazishvili et al. (2020) study social security aspects. All the above-
mentioned studies cover the problems of dierent types of security in the
context of sustainable development concept. Guaranteeing those types of
security is a prerequisite for achieving the proper level of personal security.
The literature review established that such concepts as national
security, social security and other types of security are widely covered in
the existing literature. The coverage of guaranteeing personal security is
extremely incomplete, fragmented, it is mostly considered as a component
of other types of security. In the author’s opinion, the high individualism
of the modern society in most countries determines views on the necessary
aspects of security. Therefore, personal security should be considered
not only in the context of preserving the values of society, but also as an
opportunity for each individual to preserve his/her own values.
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2. Methods and materials
2.1. Research procedure
The research includes several mutually coordinated stages determined
by its complex nature. The rst stage of the study involved determining
the main strategies and tools of public administration of personal security.
The main legislative strategies and acts related to ensuring security in the
elds of education, science, health care, preservation and restoration of the
environment, defence, employment, etc. were considered.
The process of institutionalization of sustainable development and its
role in ensuring personal security are outlined by indicating the main stages
of institutionalization at the world, national, regional and micro levels.
The second stage determines the extent of achievement of the sustainable
development and innovation goals in the context of institutional support
for personal security. The extent to which Ukraine has achieved each of
the seventeen sustainable development goals is determined, as well as the
number of tasks and measures introduced by the government to achieve
each of the goals. A correlation analysis was conducted between the extent of
achievement of sustainable development goals and the number of measures
and tasks implemented in relation to each of them.
Besides, the aspects of innovative development of Ukraine, its place
among the countries of the world in terms of the level of innovation are
determined. The highest indicators related to innovative development in
Ukraine, and those requiring close attention in order to improve them were
determined.
The third stage dealt with Ukraine’ cyber security ranking. The directions
that require strengthening the government’s cyber security policy were
determined. The importance of guaranteeing cyber security in increasing
personal security is revealed.
2.2. Information background
Academic periodicals of Ukraine and other countries, as well as
government strategies and legislative acts of Ukraine were used as the
information background of the research, in particular:
• On the Decision of the National Security and Defence Council of
Ukraine of 25 March 2021 “On the Military Security Strategy of
Ukraine” No. 121/2021 of 25 March 2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 14 May 2021 “On the
Human Development Strategy” No. 225 of 2 June 2021.
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Bohdan Tsymbal, Serhii Kuzmenko, Ilgar Huseynov y Kateryna Dobkina
Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the
National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 16 July 2021
“On Stimulating the Exploration, Extraction and concentration
of Minerals that are of Strategic Importance for the Sustainable
Development of the economy and the State’s Defence Capability”
No. 306/2021 of July 23, 2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 18 June 2021 “On
the Development Strategy of the Defence Industry Enterprises of
Ukraine” No. 372/2021 of August 20, 2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 11 August 2021 “On the
Economic Security Strategy of Ukraine 2025” No. 347/2021 of 11
August 2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 14 May 2021 “On the
Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine” No. 447/2021 of 26 August
2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 30 July 2021 “On the
Strategy of Ukraine’s Foreign Policy” No. 448/2021 of 26 August
2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the National Strategy for
Promoting Civil Society Development in Ukraine for 2021-2026”
No. 487/2021 of 27 September 2021.
• Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Decision of the National
Security and Defence Council of Ukraine of 15 October 2021 “On
the Biosecurity and Biological Defence Strategy” No. 668/2021 of 17
December 2021, etc. Tsymbal and Kryukov (2021).
• The research is also based on information that is publicly available
on the ocial websites of WIPO and the National Cyber Security
Index. Besides, data from ocial reports were used: Sustainable
Development Report, 2021 and Sustainable Development Goals of
Ukraine, 2021.
