Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
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ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 218-231
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Personal security and sustainable
development at work
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.15
Bohdan Tsymbal *
Yuriy Dreval **
Artem Petryshchev ***
Andrey Andreev ****
Abstract
The objective of the work was to study the international
aspects of the regulation of social and labor relations, with
emphasis on global processes and their inuence, on the part
of international institutions, on the security of the individual
and stable development in the work environment. The study
used scientic methods such as: systemic analysis, comparison,
functional historical, legal comparative and communicative. It
was established that the sharp multiplication of global problems
that have currently appeared before mankind requires consensual eorts
of all members of the world community. In the conclusions it was stressed
that all measures of the world community in terms of labor have to start
from the true fact that it arms the safety and dignity of work of each
person as a fundamental value. Consequently, the category «security»
should be considered not only as an abstract dominant of development of
a certain spectrum of labor social relations, but also as a real reason for
the valid assurance of each individual. Denitely, the guarantee of safety
should be based on the active position of each separate individual, not only
in the sphere of occupational safety and hygiene, but in all spheres of social
relations.
Keywords: stable development; objectives of stable development;
security of the individual; decent work; labor rights.
* PhD Associated Professor, Department of labor protection and technogenic and environmental safety,
National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine, Address: 94 Chernyshevska Str. Kharkiv 61023
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3428
** Doctor in Public Administration, Full Professor, Professor of the Department of Occupational Safety,
Technogenic and Ecological Safety, National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine, 94 Chernyshevska
Str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine. ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7347-9433
*** PhD Associate Professor, Department of Labour and Environment Protection, National University
«Zaporizhzhya Polytechnic», Zhukovskoho str., 64, Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine, 69063. ORCID ID: http://
orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-1723
**** Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of Department, Department of General and
Applied Physics, Zaporizhzhia National University, Zhukovsky str., 66; Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, 69600.
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-6813
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Seguridad del individuo y desarrollo estable
en el campo laboral
Resumen
El objetivo del trabajo fue el estudio de los aspectos internacionales
de la regulación de las relaciones sociales y laborales; con énfasis en
los procesos globales y su inuencia, por parte de las instituciones
internacionales, en la seguridad del individuo y desarrollo estable en el
ámbito de trabajo. En el estudio se utilizaban métodos cientícos como:
análisis sistémico, comparación, histórico funcional, comparativo
jurídico y comunicativo. Se estableció que la multiplicación brusca de
problemas globales que actualmente han aparecido ante la humanidad
requiere de esfuerzos consensuados de todos los miembros de la
comunidad mundial. En las conclusiones se subraya que todas las
medidas de la comunidad mundial en términos laborales tienen que
partir del hecho verdadero que arma en la seguridad y dignidad de
trabajo de cada persona como valor fundamental. En consecuencia,
la categoría «seguridad» debe considerarse no sólo como dominante
abstracta de desarrollo de cierto espectro de las relaciones sociales
laborales sino, además, como motivo real para el aseguramiento
válido de cada individuo. Denitivamente, la garantía de seguridad
debe basarse en la posición activa de cada individuo separado, no
sólo en el ámbito de seguridad e higiene de trabajo sino en todas las
esferas de relaciones sociales.
Palabras clave: desarrollo estable; objetivos del desarrollo estable;
seguridad del individuo; trabajo digno; derechos
laborales.
Introduction
At the present time, the importance of international aspects of regulation
of social and labor relations gains momentum; this is primarily attributed
to powerful global processes and the growing inuence of international
institutions on national states. The United Nations (UN) is the most
respected among such institutions; its activities are traditionally aimed
at protecting the rights and freedoms of people around the world. The
social protection of workers is one of them. In this respect, the Sustainable
Development Goals (hereinafter referred to as the “SDGs”), which were
approved by the UN General Assembly in 2015 and became a point of
reference for the world community for the development of various spheres
of social life, deserve consideration.
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Personal security and sustainable development at work
The importance of the world community’s constant response to new
challenges and threats has signicantly increased due to the emergence of
the COVID-19 pandemic, which has become perhaps the greatest threat
to the uninterrupted existence of humanity since the end of two world
wars. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about signicant changes to
the lives of millions of people around the world, including social and labor
relations and social protection of workers (in particular, causing a rapid
rise in unemployment, impoverishment, increasing uneven social and
economic development of certain regions, digital transformation of labor,
and increasing informal employment, etc.).
