Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 78
Julio
Septiembre
2023
Recibido el 12/03/23 Aceptado el 03/06/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
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de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
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avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
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Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 345-356
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Objective assessment in the
quality assurance system of the
academic virtue of the university
in the context of legal security
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.24
Anna Helesh *
Nataliya Mukan **
Oleh Davydchak ***
Ivanna Huzii ****
Nataliia Dolinska *****
Abstract
The main objective of the article was to evaluate the quality
assurance system of the university’s academic virtue in the context
of regulatory security. In order to achieve the stated objective,
dialectics and the historical method were used. In addition, the
following methods were also used in the research process: the structural-
logical method, the method of scientic abstraction, analysis and synthesis,
modeling and the method of abstract conclusion. According to the results of
the study it is concluded that the approached system has a complex internal
structure, with signicant impact on the educational process. denitely, it
is proved that an objective evaluation in the system of quality assurance
of academic virtue of the university, in the general framework of legal
certainty, plays an important role in the institution of higher education and
cannot be ignored. After all, it is precisely such components of academic
virtue as: justice, trust, respect, responsibility, honesty that are at the same
time universal values, moral and ethical ideals of a highly developed society
and, fundamentally, the key to the successful development of the state as a
whole in the democratic system.
Keywords: legal aspects; axiological security; legal quality; academic
virtue; university in the XXI century.
* Department of Pedagogy and Innovative Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0143-0518
** Department of Pedagogy and Innovative Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-3408
*** Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Mechanics, Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2979-0889
**** Department of Pedagogy and Innovative Education, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv,
Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-6412
***** Department of Foreign Languages of the Faculty of International Relations, Ivan Franko National
University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-7585
346
Anna Helesh, Nataliya Mukan, Oleh Davydchak, Ivanna Huzii y Nataliia Dolinska
Objective assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of legal security
Evaluación objetiva en el sistema de aseguramiento de
la calidad de la virtud académica de la universidad en el
contexto de la seguridad jurídica
Resumen
El objetivo principal del artículo fue evaluar el sistema de aseguramiento
de la calidad de la virtud académica de la universidad, en el contexto de la
seguridad normativa. Para lograr el objetivo planteado se hizo uso de la
dialéctica y del método histórico. Además, en el proceso de investigación
se utilizaron también los siguientes métodos: el método estructural-lógico,
el método de abstracción cientíca, análisis y síntesis, modelización y el
método de conclusión abstracta. De acuerdo a los resultados del estudio se
concluye que el sistema abordado tiene una estructura interna compleja,
con impacto signicativo en el proceso educativo. denitivamente, se
comprueba que una evaluación objetiva en el sistema de aseguramiento de
la calidad de la virtud académica de la universidad, en el marco general de la
seguridad jurídica, juega un papel importante en la institución de educación
superior y no puede ser ignorada. Después de todo, son precisamente
tales componentes de la virtud académica como: la justicia, la conanza,
el respeto, la responsabilidad, la honestidad que son al mismo tiempo
valores universales, ideales morales y éticos de una sociedad altamente
desarrollada y, fundamentalmente, la clave para el desarrollo exitoso del
Estado en su conjunto en el sistema democrático.
Palabras clave: aspectos legales; seguridad axiológica; calidad jurídica;
virtud académica; universidad en el siglo XXI.
Introduction
In the context of entering the European higher education area, an
important problem is the approximation of educational paradigms,
fundamental principles, methodological approaches in the design of content
and the introduction of organizational forms, innovative technologies to
ensure the quality of training of a future specialist in the system of legal
security.
One of the components of ensuring the quality of higher education,
eectively increasing the competitive ability of a specialist is the
responsibility of the student for the results of his educational activities. In
this context, academic virtue is a system-forming element that inuences
the formation of the ethical qualities of future professionals, in particular:
responsibility, integrity, decency, trust, justice, respect, courage in the
system of legal security. It should be noted that the spread of dishonest
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 345-356
behavior among students and an irresponsible attitude towards the results
of their educational activities explain the decline in the quality of education
and lead to the training of incompetent specialists.
