Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Derecho Público "Dr. Humberto J. La Roche"
de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad del Zulia
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Esta publicación cientíca en formato digital es continuidad de la revista impresa
ISSN-Versión Impresa 0798-1406 / ISSN-Versión on line 2542-3185Depósito legal pp
197402ZU34
ppi 201502ZU4645
Vol.41 N° 78
Julio
Septiembre
2023
Recibido el 15/04/23 Aceptado el 08/07/23
ISSN 0798- 1406 ~ De pó si to le gal pp 198502ZU132
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas
La re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas, es una pu bli ca ción aus pi cia da por el Ins ti tu to
de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co “Dr. Hum ber to J. La Ro che” (IEPDP) de la Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas de la Uni ver si dad del Zu lia.
En tre sus ob je ti vos fi gu ran: con tri buir con el pro gre so cien tí fi co de las Cien cias
Hu ma nas y So cia les, a tra vés de la di vul ga ción de los re sul ta dos lo gra dos por sus in ves-
ti ga do res; es ti mu lar la in ves ti ga ción en es tas áreas del sa ber; y pro pi ciar la pre sen ta-
ción, dis cu sión y con fron ta ción de las ideas y avan ces cien tí fi cos con com pro mi so so cial.
Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas apa re ce dos ve ces al año y pu bli ca tra ba jos ori gi na les con
avan ces o re sul ta dos de in ves ti ga ción en las áreas de Cien cia Po lí ti ca y De re cho Pú bli-
co, los cua les son so me ti dos a la con si de ra ción de ár bi tros ca li fi ca dos.
ESTA PU BLI CA CIÓN APA RE CE RE SE ÑA DA, EN TRE OTROS ÍN DI CES, EN
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gra fía So cio Eco nó mi ca de Ve ne zue la de RE DIN SE, In ter na tio nal Bi blio graphy of
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nes Cien tí fi cas y Tec no ló gi cas Ve ne zo la nas del FO NA CIT, La tin dex.
Di rec to ra
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Co mi té Edi tor
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Co mi té Ase sor
Pedro Bracho Grand
J. M. Del ga do Ocan do
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Ri car do Com bel las
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Asis ten tes Ad mi nis tra ti vos
Joan López Urdaneta y Nil da Ma rín
Re vis ta Cues tio nes Po lí ti cas. Av. Gua ji ra. Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Nú cleo Hu ma nís ti co. Fa-
cul tad de Cien cias Ju rí di cas y Po lí ti cas. Ins ti tu to de Es tu dios Po lí ti cos y De re cho Pú bli co
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Vol. 41, Nº 78 (2023), 417-427
IEPDP-Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas - LUZ
Use of criminal analysis in operational
and search activities
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.29
Ihor Vitaliiovych Nazarenko *
Andrii Mykolaiovych Khankevych **
Adam Lavrentiiovych Dal ***
Yevhenii Rybynskyi ****
Viacheslav Hordiienko *****
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to consider the essence of
the use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities.
The rationale is that it is necessary to improve the existing ways
of using criminal analysis methods in operational and search
activities. The methodological basis of the article is a dialectical
approach. Moreover, during the research, a system of methods
of scientic knowledge has been used: formal logic (abstraction,
analogy, deduction, induction, synthesis) for detailed clarication of the
content of the issues under consideration; empirical research method
- during experimental research and interviewing experts; the method
of system analysis - to determine the directions for the introduction of
innovative approaches to solving the problem. As a conclusion it is proposed
to make changes in the Law of Ukraine “On operational and search
activities”, in particular, to supplement clause 4 of the rst part of Article
8 with the following provision: in order to perform the tasks of operational
and search activity to obtain information held by telecommunications
operators and providers, about communications, subscribers, provision of
telecommunications services, in particular, about the reception of services,
their duration, content, transmission paths, etc.
Keywords: operational unit; criminal analysis; operational and search
measures; operational and search activities.