2.3. Research methods
The research involved the following well-known scientic methods:
• analysis and synthesis for the study of the legislative framework of
Ukraine regarding the provision of personal security;
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• economic and statistical analysis to determine Ukraine’s
achievement of each of the sustainable development goals;
• ranking methods to determine the place of Ukraine in the world
rankings, such as the Global Innovation Index and the National
Cyber Security Index;
• correlation analysis to determine the relationship between the
achievement of the sustainable development goals and the number
of implemented measures and fullled tasks.
3. Results
3.1. Strategies and tools of public administration of personal
security. Institutionalization of sustainable development and its
role in guaranteeing personal security
At the institutional level, the administration of personal security is
carried out by government bodies through the legally established strategies
as the primary tools. Figure 2 shows the main strategies related to personal
security. As Figure 2 shows, these strategies touch upon almost all the
main aspects of both national security and personal security: the country’s
defence capability, education, science, health care, social protection, digital
development, environmental protection, economic growth, as well as
sustainable development issues.
Figure 2. The main government strategies for guaranteeing personal security.
Source: Tsymbal and Kryukov (2021)
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Bohdan Tsymbal, Serhii Kuzmenko, Ilgar Huseynov y Kateryna Dobkina
Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
There are 20 Ministries in Ukraine that shape government policy in their
areas of responsibility and control other executive bodies. The proper level
of personal security at the institutional level primarily depends on their
activity. According to the priority areas of guaranteeing personal security
determined in the course of the literature survey, special attention in this
study was paid to the directions of government policy in relation to achieving
the sustainable development goals and guaranteeing cybersecurity.
Figure 3 presents institutionalization of sustainable development at
dierent system levels.
Figure 3. Institutionalization of sustainable development at dierent system
levels. Source: Semenenko and Halhash (2019)
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As Figure 3 illustrates, the sustainable development principles permeate
all levels of the institutional system — from the global to the micro level — in
order to meet the needs of current and future generations, while the primary
need is security. Therefore, consideration of the extent of achievement of
the sustainable development goals by Ukraine in the context of the study
of institutional systems of public administration of personal security is
substantiated and relevant.
3.2. The extent of achievement of the sustainable development
and innovation goals in the context of institutional provision of
personal security
The concept of sustainable development contains the main goals, the
achievement of which should ensure both the social security of the country’s
citizens and the security of the individual. It takes care of the interests of
society as a whole, and its individual tasks relate to individual goals, for
example, the state’s creation of conditions in which self-realization of the
potential of the economically active part of the population will be possible
(goal 8, task 8.6).
In 2021, Ukraine ranked 36
th
in terms of achieving sustainable
development goals. In general, this is a fairly high result, but a more
complete picture is obtained when considering the extent of achievement
of each individual goal (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Achievement of sustainable development goals by Ukraine in 2021.
Source: Sustainable Development Report (2021)
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Bohdan Tsymbal, Serhii Kuzmenko, Ilgar Huseynov y Kateryna Dobkina
Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
In Figure 4, the area of the rectangles containing the sustainable
development goals is equal to the extent of their achievement by Ukraine.
Only the rst goal was 100% achieved: poverty reduction. The following goals
had the lowest scores: Zero hunger, Peace, Justice and strong institutions,
Life on land, Life below water, Industry, innovation and infrastructure.
In 2019, the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine and other bodies
determined the extent of implementation of sustainable development goals
in the regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine. When considering regulatory
legal acts and government strategies as tools of public administration of
personal security, it is interesting to determine the eectiveness of their
application. Figure 5 shows the number of tasks and measures aimed at
achieving sustainable development goals and objectives at the time of the
assessment.
Figure 5. Introduction of sustainable development goals into legislative
documents Source: Voluntary National Review (2021)
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Such an assessment testies only to quantitative indicators regarding
the implemented measures and tasks. However, conducting a correlation
analysis between the number of undertaken tasks and implemented
measures and the extent of achievement of certain sustainable development
goals can give more indicative results (Table 1, Figure 6).