Today, the problem of using dishonest methods by students in their
educational activities is becoming relevant both for the higher education
system of many European countries. Studies of dishonest behavior, which
began in the 1940s, show that a signicant proportion of students are
involved in the practice of academic deception: in foreign universities at
dierent times, estimates of their prevalence vary from more than 50%
to 70% and more. Cheating students get better grades than they deserve,
which spoils free competition, reduces students’ desire to learn, and
leads to misjudgment of students’ academic achievement. In developed
democracies, cheating is considered fraud and socially condemned in the
legal security system (Popelo, 2017; Pushkina, 2007; Sylkin, 2021a).
So, we can state that the internal quality assurance system of any
institution of higher education, both foreign and Ukrainian, must
necessarily provide for the observance of the principles of academic virtue
by all participants in the educational process in the system of legal security.
The structure of the article involves an analysis of the literature and a
review of the methods used that form the main methodology of the study.
The main results of the study, the part under discussion and the current
conclusions are presented.
1. Materials and methods
The methodological basis of the article is the fundamental foundations
of assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the
university in the context of legal security. To solve the tasks set, dialectical,
systemic, logical and historical methods of scientic knowledge are used,
which ensure the conceptual unity of the assessment work in the quality
assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the context of
regulatory and legal security.
The following methods were used in the research process: the structural-
logical method, the method of scientic abstraction, analysis and synthesis,
modeling and the method of abstract conclusion, based on the results of
the assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of
the university in the context of legal security. The information base of the
study is legal documents and publications devoted to the assessment in
the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of regulatory security.
348
Anna Helesh, Nataliya Mukan, Oleh Davydchak, Ivanna Huzii y Nataliia Dolinska
Objective assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of legal security
Thanks to the modern modeling method, an assessment model has
been formed in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of
the university in the context of legal and regulatory security. This made it
possible to achieve the goal.
2. Literature review
The transformation of higher education into the compulsory socialization
of young people completely changes the main tasks of education. A number
of scholars suggest that an increase in the number of young people with
higher education and its transformation into a mandatory continuation of
secondary education leads to a mechanical increase in the contingents of
elite higher education.
Another equally important prerequisite for high-quality higher
education is to provide young people with professional competence of
a long-term plan, that is, with a focus on the future labor market, and
not on the previous one. Under these conditions, the role of the country
in educational aairs may change. The public sector of the economy will
become only an integral part of the entire employment market, so higher
education will be guided by the interests of the whole society, and not only
by state institutions (Hesse, 2013; Osipyan, 2010).
Scientists believe that state bodies and structures are considered as the
only ones responsible for all matters of assessing the quality of the higher
education system. They note that it is most expedient to preserve everything
that is available in management and control, improving it by expanding
funding or using new instrumental or organizational means - computer
testing, an external unied state exam, the introduction of student loans
or educational vouchers (Cosmulese, 2019; Jones and Goodfellow, 2012;
Kholiavko et al., 2021).
An important tool for monitoring the quality of education at the
university is a sociological survey of students, which allows you to quickly
receive assessments and oers on educational services from their direct
consumers. In Ukraine, there are no strong traditions of studying student
opinions regarding the quality of teaching and the quality of higher
education in general, although certain practices of this kind already exist.
For example, students are surveyed in their opinion about the quality of
teaching subjects for rating teachers (Habib et al., 2021; Djakona et al.,
2021; Yukhachev, 2008; Kryshtanovych et al., 2021).
In a market economy, the main criterion for assessing the quality of
training a specialist in a higher educational institution is his professional
competitiveness and competence. The issues of evaluating the quality of
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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education of a specialist, the choice of indicators, the construction of a system
for evaluating higher educational institutions remain insuciently studied.