* PhD in Law, Dean of Faculty No. 2 of Kharkiv National University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine. ORCID
ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3544-9863
** PhD in Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Operational and Investigative Activities and
Crime Disclosure of the Faculty No. 2 of Kharkiv National University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-347X
*** Ph.D in Law, Аssistant professor of the Department of Operational and Investigative Activities and
Crime Disclosure of the Faculty No. 2 of Kharkiv National University of Internal Aairs, Ukraine.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-2523
**** Doctor of Philosophy, Law. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-0142
***** Doctor of Philosophy, Law. Ukraine. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5350-623X
418
Ihor Vitaliiovych Nazarenko, Andrii Mykolaiovych Khankevych, Adam Lavrentiiovych Dal,
Yevhenii Rybynskyi y Viacheslav Hordiienko
Use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities
Uso del análisis criminal en actividades
operativas y de búsqueda
Resumen
El propósito de la investigación fue considerar la esencia del uso del
análisis criminal en actividades operativas y de búsqueda. Se fundamenta
que es necesario mejorar las formas existentes de utilizar métodos de análisis
criminal en actividades operativas y de búsqueda. La base metodológica
del artículo es un enfoque dialéctico. Además, durante la investigación,
se ha utilizado un sistema de métodos de conocimiento cientíco: lógica
formal (abstracción, analogía, deducción, inducción, síntesis) para
la aclaración detallada del contenido de los temas en consideración;
método de investigación empírico - durante la investigación experimental
y entrevistando a expertos; el método de análisis del sistema - para
determinar las direcciones para la introducción de enfoques innovadores
para resolver el problema. Como conclusión se propone realizar cambios
en la Ley de Ucrania “Sobre actividades operativas y de búsqueda”, en
particular, para complementar la cláusula 4 de la primera parte del artículo
8 con la siguiente disposición: con el n de realizar las tareas de actividad
operativa y de búsqueda de obtener información en poder de los operadores
y proveedores de telecomunicaciones, sobre comunicaciones, abonados,
prestación de servicios de telecomunicaciones, en particular, sobre la
recepción de los servicios, su duración, contenido, vías de transmisión, etc.
Palabras clave: unidad operativa; análisis criminal; medidas operativas
y de búsqueda; actividades operativas y de búsqueda;
procedimientos de investigación.
Introduction
Within the limits of the given powers, criminal police units acquire a
sucient mass of information about criminal activity, in particular about
representatives of organized crime. In view of the mentioned, an extremely
important task consists in using tools that would provide an opportunity to
process signicant amounts of available data.
Criminal analysis is one of such tools in activities performed by
operational units of the National Police of Ukraine - it is a specic type
of information and analytical activity, which consists in identifying and as
accurate as possible determining internal connections between information
(facts, data) related to a crime and any with other data obtained from various
sources, their use in the interests of operational, search and investigative
activities, their analytical support.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 417-427
In the countries of the European Union and the USA, the use of criminal
analysis capabilities is mandatory for all law enforcement agencies. Its
content, rules and procedures are clearly dened and regulated in the legal
eld (Korystin, 2019).
Law enforcement agencies of foreign countries have been using criminal
analysis in their work for a long period time. In particular, this type of
activity began to be considered as a separate profession back in the 60s
of the last centuries. In the subsequent decades, criminal analysis gained
signicant development in such countries as the USA, Canada, Great Britain,
Australia, and Belgium. In the 70s of the 20th centuries, the process of
scientic substantiation and provision of this activity began alongside with
creation of a system of special education and professional development.
In the 1980s and 1990s, at all levels (local, federal, regional, national
ones) separate units (departments) of criminal analysis began to be created
or separate positions of analysts were introduced in the units of law
enforcement agencies carrying out detection and investigation of crimes,
and with development of computer technologies an active use of special
software for criminal analysis began.
It can be stated that criminal analysis is the basis of the “Intelligence
Led Policing” model, aimed at making eective management decisions
based on the use of a complex of methods and techniques for collecting,
processing, evaluating, analyzing and implementing information, as well
as for exchange of information during criminal proceedings, operational
and search activities, and development of tactical and strategic measures
to combat crime.
Its main dierence is that criminal analysis units having legal access
to various information bases that operate on the territory of our state, as
well as possessing the skills of intelligence analysis, signicantly facilitated
the work of operational ocers. Criminal analysts have demonstrated that
they are able to nd the most hidden patterns in activities performed by
criminal elements, as well as to build systemic connections in situations of
non-obviousness.
