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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 178-187
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Theory and practice of inuence caused
by the criminal subculture on crime in the
penitentiary sphere
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.12
Dmytro Kolodchyn *
Oleksandr Mykhalik **
Olha Bohatyrova ***
Valentina Merkulova ****
Olesia Laptinova *****
Abstract
The object of study was the study of the theory and practice
of the inuence caused by the criminal subculture on criminality
in the penitentiary environment. In the main content of the
research, two directions are highlighted: rst, the inuence of
criminal subculture among convicts in places of detention of
the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine and; the second direction
of inuence, this caused by criminal subculture among convicts who
are registered with parole of the State Institution «Parole Center». The
methodological basis of the research was presented as comparative-legal
and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation,
hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Among
the contributions of the research, the denition of the inuence that the
criminal subculture exerts on delinquency in the penitentiary environment
is formulated. It concludes on the need for the mandatory application of
measures for the individual prevention of professional delinquency, in
terms of judicial and public policies.
Keywords: theory and practice; criminal inuence; criminal subculture;
probation; prison environment.
* Candidate of Juridical Sciences, doctoral student of the Law Enforcement and Anti-Corruption
Department Prince Vladimir of the Great Interregional Akademy of Personnel Management, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-4409
** Doctor of Juridical Sciences, candidate of Juridical Sciences, Professor of Law Enforcement and Anti-
Corruption Department Prince Vladimir of the Great Interregional Academy of Personnel Management,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-8433
*** Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Professor of Law Enforcement and Anti-
Corruption Department Prince Vladimir of the Great Interregional Academy of Personnel Management,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4630-4408
**** Doctor of Science in law, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Odessa State
University of Internal Aairs, Kherson, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-1113
***** Prosecutor of the Department for International Legal Cooperation of the Kyiv Region Prosecutor's
Oce, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7815-2137
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 178-187
Teoría y práctica de la inuencia que provoca la
subcultura delictiva sobre la delincuencia en el ámbito
penitenciario
Resumen
El objeto de estudio fue el estudio de la teoría y práctica de la inuencia
que provoca la subcultura delictiva sobre la delincuencia en el ámbito
penitenciario. En el contenido principal de la investigación, se destacan
dos direcciones: primero, la inuencia de la subcultura criminal entre
los convictos en los lugares de detención del Servicio Ejecutivo Penal del
Estado de Ucrania y; la segunda dirección de inuencia, está causada
por la subcultura criminal entre los convictos que están registrados
con libertad condicional de la Institución Estatal “Centro de Libertad
Condicional”. La base metodológica de la investigación se presentó como
análisis comparativo-legal y sistemático, método formal-legal, método
de interpretación, método hermenéutico, así como métodos de análisis
y síntesis. Entre los aportes de la investigación, se formula la denición
de la inuencia que la subcultura delictiva ejerce sobre la delincuencia en
el ámbito penitenciario. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de la aplicación
obligatoria de medidas para la prevención individual de la delincuencia
profesionales, en términos judiciales y de políticas públicas.
Palabras clave: teoría y práctica; inuencia criminal; subcultura
delictiva; libertad vigilada; ámbito penitenciario.
Introduction
In view of the subject of the research, it should be noted that the state
of penitentiary crime in the places of detention of the State Criminal-
Executive Service of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the SCESU) and the
authorized bodies on probation issues of the State Institution “Probation
Center” (hereinafter referred to as the SIPC) in the conditions of martial
law covers a signicant amount of its indicators, in particular, inuence
caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere.
As a result of a sharp change in the nature of social relations and new
economic processes taking place in Ukraine, the nature of crime has also
changed. This, in turn, aected both the qualitative composition of convicts
in prisons and the environment of convicts in general.
Consequently, the tendency to keep convicts in places of detention
leads to overcrowding of prisons, signicant human and nancial costs
for their maintenance, and it also signicantly complicates the process of
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Dmytro Kolodchyn, Oleksandr Mykhalik, Olha Bohatyrova, Valentina Merkulova y Olesia Laptinova
Theory and practice of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere
socialization, resocialization of convicts as well as the possibility of their
reintegration into the society after release.
Obviously, when the state does not pay enough attention to penal
institutions where the processes of execution / serving of criminal sentences
take place, there is an increased danger of emergence of a criminal
subculture among convicts with its own values, norms, language (jargon,
argot, slang), traditions, and lifestyle.
According to the research conducted by scientists of the “Intellect”
scientic school such integration of the criminal subculture into lives
of prisoners in places of detention is a consequence of pressure caused
by some convicts on others, as well as hushing up of its existence by the
administration of places of detention and, obviously, unwillingness to
change it.
The purpose of this article is the theory and practice of inuence caused
by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere, since its
main aspects can be useful in the process of preventing convicts from
committing new crimes in the penitentiary sphere.
Based on the purpose, the following tasks are set: to nd out scientic
and practical approaches to dening the concept of criminal subculture in
places of detention; to propose to the scientic community two hypotheses
of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary
sphere; to determine longevity of the criminal subculture among convicts
in places of detention.