The considered aspects of quality assessment require the development of
new promising directions for substantiating the criteria for assessing and
monitoring the quality of education (Kryshtanovych et al., 2022; Damm,
2016; Sylkin, 2021b).
3. Research Results and Discussions
In the context of the implementation of the international Academic IQ
project “Academic Virtue and Education Quality Initiative”, launched by
the American Councils for International Education in cooperation with
the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the National Agency
for Quality Assurance in Higher Education and with the support of the US
Embassy in Ukraine, a study was conducted to disseminate the principles
academic virtue among applicants for higher education as a component
of the internal quality assurance system of the Lviv Polytechnic National
University in the system of regulatory and legal security.
As part of the study, a survey was conducted among full-time students
at the rst (bachelor’s) level of higher education. The timing of the survey:
December 2020 - January 2021. The results of the study can be considered
representative, since 2342 students took part in the survey, which is 14%
of the total number of 16590 full-time bachelor’s degree applicants of the
Lviv Polytechnic National University. The survey was conducted online.
The results were processed using Excel, this exploration presents individual
univariate distributions.
The survey involved applicants for full-time education of four courses,
among which the largest number of respondents are students of the 1st year
of study (34%). The least active were the 4th year students, whose answers
amounted to only 15% of the total number of respondents in the system of
legal security.
In the structure of the Lviv Polytechnic National University there are
15 educational and scientic institutes that train bachelor’s specialists in
numerous specialties. Respondents from these institutions were involved
in the study, among which students of specialties should be noted as the
most active.
Achieving the eective formation of an internal system for ensuring the
quality of higher education is impossible without the application of all its
elements, in particular, the observance of the principles of academic virtue.
Academic virtue is a relatively new concept for the legal framework, but
not new in use and application by educational institutions and applicants
350
Anna Helesh, Nataliya Mukan, Oleh Davydchak, Ivanna Huzii y Nataliia Dolinska
Objective assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of legal security
for higher education in Ukraine. We have made an attempt to highlight
some of the parameters that characterize the spread of this approach in the
educational environment of the Lviv Polytechnic National University in the
system of legal security.
Today, in the system of regulatory and legal security, the main vectors
for the development of academic virtue at the Lviv Polytechnic National
University is the development and adoption of some regulatory documents,
in particular: the Regulations «On Academic Virtue at the Lviv Polytechnic
National University, the Regulations» On the Code of Corporate Culture
of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, the standard for ensuring
the quality of educational activities and higher education «Regulations
for checking academic plagiarism of students’ qualication papers,
manuscripts of dissertations and monographs, manuscripts of articles
submitted for publication in scientic periodicals», as well as the procedure
for considering applications from students of the Lviv Polytechnic National
University.
The Regulation «On Academic Virtue at the Lviv Polytechnic National
University determines the moral principles, norms and rules of moral
behavior, professional activities and professional communication of the
academic community of the Lviv Polytechnic National University. This
document is aimed at maintaining high professional standards in all areas
of the university’s activities (educational, scientic, educational, etc.),
arming academic virtues and preventing violations of academic virtue.
The norms of this provision x the rules of moral behavior directly in three
main areas - educational, scientic and educational in the system of legal
security.
The regulation sets out the basic concepts, principles and norms of
academic virtue, and also establishes the norms for the observance of
academic virtue by scientic and pedagogical workers and applicants for
higher education, the norms and rules of academic virtue for scientic and
pedagogical workers and applicants for higher education in the system of
legal security.
In order to fulll the norms of this provision, the University creates
the Commission on Academic Virtue, among the main tasks of which are:
to receive, consider, analyze applications for violation of the norms of
this provision and prepare appropriate conclusions; involve experts in a
particular industry in their work, as well as use technical and software tools
to reliably establish the facts of violation of the norms of academic virtue on
the submitted application.