Table 1. Value of correlations between the number of implemented measures
and undertaken tasks and the extent of achievement of sustainable development
goals.
Tasks Measures
SDG performance -0.295986 -0.317962
Figure 6. Scatter plots (from left to right – tasks, measures).
It can be concluded based on Table 1 and Figure 6 that the correlation
between the extent of achievement of sustainable development goals and:
1) the number of undertaken tasks is negative and low; 2) the number of
implemented measures is negative and medium. In Figure 4, the number
of implemented measures and undertaken tasks to achieve Goal 16 (Peace,
justice and strong institutions) stands out most signicantly from the total
mass, but the extent of achievement of this goal is one of the lowest.
Therefore, it can be argued that a large number of measures implemented
by the state are not yet a guarantee of quick fullment of goals, and
therefore of achieving an appropriate level of personal security. First of all,
the eectiveness of such measures, as well as other external and internal
factors, are important.
The level of innovation in the country is closely related to the concept of
sustainable development. Among other things, innovative technologies play
a big role in guaranteeing personal security in almost all areas (medicine,
education, communication, payment system, teleworking, etc.).
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Institutional systems of public administration of personal security
The overall level of innovation in a country can be assessed using the
Global Innovation Index, which contains approximately eighty indicators
that cover the assessment of the political environment, education,
infrastructure, knowledge creation, etc. This Index includes the seven main
“pillars” presented in Figure 7. The gure also shows the actual gure of the
Global Innovation Index in 2021.
Figure 7. Ranks of key “pillars” of the Global Innovation Index for Ukraine
Source: WIPO (2021)
Note: The most preferred rank is “1”
The data presented in Figure 7 give grounds to state that the strongest
points of Ukraine in the context of the introduction of innovations are
Knowledge and technology outputs (33), Human capital and research
(44), as well as Creative outputs (48). The weakest areas are the Market
sophistication (88), Institutions (91) and Infrastructure (94).
The analysis of the extent of achievement of the sustainable development
goals and the ranks of the key “pillars” of the Global Innovation Index
determined that the institutions of Ukraine are the weak point in this
context. The goal “Peace, justice and strong institutions” is in the last four in
terms of achieving the sustainable development goals, and Institutions are
one of the two weakest “pillars” of the Global Innovation Index. These facts
have a direct impact on the ability of the institutional systems of Ukraine to
guarantee personal security in all its aspects.
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3.3. The cyber security level and its importance for personal
security
As mentioned above, cyber security is one of the important areas of
personal security today. At the current stage of development, almost all
information about a person can be found on the Internet: people make
purchases, make calculations, pay for utilities and other services through
online applications, communication is carried out mostly through social
networks.
A person’s location can be tracked using geolocation data, and documents
are stored on special online platforms. These capabilities can be used both
to the benet of the individual in order to make the everyday aairs more
convenient, and to the detriment in case of personal data capture by the
attackers. Therefore, the issue of ensuring cyber security in the context of
increasing personal security is very acute.
Table 2 shows the value of the National Cyber Security Index (NCSI) for
the thirty leading countries in terms of this Index.
Table 2. National Cyber Security Index (NCSI).