In today’s conditions, criminal analysis as a separate type of professional
activity is carried out at law enforcement agencies of most developed
countries. In the structure of the Interpol’s General Secretariat, a separate
unit of criminal analysis functions, and activities performed by the Europol
headquarters is based mainly on the use of criminal analysis technologies
(Kalynovskyi and Shkolnikov, 2017).
Criminal analysis is one of the main activities of the European Police
Oce. In accordance with Article 4 and 5 of the Agreement on the
establishment of Europol (Europol Convention), criminal analysis is one
of the main tasks of this Organization. In addition to that Articles 14-16
420
Ihor Vitaliiovych Nazarenko, Andrii Mykolaiovych Khankevych, Adam Lavrentiiovych Dal,
Yevhenii Rybynskyi y Viacheslav Hordiienko
Use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities
of this Agreement determine the grounds and procedure for creating the
so-called Europol Analysis Workles (AWF) which are analytical projects.
Importance of this line of work is evidenced by the fact that more than 100
analysts work at the headquarters (Korystin, 2019).
At the same time, legal aspects of using criminal analysis methods during
operative proceedings and pre-trial investigation require improvement.
1. Literature review
Criminal analysis is a specic type of information and analytical activity,
which consists in identifying and as accurate as possible determining
internal connections between information (facts, data) related to a crime
and any with other data obtained from various sources, their use in the
interests of operational, search and investigative activities, their analytical
support.
In the process of criminal analysis, targeted search, detection, recording,
extraction, organization, analysis and evaluation of criminal information
are provided alongside with presentation (visualization), transmission and
implementation of such information.
The purpose of collecting and analyzing information consists in creating
and verifying hypotheses and conclusions about past, present and future
illegal actions, and this procedure is related to description of the structure
and sphere of activity of criminal groups as well as to transfer of clear
information to the management regarding operational and search measures
and investigative (search) procedures.
All forms of analysis are related to each other, if analysis accompanies
operational and search and investigative activities, it simultaneously
supports these activities and provides grounds for conducting investigative
(search) procedures and operational and search measures (criminal
intelligence). During the analytical process, information about the criminal,
the course of events, the instrument of the crime, the time and place of its
commission, etc. are evaluated. Circulation of this information takes place
between operational workers and investigators and consists not only in
providing or receiving information, but also in active acquisition (search)
of such information (Farion, 2021).
Processing of large volumes of information is possible only thanks to
the use of intelligent technologies that reduce the burden on investigative
or operational workers and help them during implementation of relevant
measures and adoption of a procedural decision.
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 417-427
IBM i2 Analytics delivers powerful analysis and visualization capabilities
to improve analytics productivity and reduce the time it takes to deliver
high-value intelligence across rapidly growing data sets. In the eld of
criminal analysis, i2 is used mainly with iBase, iBridge, iGlass, Analyst’s
Workstation software products (Tsyhykal, 2017).
The set of factual data collected as a result of these actions creates
sucient prerequisites for information support of the further course of the
respective investigation at the initial stage of the pre-trial investigation of
the criminal proceedings. However, this becomes possible only when the
specied actions are carried out taking into account all the features of the
search and cognitive activity performed by investigative and operational
workers, as well as the specics inherent in display of the crime event
information (Halaburda et al., 2021).
However, the procedure of understanding principles of criminal law
and particularities of their implementation under conditions of war has not
been covered by the scientists.
2. Materials and methods
This research is based on works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers
regarding methodological approaches to understanding the use of
criminal analysis in operational and search activities and their specic
implementation under conditions of war, etc.
With the help of the epistemological method, the use of criminal analysis
in operational and search activities, etc., has been claried, thanks to the
logical-semantic method, the conceptual apparatus has been deepened, the
use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities and peculiarities
of their implementation in conditions of war has been revealed etc. Thanks
to the existing methods of law, we have managed to analyze the essence of
using criminal analysis in operational and search activities, etc.
3. Results and discussion
In today’s conditions, solution of high-prole, serious and especially
serious criminal oenses is impossible without participation of criminal
analysts and appropriate analytical intelligence work conducted during
operational and search activities and criminal proceedings.