Carry out information work to popularize the principles of academic
virtue and professional ethics of scientic and pedagogical workers and
applicants for higher education; initiate, conduct and support research on
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
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academic virtue, the quality of education and scientic activity; prepare
proposals to improve the eectiveness of the implementation of the
principles of academic virtue in the educational and scientic activities of
the university; provide recommendations and advice on ways and means
of eective compliance with the norms of this provision in the system of
regulatory and legal security.
Any employee of the university or applicant for higher education can
apply to the Commission with a statement about the violation of the norms
of this provision, making suggestions or additions. Also, the regulation
provides for liability for violation of academic virtue and a set of preventive
measures to prevent non-compliance with the norms and rules of academic
virtue at the university.
The Code of Corporate Culture of the Lviv Polytechnic National
University reects the moral principles, rules and norms of communication
and behavior, as well as the norms of professional ethics of the academic
community of the Lviv Polytechnic National University. The Code proclaims
and protects the value-oriented unity of the entire academic community,
taking into account the feeling of solidarity, mutual respect, tolerance and
patriotism, the readiness to preserve and develop the traditions of the
university.
This Code presents the corporate values of the university, the principles
of corporate interaction, professional ethics and culture in the academic
community of the university. In particular, the norms and rules of academic
virtue of scientic and pedagogical workers and applicants for higher
education in the system of legal security are highlighted.
Thus, the norms and rules of academic virtue of applicants for higher
education include: worthily carry the title of a university student, represent
their educational institution, protect its honor and contribute to the
creation of its positive image; profess the principles of academic freedom,
intellectual independence and responsibility; initiate proposals aimed at
improving teaching and educational work, humanizing the educational
process and organizing the internal life of the academic community.
Conrm your level of conscientiousness in the entire educational
process: follow the schedule of the educational process, pass tests and exams
in a timely manner, and perform qualifying work; avoid manifestations
of academic dishonesty, including: requests for assistance, rendering or
receiving assistance from third parties in compiling any type of nal control,
slandering other students and teachers, using family or professional ties to
get a positive or higher grade, cheating when performing written control
measures.
Not to oer remuneration to teachers when evaluating the results of the
implementation of educational, qualication, research tasks; not allow a
352
Anna Helesh, Nataliya Mukan, Oleh Davydchak, Ivanna Huzii y Nataliia Dolinska
Objective assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of legal security
false interpretation of collectivism when performing tests, passing an exam
or a test, not copying reports of laboratory work, computer programs, course
projects; profess a culture of scientic integrity in the implementation of
scientic activities, prevent plagiarism in scientic and qualifying works;
not spontaneously audio or video recording of lectures; do not use a mobile
phone during class.
Do not miss classes and do not be late for them without a good reason,
do not leave the audience in the classroom without the permission of the
teacher; respect the teacher as a person, personality, teacher and cooperate
in the promotion of academic virtues, the development of scientic and
educational innovations and the protection of public morality; develop
leadership qualities, teamwork, professional mobility and spiritual integrity;
to create and maintain a favorable moral and psychological climate in the
student environment, to be tolerant in the system of regulatory and legal
security.
Responsibility for violation of the norms of the Code lies with the
academic community of the university. In case of violation of these norms,
such measures may be applied to members of the academic community
as: remarks; a written or oral warning in accordance with the established
procedure; recommendations to make a public apology; consideration of
issues at meetings of the student self-government body, meetings of the
Academic Council, the College of Students, if necessary, petitioning the
university administration for the use of disciplinary measures in accordance
with the requirements of the Internal Regulations of the Lviv Polytechnic
National University.
The procedure for considering applications from students of the Lviv
Polytechnic National University provides for the use of the practice of
obtaining feedback and complaints from students, in particular, when
violations of academic integrity are detected both by students and university
teachers in the system of regulatory and legal security.
One of the important indicators that indicates the possibility of
popularizing the principles of academic virtue among students is the
discussion of its components with teachers. To do this, the respondents
were asked to note the frequency with which certain of the proposed
questions were discussed with teachers during the semester in the system
of legal security.