Rank Country
National Cyber
Security Index
Digital
Development Level
Dierence
1. Greece 96.10 64.47 31.63
2. Lithuania 93.51 68.61 24.90
3. Belgium 93.51 75.34 18.17
4. Estonia 93.51 76.51 17.00
5. Czech Republic 92.21 69.86 22.35
6. Germany 90.91 81.43 9.48
7. Romania 89.61 60.67 28.94
8. Portugal 89.61 68.25 21.36
9. Spain 88.31 73.92 14.39
10. Poland 87.01 66.61 20.40
11. Finland 85.71 79.64 6.07
12. Saudi Arabia 84.42 63.46 20.96
13. France 84.42 78.59 5.83
14. Sweden 84.42 82.84 1.58
15. Denmark 84.42 84.17 0.25
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16. Croatia 83.12 65.34 17.78
17. Slovakia 83.12 66.53 16.59
18. Netherlands 83.12 83.48 -0.36
19. Serbia 80.52 59.85 20.67
20. Malaysia 79.22 62.53 16.69
21. Italy 79.22 68.33 10.89
22. United Kingdom 77.92 81.55 -3.63
23. Switzerland 76.62 83.80 -7.18
24. Ukraine 75.32 55.95 19.37
25. Latvia 75.32 67.38 7.94
26. Bulgaria 74.03 62.39 11.64
27. Russian Federation 71.43 64.22 7.21
28. Singapore 71.43 80.26 -8.83
29. Morocco 70.13 46.88 23.25
30. Ireland 70.13 76.23 -6.10
Source: National Cyber Security Index (NCSI) (2022).
It should be noted that Ukraine occupies a fairly high position in the
cyber security ranking — 24, right behind such countries as Italy, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Switzerland. At the same time, such
highly developed countries as, for example, Canada and the USA, occupy
much lower positions — 31 and 41, respectively. However, it will be more
informative to consider the individual components of this ranking for
Ukraine (Figure 8).
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Figure 8. Components of the National Cyber Security Index for Ukraine
Source: National Cyber Security Index (NCSI) (2022).
As Figure 8 shows, most of Ukraine’s indicators completely or almost
completely correspond to the maximum values. The greatest dangers
are concentrated in the eld of Military cyber operations, Cyber crisis
management, Protection of digital services and Contribution to global
cyber security. It should be noted that such an important component of the
indicator for any person as the Protection of personal data fully corresponds
to the highest possible value.
Among other things, this indicates a high level of personal security in
relation to individual’s values in the information sector. Therefore, it can
be concluded that, in general, the institutional policy of Ukraine in the eld
of cyber security is highly eective, with the exception of certain areas that
require special focus.
All of the above mostly describes guaranteeing personal security of
Ukrainian citizens in the normal conditions, that is, before the military
invasion of the Russian Federation on the sovereign territory of Ukraine.
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However, this external factor, actually uncontrolled by the Ukrainian
institutional system, makes signicant adjustments to the level of personal
security in the current conditions. The death of people caused by enemy
shelling, the occupation of territories, the destruction of infrastructure (in
particular, about half of the energy capacities were actually destroyed), the
loss of jobs, the impossibility of normal education, etc. — these realities
require reconsidering the usual aspects of guaranteeing personal security.
However, even in such conditions, the institutional system of Ukraine
continues to work for the benet of the people: internally displaced persons
receive social benets, electricity in the regions aected by shelling is
restored as quickly as possible, evacuation and rescue services work in the
aected regions, and utility services work with high eciency.
Of course, the introduced martial law implies certain restrictions, in
particular, this applies to restrictions on people’s constitutional rights. The
following articles of the Constitution of Ukraine fall under the restrictions:
31-34, 38, 39, 41-44, 53. The government also calls for more ecient energy
consumption, savings, and asks to treat planned and unplanned shutdowns
with understanding. These and other restrictions may generate certain
inconveniences, but ultimately benet the state, citizens and ensure both
social and personal security.
4. Discussion
The conducted analysis gives grounds for the conclusion that before the
military invasion of Ukraine, the problems related to the inadequate level of
personal security were mostly associated with an insuciently high level of
institutional development. This is explained by the fact that the institutional
system of Ukraine is still being established. In many territories, institutions
at the regional level are extremely poorly developed, and their powers are
not adequately funded. The lack of clearly dened functions of individual
institutions can also be attributed to the shortcomings. The implemented
measures and undertaken tasks do not always bring the expected result,
and the existing potential of the country is not fully realized. All this reduces
the actual level of personal security.