1. Literature review
It is important to emphasize that the term “criminal subculture” in
places of detention has been used in the scientic sphere for a long period
of time, but its inuence on antisocial and, even more so, on crime in the
penitentiary sphere has been discussed since relatively recently.
In particular, the domestic criminologist O. M. Dzhuzha denes criminal
subculture as a set of special rules of behavior, customs, and morals that
have developed in a criminal environment and are characterized by an anti-
social orientation aimed at achieving the internal goal and the external goal
of functioning of a criminal organization (Dzhuzha, 2011).
Another domestic scientist, L. Gula, when researching criminal
subculture as a determinant of crime in penal institutions, came to the
conclusion that criminal subculture in places of deprivation of liberty is a
way of life of convicts who have united in groups of a negative direction and
who adhere to certain criminal traditions in order to establish dominance
over other convicts.
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In addition, the scientist emphasizes that when studying the criminal
subculture that exists in places of deprivation of liberty, one can clearly
identify the fact that it has a rather close connection and inuence on
penitentiary crime. Based on criminal rules and prison traditions, self-
regulation of relations between convicts is carried out; convicts implement
inhumane methods of inuence and suppress human dignity, and in some
cases arbitrariness and cruelty are demonstrated (Hula, 2018).
Undoubtedly, their works will always be useful for the theory and
practice of the criminal-executive system of Ukraine, since the problem of
the penitentiary subculture is always connected with commission of new
crimes by the convicted in places of detention. In addition, certain issues
of theoretical understanding and development of humanism in the sphere
of criminal law were researched by contemporary Ukrainian researchers
Halaburda Nadiia, Leheza Yevhen, Chalavan Viktor, Yemov Volodymyr,
Yemova Inna investigated (Halaburda et al., 2021).
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on works by foreign and Ukrainian researchers
regarding methodological approaches to understanding the theory and
practice of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the
penitentiary sphere, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method dened have been theories
and practices of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in
the penitentiary sphere, etc.; thanks to the logical-semantic method, the
conceptual apparatus was deepened, theory and practice of inuence caused
by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere have been
determined etc. Thanks to the existing methods of law, we have managed
to analyze the essence of theory and practice of inuence caused by the
criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere, etc.
3. Results and discussion
When studying the concept of subculture and its up-to-date meaning
the domestic scientist O.G. Krykushenko divides it into the subculture of
the criminal world (which is hidden from the society) and the subculture
of penal institutions, especially places of detention where people use the
subculture as a means of integration and overcoming the burdens associated
with serving their sentence (Krykushenko, 2014).
Based on the results of their own research on crime in the penitentiary
sphere scientists of the “Intellect” scientic school came to the conclusion
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Theory and practice of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere
that isolation of persons guilty of crimes in places of detention does not
always produce positive results, and the fact that when appearing in such
places according to the court sentence they sometimes commit never less
serious and especially serious crimes, provides the criminological science
with the task of revising outdated concepts of prevention and creating new,
more eective ones (Bohatyrov, 2022).
Supporting this position of scientists, we believe that it is just the time
to develop a concept of counteracting inuence caused by the criminal
subculture on the process of execution/serving of criminal punishments.
This is caused by the fact that the taxpayers, at whose expense convicts are
kept in places of detention, do not understand why when being in conditions
of isolation a convicted person commits a crime again, giving rise to a new
type of crime - penitentiary crime.
Our proposal corresponds to the opinion of the domestic scientist I.M.
Kopotuna, in whose opinion, commission of a new crime by a convicted
person in places of detention increases the punitive side which is expressed
in the non-alternative application of punishment in the form of deprivation
of liberty for a certain period as well as in strengthening the conditions of
the regime of serving punishments (Kopotun, 2013).
This is conrmed by the fact that the above-mentioned criminal
subculture occupies an appropriate place among convicts in places of
detention, and negatively aects their behavior during serving of a criminal
sentence, and therefore it requires the administration of correctional
colonies to apply various security levels to act preventively by means of
registering convicts who support traditions of the subculture in places of
detention.
So, in our opinion, the theory and practice of the inuence of the
criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere is based on two
basic hypotheses. The rst hypothesis is related to a certain system of
humanization of the criminal-executive system in Ukraine at the stage of
its transformation into the penitentiary system of Ukraine, which indicates
that every reformation of the system generates changes in the activities of
penal institutions. And it covers all aspects of life, both of convicts and of
the personnel serving it.
The domestic scientist V. Radievskyi conducted a survey of employees
of the criminal enforcement system of Ukraine regarding the stereotypes
of the penitentiary subculture in places of detention and ways to change
it. The respondents proposed the following solutions: psychological and
pedagogical inuence on small groups of convicts prone to committing
new criminal crimes in places of detention (38.3%), elimination of
criminal traditions among convicts (37.3%), improvement of material and
living conditions of convicts in places of detention (36.3%), expanding
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the inuence of religious and public organizations on convicted relatives
(31.3%) (Radziievskyi, 2012).
