Aspectos criminales de las aplicaciones robóticas

• Fedor Romanovich Sundurov Faculty of Law, Department of Criminal Law, Kazan Federal University
• Ildar Rustamovich Begishev Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov
• Zarina Ilduzovna Khisamova Department of Planning and Coordination of Research Activities, Head, Research Department, Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
• Igor Izmailovich Bikeev Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov
• Elvira Yuryevna Latypova Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Kazan
• Timur Radikovich Ishbuldin Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov, Kazan, Russia

Palabras clave: robótica, tecnologías digitales, regulación legal, responsabilidad penal, inteligencia artificial

Resumen

Se analizan los riesgos criminológicos directos e indirectos del uso de la robótica y se discuten las cuestiones de responsabilidad del fabricante (desarrollador) y/o propietario (usuario) de la robótica por los actos cometidos con su participación. Este ensayo discute las áreas prometedoras de la investigación jurídica relacionadas con la robótica y su normativa legal correspondiente. La definición de robótica se fundamenta y propone como todas las categorías de robots en su sentido más amplio, independientemente de su finalidad, grado de peligro, movilidad o autonomía, así como los sistemas ciber-físicos con inteligencia artificial en cualquier forma. Se propone reconocer los actos socialmente peligrosos cometidos con el uso de la robótica como delitos cometidos de forma generalmente peligrosa, si existen fundamentos para ello. Se concluye que la comisión de actos mediante la robótica es capaz, en determinados casos, de crear una pluralidad de delitos en forma de agregado real. Se ha comprobado la ampliación de las competencias de los órganos de seguridad del Estado, que pueden llevar a cabo las funciones de desarrollo de la política estatal, la regulación legal, el control y la supervisión en el campo de la aplicación de la robótica.

Citas

ASIMOV, Isaac. 1942. Runaround. Astounding Science Fiction. New York, USA.

ANATOLII, Kyslyi; PYSMENNA, Mariia; KOLOMOIETS, Oleksandr; VOLOBUIEVA, Olena; DAVYDENKO, Valerii. 2020. “Educational processes of training, retraining and advanced training of private detectives in Ukraine” En: Cuestiones Políticas. Disponible en línea. En: DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.38e.28. Vol. 38, No. 36 (especial), pp. 421-435.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; BIKEEV, Indesa. I. 2020. Crimes in the field of digital information circulation. Kazan: Publishing house "Knowledge" of Kazan Innovation University. Kazan, Russia.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I. 2018. “Criminological Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence” In: All-Russian criminological journal. Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 767-775.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; MAZITOVA, Guzel I. 2019. “Criminal Legal Ensuring of Security of Critical Information Infrastructure of the Russian Federation” In: Revista Gênero & Direito. Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 283-292.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; MAZITOVA, Guzel I. 2019. Information Infrastructure of Safe Computer Attack. Helix, Vol. 9, Vol. 5, pp. 5639-5642.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; NIKITIN, Sergio. 2020. “The Organization of Hacking Community: Criminological and Criminal Law Aspects” In: Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal = Russian Journal of Criminology. Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 96-105.

BEGISHEV, Ildar R; LATYPOVA, ElviraYu; KIRPICHNIKOV, Danila V. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence as a Legal Category: Doctrinal Approach to Formulating a Definition” In: Actual Probs. Econ. & L.. Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 79-91.

BERGEN, Mark; NEWCOMER, Eric. 2018. Uber Halts Autonomous Car Tests After Fatal Crash in Arizona. Bloomberg. Available online. In: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-19/uber-autonomous-car-involved-in-fatal-crash-in-arizona. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

BIKEEV, Igor; KABANOV, Pavel; BEGISHEV, Ildar; KHISAMOVA, Zarina. 2019. Criminological risks and legal aspects of artificial intelligence implementation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Information Processing and Cloud Computing. Sanya, China.

BOKOVNYA, Alexandra Yu; BEGISHEV, Ildar R; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; NARIMANOVA, Nelli Rashidovna; SHERBAKOVA, Lyudmila Mikhailovna. 2020. “Legal Approaches to Artificial Intelligence Concept and Essence Definition” In: Revista San Gregorio. Vol. 1, No. 41, pp. 325-336.

BOKOVNYA, Alexandra Yu; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; Begishev, Ildar R. 2019. “Study of Russian and the UK Legislations in Combating Digital Crimes” In: Helix. Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 5458-5461.

BOKOVNYA, Alexandra Yu; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; BEGISHEV, Ildar R; LATYPOVA, ElviraYu; NECHAEVA, Evgeniya V. 2020. Computer crimes on the COVID-19 scene: analysis of social, legal, and criminal threats. Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 38, No. 66, pp. 463-472,

BOKOVNYA, Alexandra Yu; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; BEGISHEV, Ildar R; SIDORENKO, Elina L; ILYASHENKO, Alexander N; MOROZOV, Andre Yu. 2020. “Global Analysis of Accountability for Fake News Spread About the Covid-19 Pandemic in Social Media” In: Applied Linguistics Research Journal. Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 91-95.