In the wartime, the concept of personal security undergoes particularly
noticeable changes. Institutional systems for its guarantee are facing the
most dicult ordeals, however, the war in Ukraine in a certain sense
became a trigger for revealing the potential of the country’s institutional
system. The war proved that the institutional system of Ukraine is capable
of protecting the interests and safety of its citizens whenever possible.
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Comparing the results obtained in the course of the study with the
conclusions of other researchers, the consistency with the work of Tsymbal
(2021) can be noted. The researcher notes that the personal security culture
is the most important element of the security culture as a whole. At the
same time, personal security is a prerequisite for building an institutional
environment for guaranteeing security.
Some studies also examine the need to ensure personal cyber security
in view of the globalization processes. Zelenyy (2020) emphasizes that
cyber security is primarily a state characterized by the security of the vital
interests of individuals, society and the state in the information space.
As noted in the study, cyberattacks can threaten personal security
because of their impact on organizations whose work involves the use of
Internet technologies. This is proved in the study conducted by Corallo et
al. (2020), who include the following in the consequences of cyberattacks:
disruption of the company’s infrastructure as a whole, denial of service to
networks and personal computers, theft of information, in particular the
information which constitutes a trade secret or is the object of an employee’s
intellectual property, violation of security standards and causing pollution,
as well as the occurrence of various situations that may threaten the lives of
employees. Lezzi et al. (2018) note that despite 75% of experts making cyber
security a priority, only 16% say their company is capable of guaranteeing
an adequate level of cyber security.
To improve cyber security, Sarker et al. (2020) proposes a multi-level
machine learning-based framework for smart cyber security services,
consisting of the following elements: security data collection, security data
preparation, machine learning-based security modelling, incremental
learning, and dynamism.
The work of Carley (2020) revealed a new direction in cyber security,
which is dened as “social cyber security”. Its goals are to understand and
predict the behaviour of people in the information environment, as well as to
build a social cyber infrastructure that will preserve the key characteristics
of society in cyberspace. Research by Gil et al. (2019), Tanumihardjo et al.
(2020), Sachs et al. (2019), Osaulenko et al. (2020), Gryshova et al. (2020),
Simpson and Jewitt (2019), Kharazishvili et al. (2020) cover the aspects
of guaranteeing cyber security in separate areas (food, energy, economic,
resource and social security).
These studies on cyber security dier from the author’s article in terms
of particular recommendations for improving cyber security in the areas
under research. This study identies key areas specically for Ukraine, which
should be improved as part of the measured implemented to guarantee
national cyber security, in particular, personal security. However, further
research should focus on the aspects of guaranteeing personal security in
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separate areas — for example, the study of food security is relevant in view
of the global trends of population growth and the escalation of crises.
Conclusions
The conducted research emphasizes the need to urge the problem
of personal security and separate it from other types of security. It was
established in the course of the analysis that the main tools of public
management of personal security are government strategies and legislative
acts related to ensuring safety in the elds of education, science, health care,
preservation and restoration of the environment, defence, employment, etc.
It was determined that at the current stage of development, the level
of personal security largely depends on the implementation of the goals of
sustainable development in legislative documents. However, the measures
implemented and the tasks undertaken to ensure the achievement of the
sustainable development goals are not always eective, which determines
the need to improve the government’s work in this area.
Besides, the need for innovation development is outlined as one of
the key methods of increasing the level of personal security in the current
conditions. It was determined that the insucient level of achievement
of both the sustainable development and innovative development goals
is largely connected with the insuciently eective work of Ukrainian
institutions. However, the high level of cyber security in Ukraine should be
noted, which signicantly aects the level of personal security in view of the
widespread use of information technologies in all spheres of life.
It is also necessary to add that the institutional system of Ukraine
manifests itself at a high level in terms of guaranteeing personal security
in the highly uncertain context associated with the military invasion of the
Russian Federation of the sovereign territory of Ukraine. This is expressed
in the support of internally displaced persons, people in the aected regions,
provision of utility services, restoration of electricity supply in the shortest
possible time, etc.
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