Comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and Poland
Palabras clave:
política anticorrupción, Europa del Este, análisis legal, prevención de la corrupción, organismo especializado en lucha contra la corrupción
Resumen
La lucha eficaz contra la corrupción sigue siendo pertinente en algunos países de Europa oriental y la ex Unión Soviética, dado que las manifestaciones de corrupción son un obstáculo real para la realización de los derechos humanos, la justicia social y el desarrollo económico y ponen en peligro el funcionamiento adecuado de una economía de mercado. Sin embargo, si esos países de la región, como Polonia, lograron garantizar la implicacion de una política anticorrupción eficaz, varios países postsoviéticos, en particular Ucrania, se enfrentaron a obstáculos importantes para superar la corrupción y aplicar eficazmente la lucha nacional contra políticas de corrupción. Por ello, dentro de este artículo se ha realizado un análisis jurídico comparativo de la legislación anticorrupción de estos países. Se considera el estado de implicacion de las políticas nacionales anticorrupción y las conclusiones formuladas, que brindan respuestas a las preguntas sobre la mejora de la implicacion de la política nacional anticorrupción, en Ucrania particularmente. Por lo tanto, la existencia de una legislación nacional anticorrupción moderna que cumpla mejor con los requisitos y recomendaciones en los que el estado se basa en los tratados internacionales relevantes puede ser la clave para el éxito de los esfuerzos anticorrupción.
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COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Civil Law Convention on Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/174. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CONFORTY. B. 1993. International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal System. Dorderecht, Netherlands.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. On June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2% D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Criminal Law Convention On Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full- list/-/conventions/treaty/173. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2012. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 1001/2011. 2011. (On the National Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2011-2015). 2011. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1001/2011. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 217/2015. 2015. (On the Establishment of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine).
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 218/2015. 2015. (About the appointment of A. Sitnik as Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine). ON AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE ACTS OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE AND THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR
CORRUPTION PREVENTION. 2015. Available online. In: https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/198-19. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1997. Resolution (97) 24 On the Twenty Guiding Principles For The Fight Against Corruption. Available online. In: https://polis.osce.org/node/4681. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
APPENDIX TO RESOLUTION. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Resolution (99) 5 Establishing the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). 1999. Available online. In: https://rm.coe.int/16806cd24f. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 1240. 2011. (On Approval of State Program for Prevention and Counteraction Corruption 2011-2015) 2011 (Ukr). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1240-2011-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 265. 2015. (On Approval of the State Program for Implementing Principles of State Anti- Corruption Policy in Ukraine (Anti-Corruption Strategy) for 2015-2017). 2015. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/265- 2015-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION. 2003. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available online. In: https://www. unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08- 50026_E.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ANTI-CORRUPTIONPROGRAM2018-2020.2017.Availableonline.In:http:// gamma.infor.pl/zalaczniki/mpo/2018/003/mpo.2018.003.012.0001. pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BANAKHIEVICH, Yurii. 2017. Poland and corruption: The life of officials will be “discovered” by law. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform. ua/rubric-world/2222765-polsa-ikorupcia-zitta-cinovnikiv-vidkriut- zakonom.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BARDACHOV, Yurii. 2014. Anti-corruption reform in Ukraine as a significant factor ensuring national security. Theory and Practice of Public Administration and Local Government 2014 (2). Available online. In: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ttpdu_2014_2_3. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BOYKO, Vladimir. 2018. The apartment issue of Artem Sitnik. Available online. In: https://ord-ua.com/2018/04/13/kvartirne-pitannya-artema- sitnika/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CBA. 2016. Map of corruption. Available online. In: https://cba.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/ Mapa%20korupcji%202016.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CHRISTENSEN, John; SHAXSON, Nicholas; BAKER, Raymond. 2008. Catching up with corruption. The American Interest vol. 4 (1). Available online. In: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/09/01/ catching-up-with-corruption/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DE VEL, Guy; CSONKA, Peter. 2002. The Council of Europe Activities against Corruption. Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement. Ed. by Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Humberts. Kluwer Law International. The Hague/ London/New York.
FALKNER, Gerda; TREIB, Oliver. 2008. “Three Worlds of Compliance or Four? The EU-15 Compared to New Member States” In: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 2, No. 46, pp. 293–313.