Under such conditions, great importance is attached to the activities of
the International Labor Organization (hereinafter referred to as the “ILO”),
which for more than a century have been focused on the development of
international labor standards and the protection of working people globally.
Moreover, the security and health of every individual lie at the bottom
of the development and improvement of any spheres of social relations.
In this case, it is appropriate to quote the constitutional provision that an
individual, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security
shall be recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value.
1. Literature review
The focus of attention of interested parties and the world community
taken as a whole on multi-faceted aspects of sustainable development creates
a strong potential for discussions in the course of which the most important
problems of our time are considered: the essence and features of modern
political and legal development; the place of international organizations
in the process of political and legal regulation of certain aspects of social
relations; the implementation of international standards into national legal
systems, while complying with the already dened criteria for ensuring
human and citizen security.
In the study of the topic outlined in the title of the work, both a merely
chronological process of accumulation and development of relevant
knowledge, as well as a thematic divide related to responding to the
challenges and threats caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic,
are distinct.
For the initial stage of research on the outlined topic, the work of T.
Hák and his co-authors is important; they state that the SDGs need a
clear operationalization and further development of their implementation
mechanisms (the authors suggest, for example, paying more attention to
policy formation, while noting that “the nal format of the goals and targets
is, of course, a matter of political process” (Hák et al., 2016: n/p)).
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The tenor of the discussions acquired a qualitatively new connotation in
connection with the crisis of social and social and labor relations caused by
the COVID-19 pandemic. According to a gurative statement of R. Naidoo
and B. Fisher, UN documents “became been another casualty of COVID-19.”
At the same time, the authors urge the UN, in order to fully and timely learn
the lessons from COVID-19, to convene the high-level forum to nd out
how and when to update the SDGs, what specic goals should be veried
and whether each pathway is resilient to global disruptions (the authors
believe that all this denitely applies to Goal 8) (Naidoo and Fisher, 2020).
By this time, considerable empirical material had already been
accumulated, which testies to dierent themes in the achievement of
various goals in certain countries and regions. In this regard, the research
of Ch. Meschede should attract the interest of researchers; it provides a
reasoned analysis of the bibliography and at the same time oers suggestions
for future lines of research of the relevant issues (Meschede, 2020).
In this case, the references to the political process encourage researchers
to analyze the eective participation of an individual in social and social
and labor relations. The work of С.М. Lipset and A. Etzioni has provided a
reliable foundation for modern researchers to continue studies in this area
today. Substantiating the sociological approach to an entry of an individual
into politics, these authors emphasize the activity of an individual. Such
approach was pursued in the works of H. Arendt in the phrase “vita activa”
coined by her (distinguishing three types of activity, putting “labor” in the
rst place, followed by “work”, and then by other activity as well as activity
determined by the previous forms (Etzioni, 1968; Lipset, 1981; Arendt,
2005).
Therefore, socialization also becomes a rather complex process, which
is based not only on merely political activity, but also on the professional
activity and actions of an individual and many other factors. For example,
T.A. Smith argues that the study of individual’s political preferences in
relation to other stimuli or inuencing factors shows that such preferences
are against the background of merely economic and lifestyle factors (Smith,
1979).
B. Tsymbal and other authors believe that modern challenges and
dangers make it necessary to protect the interests of the country’s
population and result in the need for a state participation in ensuring the
best possible level of social protection and personal security. The level of
social protection of the population can be increased under the condition
of adopting a complex of consistent eorts to stabilize the development of
entrepreneurship, as well as through strengthening the social protection of
the population and providing people with comprehensive assistance from
the public authorities (Tsymbal et al., 2022).
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The above ndings are supported by G. Reeher, who raises the question
of overcoming the alienation of the public from politics. The researcher
also addresses the fundamental principles of personality functioning and
at the same time emphasizes that a properly organized process of political
socialization is able to solve the specied problem (Reeher, 2006). This
gives additional arguments to the works of D. Walsh, who states that “the
person is transcendence, not only as an aspiration, but as his or her very
reality” (Walsh, 2015).
B.M. Tsymbal and other scholars focus on the fact that the concept of
sustainable development contains the main goals, the achievement of which
should ensure both the social security of the country’s population and the
personal security, and has targets related to individual goals, namely the
creation of conditions by the state in order for the economically active part
of the population to achieve its self-actualization (Tsymbal et al., 2022).
Therefore, according to our preliminary assessment, the implementation
of all seventeen sustainable development goals is a factor of systems eects
on all aspects of an individual’s life, including personal security in its
various manifestations.