Thus, according to the results obtained, it can be argued that the
discussion of the requirements for written work on the course (49.42%) and
the issue of plagiarism, cheating and other violations (35.36%) are frequent.
Unfortunately, topics about ethics and/or academic virtue (33.29%) are rare
for teacher-student discussions; rules for citing borrowed texts and rules
for referring to used literature (29.18%), as well as sanctions for plagiarism,
cheating and other violations (29.89%).
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The main assessment model in the quality assurance system of the
academic virtue of the university in the context of regulatory security is
shown in Fig.1.
Information about
the progress of the
stage 2
Information about
the progress of the
stage 3
Formation of the evaluation system
Definition of evaluation
indicators
Definition of methods and
means of evaluation
1
2
3
Technical
mechanisms
Evaluation
mechanisms
Directives for stage 1 Directives for stage 3
Directives for stage 2
Educational process
Information about
the progress of the
stage 1
Efect
Legal and regulatory
security
Results
Figure 1. The main assessment model in the quality assurance system of the
academic virtue of the university in the context of regulatory security. Formed
by authors.
It should be noted that scientic and pedagogical workers should not
only know, understand and observe the principles of academic virtue, but
also strive to bring them to applicants, in particular, master the methods
and techniques for introducing them into the educational process. So,
for example, in the work program or syllabus of the academic discipline,
the teacher can prescribe a policy on academic plagiarism, develop clear
requirements for the implementation of various types of tasks, projects,
reports, graphic, calculation, theses, and submit learning results with
diagnostic, unambiguous, measuring criteria assessments that make it
possible to clearly identify the content of the requirements for a higher
education applicant in the system of legal and regulatory security.
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Anna Helesh, Nataliya Mukan, Oleh Davydchak, Ivanna Huzii y Nataliia Dolinska
Objective assessment in the quality assurance system of the academic virtue of the university in the
context of legal security
Conclusions
Summing up the results of the survey, we can state that, despite the
developed and adopted a number of documents regulating the policy of
academic virtue at the Lviv Polytechnic National University, the educational
environment of the university requires certain tools to improve the
dissemination and observance of the principles of academic virtue among
the participants in the educational process.
These tools include: voluntary signing by students, graduate students,
teachers, representatives of the administration and other participants in
the educational process of the Declaration on the observance of academic
virtue; ensuring transparency and open access to relevant information as a
key condition for the development of an institutional culture of academic
virtue; the content of the policy and rules of academic virtue should be
communicated to each participant in the educational process; there should
be training activities for students (both as part of the components of the
educational program, and in addition to it); students should have access
to advice on academic writing, avoidance of violations of academic virtue,
procedures for dealing with such violations, possible types of academic
responsibility, organized separately from training sessions in the system of
legal and regulatory security; issues of academic writing / academic virtue
can be promoted both through the ocial website and at seminars, trainings,
round tables, conferences, guest lectures for applicants; organizing and
conducting anti-corruption activities; acquisition and updating of licensed
software for checking works for plagiarism at the institutional level;
students should have access to technical support and free access to software
for checking papers for plagiarism; the policy on academic virtue should not
only be embodied in the institutional culture of the educational institution,
but also strengthened by appropriate procedures and institutional practices.
Also, an important element of the internal quality assurance system is
the study and application of international practices to strengthen policies
for the observance of the principles of academic virtue by applicants for
higher education.
Thus, despite the fact that the eectiveness of these activities requires
considerable time for their implementation, the main thing depends on
the high level of motivation and internal culture and consciousness of the
participants in the educational process. Compliance with the principles of
academic virtue is not only an important factor in the internal system for
ensuring the quality of higher education, but also an important criterion
that determines the moral and moral principles that will be formed among
applicants for higher education over the years of their study in the system
of regulatory and legal security.
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After all, it is precisely such components of academic virtue as justice,
trust, respect, responsibility, honesty that are at the same time universal
values, moral and ethical ideals of a highly developed society and the key
to the successful development of the state as a whole in the system of legal
security.
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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