BOKOVNYA, Alexandra Yu; KHISAMOVA, Zarina I; VASYUKOV, V.F; BEGISHEV, Ildar R. 2020. “Assessment of Potential Risks of Regional for Global Financial Security”
In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 38, No. 66, pp. 156-166.

BOYLE, Andre. 2016. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella lays out 10 Laws of AI (and Human Behavior). GeekWire. Available online. In: https://www.geekwire.com//microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-10-laws-ai/. Consultation date: 22/03/2020

ČAPEK, KRUR. 1920. Rossum's Universal Robots. Praga, Czech Republic.

CHUCHAEV, Andrea. I. 2019. “Robomobiles and personal safety: criminal law problems” In: Criminalist. Vol. 1, No. 26, pp. 94-98.

CHUCHAEV, Arnedo I; MALIKOV, Serva V. 2019. “Responsibility for causing damage by a highly automated vehicle: state and prospects” In: Actual problems of Russian law. Vol. 6, No. 103, pp. 117-124.

EGOROV, Iildar. 2018. Attacks in the network and. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Federal issue. Moscow, Russia.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION. 2017. With recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)). Available online. In: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

FORBES. Laws of robotics. How to regulate artificial intelligence / A. Neznamov. 2018. Available online. In: https://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/355757-zakony-robototehniki-kak-regulirovat-iskusstvennyy-intellekt. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

FUTURE OF LIFE INSTITUTE. 2017. Asilomar AI Principles. Available online. In: https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

HALLEVY, Gabriel. 2010. “The criminal liability of artificial intelligence entities-from science fiction to legal social control” In: Akron Intell. Prop. J. Vol. 4, pp. 171-201.

HALLEVY, Gabriel. 2015. Liability for Crimes Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems. Springer International Publishing. Springer, Germany.

IBRAGIMOV, Rustam; SURAGINA, Elina. 2017. “Law of machines. How to bring a robot to responsibility” In: Corporate lawyer. Vol. 11, pp. 10-17.

KHISAMOVA, Zarina; BEGISHEV, I. R; SIDORENKO, Elina L. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence and Problems of Ensuring Cyber Security” In: International Journal of Cyber Criminology. Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 564-577.

KHISAMOVA, Zarina; BEGISHEV, Ildar R. 2019. “Criminal Liability and Artificial Intelligence: Theoretical and Applied Aspects” In: Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal = Russian Journal of Criminology. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 564-574.

KHISAMOVA, Zarina; BEGISHEV, Ildar R. 2019. “Legal regulation of artificial intelligence / Z.I. Khisamova” In: Baikal Research Journal. Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 2411-2423.

KHISAMOVA, Zarina; BEGISHEV, Ildar; GAIFUTDINOV, Ramil R. 2019. “On methods to legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the world” In: International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 5159-5162.

KIRPICHNIKOV, Danila; PAVLYUK, Albert; GREBNEVA, Yulia; OKAGBUE, Hilary. 2020. Criminal Liability of the Artificial Intelligence. Available online. In: https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2020/19/e3sconf_btses2020_04025.pdf. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

KOROBEYEV, Alexandr; CHUCHAEV, Albert I. 2018. “Unmanned vehicles equipped with artificial intelligence systems: problems of legal regulation” In: Asia-Pacific Region: Economics, Politics, Law. Vol. 20. No. 3, pp. 117-132.

KOROBEYEV, Alexandr; CHUCHAEV, Albert I. 2019. “Violation of the safety of robotic vehicles as an independent socially dangerous act” In: Criminal law. Vol. 3, pp. 37-48.

NAUMOV, Vladimir B; NEZNAMOV, Alex. V. 2017. Model Convention on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence rules for the creation and use of robots and artificial intelligence. Law and Information: Questions of Theory and Practice. Collection of materials of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Ser. “Electronic legislation”, pp. 210-220.

ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATORY PROBLEM RESEARCH CENTER. 2017. Courier robots law. Estonian Law on Amendments to the Road Traffic Act. Available online. In: https://robopravo.ru/estonskii_zakon_o_robotakhkurierakh. Consultation date: 22/03/2020.

SIMMLER, Monika. 2019. Maschinenethik und strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit. Handbuch Maschinenethik. Springer VS. Wiesbaden, Germany.

SIMMLER, Monika; MARKWALDEr, Nora. 2019. “Guilty Robots? –Rethinking the Nature of Culpability and Legal Personhood in an Age of Artificial Intelligence” In: Criminal Law Forum. Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-31.

SUKHODOLOV, Alexander P; BYCHKOV, Artur V; BYCHKOVA, Anna M. 2020. “Criminal Policy for Crimes Committed Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies: State, Problems, Prospects” In: Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 116-122.

TSUKANOVA, Elena Yurievna; SKOPENKO, Oleg Romanovich. 2018. “Legal aspects of liability for harm caused by a robot with artificial intelligence” In: Questions of Russian and International Law. Vol. 8, No. 4A, pp. 42-48.

VAGANOVA, Olga I; ILYASHENKO, Lyubov I; SMIRNOVA, Zhanna V; BYSTROVA, Natalia V; KAZNACHEEVA, Svetlana N. 2019. “Students’ creative abilities development in higher educational institution” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol 8, No 22, pp. 701-710.