2. Materials and methods
The research is based on a philosophical understanding of methodology
as a complex and multifaceted means of knowledge development. At the
same time, special attention is paid to the concept of “discipline-specic
methodology”, i.e., the selection of relevant starting principles and tools
for specic research from the general methodological repertoire (for
our subject, the separation from the complex system of social and social
and labor relations of those phenomena and subjects of legal reality that
directly relate to the general principles of adoption and implementation of
the sustainable development goals, their interconnection with and mutual
inuences on the so-called “environment”). Therefore, the methodology
in this regard is the provider of a universal toolkit for scientic inquiry at
various stages of scientic and research work.
In this connection, considerable attention is paid to the systems
analysis method, which is recognized as one of the main directions of the
methodology of special scientic knowledge and the application of which
ensures all the necessary phenomena and processes linked into a single
coherent object. The main factors of the application of such a method in
the context of the implementation of the given task include: the scale of
the problem under consideration (which has respect to both the general
determinants of the development of social relations for a signicant period
of time, and the complexity of individual tasks, which are specied in a
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signicant number of indicators), as well as the emergence of numerous
challenges and threats, the adequate response to which is impossible
without account various related issues considered (the rst is the COVID-19
pandemic, which caused a crisis of social and social and labor relations
unprecedented since the world wars).
All this requires the entire necessary set of regulatory and legal acts of
dierent legal force to be included in the analysis, which in this case also
acquire systemic unity, and as specic norms are aimed at regulating the
appropriate spectrum of social and social and labor relations. While doing
so, special attention is paid to the variety of internal and external factors
of the implementation of the SDGs, to the partial structural isolation and
systemic unity of the conducted research.
The implementation of the tasks set in the introductory part is also
based on a number of other methods, namely:
1. the historical and legal method (to enunciate provisions regarding
the essence and features of the modern international legal order,
retrospective analysis of the development and adoption of
international labor standards, clarication of the basis and reasons
for the adoption of the updated Agenda of the United Nations, as
well as to clarify the phasing in the process of the ILO’s activities in
order to implement certain goals);
2. the structural and functional method (to characterize the
signicance of the activities of the ILO as a whole and its separate
structures in the implementation of the SDGs, to fully reveal the
problems of the interconnections of certain goals and indicators, as
well as to substantiate conclusions which contain certain provisions
that taken in totality are important both for the implementation of
certain goals and for a complete understanding of the signicance of
SDG 8 for the development of social relations as a whole);
3. the comparison method (which makes it possible to conduct a
comprehensive analysis of sources and literature, to single out key
points in the updated understanding of the outlined issues, to fully
analyze the specics of the ILO’s activities in order to implement
the set targets before and after the emergence of new challenges and
threats, rst of all, the COVID-19 pandemic);
4. the special comparative and legal method (to group and compare
the documents of this organization with respect to the emergence of
new challenges and threats), as well as the approaches of synergetics
(as a result of which it becomes possible to nd out the impact on the
implementation of the SDGs of seemingly insignicant events and
circumstances that, as time progressed, acquired the importance of
powerful factors of global world development and the activities of
most intergovernmental and state institutions;
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5. in this respect, signicant attention is paid to bifurcation points,
which make it possible to additionally substantiate the provisions
regarding qualitative changes in relation to the implementation of
the SDGs in connection with the emergence of new challenges and
threats).
In this respect, the importance of the communicative method should be
noted, because the use of a communicative resource, among other things,
allows focusing on the so-called “feedback”, on the active participation of all
involved organizations and interested parties in the renewed understanding
of the place of the ILO.
3. Results and discussion
At the beginning of the 21
st
century, the United Nations Millennium
Declaration, adopted in 2000 at the UN Millennium Summit, became
relevant. The Declaration dened a comprehensive framework of values,
principles and key factors of development under the three main mandates
of the United Nations: peace and security, development, and human rights
(General Assembly United Nations, 2000).
Today, the world community is invited to focus on the global transition
from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the UN General Assembly in
September 2015, which includes 17 sustainable development goals and 169
targets. The approved goals and targets comprise diverse spheres of social
relations (social, economic, humanitarian, environmental, security, etc.).
Within the framework of the subject being analyzed in the article, the
rst thing to pay attention to is Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent
work for all (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Aairs,
2023). The specied goal acquires functional signicance in the following
targets:
1. SDG 8.3. Increase employment.
2. SDG 8.4. Reduce the share of youth not in employment, education
or professional training.