While standards of criminal procedural legislation determine principles
of criminal proceedings, at the level of operational and search legislation,
this issue remains unresolved (Villasmil Espinoza et al., 2022).
422
Ihor Vitaliiovych Nazarenko, Andrii Mykolaiovych Khankevych, Adam Lavrentiiovych Dal,
Yevhenii Rybynskyi y Viacheslav Hordiienko
Use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities
In our opinion, a due proposal was made by the authors of the draft law “On
Operational and Search Activities”. According to this proposal operational
and search proceedings are interpreted as covert implementation of a
complex of operational and search measures against a person or a group
of persons (in particular, unidentied ones) who are reasonably suspected
of preparing to commit a crime, for the purpose of prevention of such
crime or for the purpose of searching for a criminal who is trying to ee
from investigation and trial, when it is impossible or extremely dicult to
achieve the specied goals by other means (Law of Ukraine, 1992).
Timely and eectively conducted analytical studies contributed to
disclosure of a signicant number of high-prole crimes, primarily those
on “hot scents”, as well as to arrest of criminals and the general increase in
pressure on criminality.
Emphasis on criminal analysis is extremely important in the context
of law enforcement in view of the profound impact it can have on police
strategy, tactics, and methods. Currently, criminal analysis has already
begun active implementation of technological innovations through the
constant updating of software analytical tools, modernization of technical
means, introduction of innovative technologies (for example, systems
for quick review and analysis of surveillance camera materials using the
program “Video Synopsis”, innovative image processing technology).
(Kalynovskyi and Shkolnikov, 2017).
In the process of criminal analysis, with temporary access to information
on communications, operational units provide targeted search, detection,
recording, extraction, organization, analysis and evaluation of criminal
information alongside with presentation (visualization), transmission and
implementation of such information.
The purpose of collecting and analyzing during temporary access to
information about relations consists in creating and verifying hypotheses
and conclusions about past, present and future illegal actions, and this
procedure is related to description of the structure and sphere of activity
of criminal groups as well as to transfer of clear information to the
management regarding operational and search measures and investigative
(search) procedures.
After the entry into force of the new Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine
and introduction of certain changes to other legislative acts, factors were
identied that prevent the use of the criminal analysis mechanism as an
evidentiary basis within the framework of pre-trial investigation of criminal
proceedings (Matviichuk et al., 2022).
In accordance with Chapter 15 of Section II of the Criminal Procedure
Code of Ukraine, access to information about communications, subscribers,
provision of telecommunication services, in particular about the receipt
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 417-427
of services, their duration, content, transmission routes, etc. (hereinafter
referred to as “information on communications”), is carried out according
to the procedure of temporary access to things and documents on the
basis of the decision made the investigating judge, the court, obtained at
the request of the investigator, agreed with the prosecutor (Tylchyk et al.,
2022).
According to part 1 Art.159 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine,
temporary access to information on communications consists in providing
the investigator or the prosecutor with an opportunity to get acquainted
with this information (it is provided by telecom service operators and
providers in whose possession it is) and receive copies in accordance with
the procedure established by the Criminal Procedure Code (Law of Ukraine,
2012).
It should be noted that the Law of Ukraine “On Operational and Search
Activities” does not provide for the right of operational units to receive
information on communications by telecom service operators and providers
in whose possession it is (Law of Ukraine, 1992).
In accordance with 3, Part 2 of Art.40 of the Criminal Procedure Code of
Ukraine, the investigator is authorized to entrust execution of investigative
(search) actions to the relevant operational units by means of issuing a
procedural document (a mandate or order) and the respective operational
unit shall be obliged to perform these actions in accordance with Art.41
of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. Chapters 20 and 21 of the
Criminal Code of Ukraine provide a comprehensive list of investigative
(search) actions and covert investigative (search) actions.
At the same time, according to Chapter 15 of Section II of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine, temporary access to things and documents
does not belong to investigative (search) actions, but is a measure to
ensure criminal proceedings, and such a procedural action as analysis of
information on communications and radio-technical examination is not
normatively dened in the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine (Law of
Ukraine, 2012).