The above-mentioned approaches of scientists to the inuence caused
by the penitentiary subculture on the liberalization of the criminal-
executive system of Ukraine show that in places of detention each convict
(consciously or intuitively) aims to preserve his/her human personality,
and therefore he/she is forced to focus on those who live in the conditions
of imprisonment and even to increase his/her status by means of following
traditions and customs of the penitentiary subculture (Matviichuk et al.,
2022).
And although the penitentiary subculture is in a certain shadow, it is
not talked about publicly, it is absent in reports of correctional camps,
both convicts and sta know about it. My life experience of working with
convicts shows that they constantly complain about justice and violations
of their rights, and if the administration of their correctional camp does not
respond to such complaints, people from the penitentiary subculture take
its place. It is leaders of the penitentiary subculture who take on the role of
justice for food, receiving parcels from family and friends, a place to sleep,
choosing a workplace, etc.
When researching crime in places of detention in Ukraine, the domestic
scientist A.I. Bohatyrov came to the conclusion that the problem of the
penitentiary subculture is closely related to criminal leaders who support
customs and traditions of the criminal world by means of their illegal actions
performed against the will of convicts, and who inuence them in various
forms and methods, and at the same time act as mediators of convicts based
on the penitentiary subculture (Bohatyrov, 2019).
That is why some convicts (those who do not agree with inculcation of
the penitentiary subculture in them) make another choice and agree to
cooperate with the administration of the correctional camp. As a rule, the
motive and choice consist in a possibility to get out of prison as soon as
possible. It is precisely intercession of the administration of the correctional
camp that is an unobstructed way to obtain the right to release on parole
(Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
Therefore, it is important to understand how dangerous the penitentiary
subculture is for the correction and re-education of convicts, their self-
armation in the penitentiary. And if the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine
does not want to assess the inuence caused by the penitentiary subculture
on liberalization of the criminal-executive system, we can predict its
deterioration, not its improvement (Tylchyk et al., 2022).
Another hypothesis involves determining factors of the penitentiary
subculture that aect the psychological state of convicts in places of
detention:
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Dmytro Kolodchyn, Oleksandr Mykhalik, Olha Bohatyrova, Valentina Merkulova y Olesia Laptinova
Theory and practice of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere
• illegal behavior of a convicted person while serving his/her sentence
for the crime committed;
• refusal to implement decisions of the administration and sta of
places of detention;
• suicide among convicts and prison personnel representatives;
• committing penitentiary crimes by convicts and prison personnel
representatives;
• slang vocabulary, criminal tattoos, criminal folklore, use of alcoholic
beverages, explosive materials etc. (Leheza et al., 2022).
As our research showed, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine does not
reect inuence caused by the penitentiary subculture on lives of convicts
in places of detention in reports and newsletters, and therefore it is very
dicult to determine quantity and quality of such inuence. We receive
such information either during surveys of personnel of the criminal
executive system or in conversations with operatives during their advanced
training at educational institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine
(Zhukova et al., 2023).
It is important to note that inuence caused by the penitentiary
subculture on liberalization of the criminal-executive system of Ukraine
in the up-to-date conditions of its reformation and transformation into a
penitentiary system is connected, on the one hand, with insucient funding
from the state budget for development of the penitentiary system, and on
the other hand, with acceptance of the penitentiary subculture by convicts
who get adjusted to conditions in places of detention, where customs and
traditions of the criminal world have been established for years (Kobrusieva
et al., 2021).
Therefore, inuence caused by the criminal subculture in places of
detention is connected with relations of execution/serving of punishment,
which, according to domestic scientists, are based on the unity and
dierentiation of two subjects - the administration and the convicts. A
sign of unity stems from the stay of these subjects in a single institution
with its clearly dened boundaries and corresponding statutory (internal)
rules. The sign of dierentiation clearly stems from subordination relations
(subordination vertical), based on inequality of legal statuses, which often
leads to emergence of certain internal conicts that support the criminal
subculture in places of detention (Khalymon et al., 2023).
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Conclusions
The article examines the problem of inuence caused by the penitentiary
subculture on liberalization of the criminal-executive system of Ukraine.
Attention is drawn to the necessity of mandatory application of measures for
individual prevention of professional crime. It is determined that measures
to neutralize criminogenic nature of places of deprivation of liberty are
divided into organizational ones and educational ones.
Prevention of the penitentiary subculture is connected with
implementation of a set of measures aimed at ensuring a proper standard of
living, person’s return to the society, education, and provision of necessary
assistance after punishment.
Denition of inuence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the
penitentiary sphere is formulated.
In addition, within the framework of the measures under consideration,
it is necessary to develop special measures to counter the penitentiary
subculture. Based on the results of the research, proposals have been made
concerning improvement of the penitentiary subculture prevention system.
1. identication and registration of all leaders of the penitentiary
subculture who are serving sentences in places of detention;
2. creation of a single data register in the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine
on the leaders of the penitentiary subculture;
3. exclusion of residence of penitentiary subculture leaders with
convicts who have committed a crime for the rst time and are
directed to serve their sentences in places of detention.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.41 Nº 78