3. SDG 8.5. Promote a safe and secure working environment for
all workers, including through the application of innovative
technologies in terms of health and safety (General Assembly United
Nations, 2015).
The specied goal and the targets cover a complex of interrelated issues
that traditionally pertain to the competence the ILO: the economic growth
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is not an end in itself; it must necessarily be combined with eective
social protection and adequate safety of workers (in addition, it has been
repeatedly proven that the expenses for measures ensuring safety and
health of workers lead not to a slowdown, but to an acceleration in the rate
of economic growth); full and productive employment is the fundamental
principle and core component of social protection; decent work for all is
the basis of the decent work program, which was worked out at the end of
the 1990s and which today has become a kind of a road map for improving
international labor standards.
At the same time, a number of issues related to the implementation of
the SDG and the social protection and safety of workers have no proper
line of argument. The academic community still considers inadequately
the peculiarities of the modern activity of the ILO, which is related to
responding to new challenges and threats.
This applies, in particular, to clarifying the place of occupational safety
and health in the renewed agenda of the world community. Indeed, the
ILO has been successfully developing international labor standards for a
century and already has solid experience in responding eectively to the
numerous challenges and threats faced by workers in the world of work.
This applies, in particular, to social protection and social security
of people regardless of their professional level, gender, etc. Today, this
organization is largely focused on ensuring decent work for people all over
the world, regardless of race, gender or any other characteristics.
In this case, it is signicant that world leaders are increasingly pointing
out that achieving the SDGs requires the joint eorts of all organizations
and interested parties.
For example, at the SDG Summit held in September 2019, world
leaders proposed to declare a decade of action and delivery for sustainable
development. The UN Secretary-General called on all sectors of society to
mobilize for a decade of action on the following three levels: global action
to secure greater leadership, more resources and smarter solutions for
the Sustainable Development Goals; local action embedding the needed
transitions in the policies, budgets, institutions and regulatory frameworks
of governments, cities and local authorities; and people action, including
by youth, civil society, the media, the private sector, unions, academia and
other stakeholders, to generate an unstoppable movement pushing for the
required transformations (General Assembly United Nations, 2019).
Over the past twenty years, the concept of decent work has already been
included and substantiated in various versions in most of the program
documents, international legal norms and analytical developments of this
organization. Today, this concept has already become the object of active
research in several thousand articles, monographs and dissertations.
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From the point of view of our research, it is advisable to focus on the key
moments of the solutions and developments related to the concept of the
decent work, which are provided in the basic documents of this organization.
They are systematized in the table “Solutions and Developments of the ILO
related to the Concept of the Decent Work” (Table 1).
Table 1: Solutions and Developments of the ILO related
to the Concept of the Decent Work
Report
(abbreviated title)
Essence and structure of the basic principles of
decent work
Declaration [1998]
Fundamental principles and rights at work (FPRW):
freedom of association and the right to collective
bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or
compulsory labour; the eective abolition of child labour;
the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment
and occupation (General Assembly United Nations, 2019).
Report (1999)
The purpose of decent work is to promote opportunities
for productive labour for women and men in conditions of
freedom, equity, security and human dignity; promoting
decent work for men and women around the world as the
main goal of the ILO in present-day conditions. In this
regard, the need is emphasized to transfer from several
dozen main programs to four strategic objectives, which are
listed in the 1998 ILO Declaration (International Labour
Organization, 1998a).
Declaration (2008)
Four strategic objectives of the ILO are named and detailed:
(1) promoting employment (includes three components);
(2) developing and enhancing measures of social protection
– social security and labour protection (also includes three
components); (3) promoting social dialogue and tripartism
(total of four targets are provided); (4) respecting,
promoting and realizing the FPRW (International Labour
Organization, 1999).
Declaration (2019)
All workers should enjoy adequate protection in accordance
with the concept of the decent work, taking into account:
respect for their fundamental rights; an adequate minimum
wage; maximum limits on working time; safety and
health at work. Safe and healthy working environment
as a fundamental factor that promotes decent work
(International Labour Organization, 2008).
Source: authors.
Taking into consideration the subject of this research, the following
structural and logical chain is especially noteworthy: fundamental
principles and rights at work, decent work, occupational safety and health.
At the same time, attention should also be paid to the fact that one of the
basic components is missing here – ensuring the safety of each individual
worker and individual as a whole.
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The primary focus should be on the reports of the ILO, which are
traditionally prepared for presentation at the sessions of the International
Labor Conference (hereinafter referred to as the “ILC”) and which cover the
most important problems of the development of social and labor relations.