In connection with the fact that according to Chapter 20 of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine it is not possible to perform such types of
investigative (search) actions as information on communications and radio
technical examination, establishing owners of telephone numbers, etc.,
carrying out specied instructions of investigators and drawing up the
corresponding protocol (Law of Ukraine, 2012).
In addition, investigators sometimes issue a mandate (order) to carry
out investigative (search) actions, in order to entrust implementation
of investigative (search) actions to employees of the respective operative
unit with their involvement as specialists, namely, to carry out an analysis
424
Ihor Vitaliiovych Nazarenko, Andrii Mykolaiovych Khankevych, Adam Lavrentiiovych Dal,
Yevhenii Rybynskyi y Viacheslav Hordiienko
Use of criminal analysis in operational and search activities
of telephone connections (by means of conducting an inspection of the
DVD-R disc) within the framework of the resolution on involvement of
representatives of operational divisions as specialists.
However, according to Art.237 of the Criminal Procedure Code of
Ukraine, inspection is an investigative (search) action carried out with
the aim of identifying and recording information about the circumstances
of a criminal oense. That is, such an investigative (search) action as an
inspection, in particular that of material carriers of information, in practice
consists in identifying and recording external physical signs and properties
of the object (weight, color, size, shape, etc.) (Law of Ukraine, 2012).
Such an analysis of the content of mandates (orders) certies that when
issuing relevant mandates (orders), investigators aim to obtain from the
employees the analysis of information on communications contained on
the provided physical storage media, as set out in the protocols based on
the results of investigative (search) actions (Zhukova et al., 2023).
However, in the absence in the Criminal Code of Ukraine of
such investigative (searching) actions as analysis of information on
communications, specialists are forced to use terminological constructions
not provided for by law (“perform an analysis by conducting an inspection”,
etc.), and in the case of using such materials, the court may recognize this
evidence to be inadmissible because it was not obtained in the manner
prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure.
In our opinion, measures indicated in orders given by the investigator
can be carried out by an authorized employee of the respective operational
unit on the basis of a resolution on involvement of specialists, with a direct
description of the circumstances that need to be claried, investigated,
analyzed, or directly sent a corresponding letter about analysis or
examination (Leheza et al., 2022).
In addition, it is possible to involve specialists in the eld of
telecommunications (who have special knowledge) to conduct such events.
Based on the results of the analysis, authorized employees of the
operative unit shall prepare the relevant information, and resolution of
the issue regarding the role of the specied information in the respective
criminal proceedings, its use for giving evidence belongs to the competence
of the investigator (Kobrusieva et al., 2021).
So, analysis of information on communications is an information
processing process which is based on logical and creative thinking and is
aimed at obtaining qualitatively new information
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CUESTIONES POLÍTICAS
Vol. 41 Nº 78 (2023): 417-427
Conclusions
The proposed legal aspects of using criminal analysis methods during
operational proceedings and pre-trial investigation will facilitate the use
of materials of temporary access to information on communications and
the results of their analysis (references, protocols or expert opinions) as
evidence in criminal proceedings.
In addition, it is necessary to introduce amendments to the Law of
Ukraine “On Operative and Search Activities”, in particular, paragraph 4,
Part 1 Art. 8 should be amended with two new paragraphs of the following
content:
For the purpose of performing tasks of operational and search activities
the procedure of obtaining information possessed by operators and
telecommunication service providers, about communications, subscribers,
provision of telecommunication services, in particular, about the receipt of
services, their duration, content, transmission routes, etc. shall be carried
out in accordance with the provisions of Articles 159 -166 of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine, taking into account the features established by
part two of Article 8 of this Law.
Permission to provide access to such information shall be granted by
the investigating judge without a court summons to the person in whose
possession it is. Access to such information may be carried out in accordance
with the procedure provided for by Articles 159, 163 and 165 of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine.
The decision of the investigating judge may be issued to carry out
one or more of the above-mentioned operational and search measures
and to provide temporary access to information held by operators and
telecommunication providers about communications, subscribers,
provision of telecommunication services, in particular about the receipt of
services, their duration, content, transmission routes, etc.
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www.luz.edu.ve
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Esta revista fue editada en formato digital y publicada
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Vol.41 Nº 78