A kind of divide in the content of these reports precisely pertains to 2019-
2020, which caused the start of work on dening whole new points of
reference for the development of social and social and labor relations.
Year after year, such reports have gradually revealed the most important
principles of the ILO’s participation in the development and implementation
of the SDGs (the most important reports in terms of the subject of the
research are provided in Table 2).
Table 2. Reports of the ILO Covering the Development and
Implementation of the SDGs: 2017-2019.
Report
(abbreviated title)
Thematic scope
World Social
Protection Report
2017–19… (2017)
The report is based on a comprehensive assessment and
prospects for the development of the social protection
in the light of the goals to be achieved by 2030; issues
regarding progress and major gaps in this area of relations
that need to be closed are analyzed (International Labour
Organization, 2019a).
ILO. Towards 2030…
(2018)
The report is based on methods regarding the need
to comply with the core principles and fundamental
principles and rights at work when implementing the SDGs
(International Labour Organization, 2017).
Time to Act for SDG
8… (2019)
The subject of the report is the statement that the
economic, social and environmental dimensions of
sustainable development are harmoniously combined in
SDG 8. This means that the lack of progress in achieving
SDG 8 will hinder progress towards the implementation of
other SDGs (International Labour Organization, 2019b).
Source: authors.
It is known that the program principles of the ILO become normative in
the conventions – current documents of this organization, which contain
specic international legal norms in the area of social and labor relations.
In this case, principal emphasis needs to be placed on the ILO Convention
No. 102 – The Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, which is
repeatedly cited in the above reports. This convention reveals the essence of
the term “persons protected” and indicates that social protection covers not
only certain categories of workers and members of their families, but also,
under certain conditions, other categories of the population (International
Labour Organization, 1952).
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Leaving the essence of the category’s “protection” and “security” out of
the analysis, we will only point to the fact that in the cited international legal
norm there is no signicant dierence between them (which should also be
recognized as some fault of the specied document as a whole, because the
categories “human protection” and “personal security” have a related but
under any circumstances not identical meaning).
The thematic scope of the reports has changed fundamentally in
connection with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which prompted an
intensive search for ways to counteract its destructive force in all spheres of
social and social and labor relations. At the same time, it should be noted
that most of such reports lack a systematic approach to the analysis of
pressing problems and ensuring the safety of each individual in the course of
developing social and labor relations. In particular, it is quite convincingly
evidenced by the absence of references to the connection between certain
proposals and already available international legal norms.
Conclusions
The dramatic increase in global problems faced by humanity today
requires the concerted eorts of all members of the world community. First
of all, it is about overcoming crisis phenomena and restructuring social
relations aimed at sustainable development and protection of the vital
interests of human and society as a whole. In a dicult situation, which
aects all spheres of social and social and economic relations, it takes
on particular signicance. Therefore, the content of the UN Sustainable
Development Goals should become a reliable road map for overcoming
negative trends and ensuring continuous development. This applies, in
particular, to promoting decent work and economic growth.
And in this respect, creating and promoting safe and healthy working
environment for millions of workers should be of key importance.
Therefore, the activity of the ILO, which has been developing international
labor standards for a century, should take on special signicance. The
implementation of the declared goals and targets should primarily be based
on the concept of decent work, which was developed long before the adoption
of the updated Agenda of the United Nations and until recently included
four strategic objectives of the ILO: promoting employment; developing
and enhancing measures of social protection; promoting social dialogue
and tripartism; respecting and realizing the fundamental principles and
rights at work. Today, a fth component is added: the creation of safe and
healthy working environment is not only dened as a fundamental factor
ensuring decent work, but also becomes one of the fundamental principles
and rights at work.
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At the same time, it is important to note the fact that the category
“security” should be considered not only as an abstract keynote in the
development of a certain spectrum of social and labor relations, but also as a
real basis for the comprehensive provision for each individual. In this case,
it is reasonable to emphasize the importance of the inductive method, that
is, the analysis of the specied question “from the specic to the general”.
The above targets constitute a reliable foundation for the implementation
of many other targets outlined in SDG 8 and many other goals. In these
circumstances, ocial statements and current practical activities place
an increasing emphasis on the fact that comprehensive security must
be ensured by the active position of each individual – not only in the
occupational safety but also in any other spheres of social relations.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
en julio de 2023, por el Fondo Editorial Serbiluz,
Universidad del Zulia. Maracaibo-Venezuela
Vol.41 Nº 78