FEDORKO, Oleh. 2019. “Independence of National Anti-corruption Bureau: myth or reality”. In: Journal of Actual problems of domestic jurisprudence 2019: Special issue. рр. 108-111. Available online. In: http://apnl.dnu. in.ua/2019/31.pdf. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
FUNDACJĄ PANOPTYKON. 2015. The Constitutional Court with the eyes of Panoptykon. Available online. In: https://panoptykon.org/wiadomosc/ trybunal-konstytucyjny-okiem-panoptykonu. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GALTUNG, Fredrik. 2005. Measuring the immeasurable: boundaries and functions of (macro) corruption indices. Available online. In: http:// www.anti-corruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Galtung- Measuring-the-Immeasurable.pdf. Consultation date: 29/03/2021
GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2019. Uniform report on criminal offenses in January-December 2018. Available online. In: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/stst2011.html?dir_id=113653&libid=100820&c=edit&_c=fo. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GRECO. 2017. Evaluation report Ukraine. Available online. In: https:// rm.coe.int/grecoeval4rep-2016-9-fourth-evaluation-round-corruption- prevention-in-/1680737207. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
HROMADSKE TV. 2018. Five NACP scandals: what the head of the agency Natalia Korchak remembered. Available online. In: https://hromadske. ua/posts/5-skandaliv-nazk-chym-zapamiatalasia-ochilnytsia-ahentstva-nataliia-korchak. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JOHNSTON, Michael. 2011. Why do so many Anti-corruption efforts fail. Available online. In: http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/ files/upload_documents/NYU-Annual-Survey-67-3-Johnston.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF POLAND. 2009. Ref. K 54/07 (June 23, 2009). Available online. In: https://trybunal.gov. pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/4929-definicja-ustawowa- korupcji-zasady-zbierania-danych-osobowych-i-prowadzenia- dzialalnosci-kontro. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
KHMARA, Oleksij. 2013. The state program to prevent and combat corruption for 2011-2015 worth more than UAH 820 million may remain in the status of “filkin’s diploma”. Available online. In: https://m.tyzhden.ua/ publication/78657. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
KLITGAARD, Robert; MACLEAN-ABAROA, Ronald; PARRIS H., Lindsey. 2000. Corrupt cities: a practical guide to cure and prevention. Institute for Con6temporary Studies. Oakland, California.
KOLOMIETS, Victoria. 2019. «Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine Sytnyk entered in the register of corrupt officials». Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/direktora-nabu-sitnika-vnesli- do-reyestru-korupcioneriv Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
LANDELL-MILLS, Pierre. 2013. Citizens against corruption. Report from the front line. Partnership for Transparency Funding. UK.
LEDENEVA, Alena; BRATU, Roxana; KÖKER, Philipp. 2017. “Corruption studies for the twenty-first century: paradigm shifts and innovative approaches” In: The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 1, No. 95, pp. 1-20.
NABU. 2018. NABU report for the first half of 2018. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/zvit_10.08.2018_sayt.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NACP. 2017. Analytical Report on the implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2014-2017 and the State Program on the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy Principles. Available online. In: https:// nazk.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/2017/%D0%BC. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NIKOLAENKO, Tetiana. 2019. The quiet death of Holodnitsky fishes. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/news/2019/01/18/417465_tiha_smert_ribok_ holodnitskogo.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
OBURA, Ken. 2014. Unmasking the phenomenon of corruption: perspectives from legal theory. SPECULUM JURIS 2014 (1). Available online. In: https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101207/http://www.ufh.ac.za/ speculumjuris/files/pdf/SJ1614_1.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGY FOR 2018-2020. 2018. Available online. In: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63942. Consultation date: 12/03/2021. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE CENTRAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU. 2006. Available online. In: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id= WDU20061040708. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE. 2014. Available onlaine. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1698-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY. 2006. Available online. In: http://www.lexlege.pl/ustawa-o-zasadach-prowadzenia-polityki- rozwoju/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN UKRAINE (ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY) FOR 2014-2017. 2014. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1699-18/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
PIECZONKA, Jarosław. 2016. Miami - former counterintelligence agent: For the previous PiS government, the CBA’s activities were good, but the implementation was poor. Natemat.pl. Available online. https:// natemat.pl/178315,majami-byly-agent-kontrwywiadu-za-poprzednich- rzadow-pis-kierunki-dzialan-cba-byly-dobre-ale-realizacja-slaba. Consultation date: 28/03/2021
POLIKOVSKAYA, Yulia. 2017. One-third of Ukrainians find justification for corruption to resolve personal cases. Available online. In: https://zaxid. net/33_ukrayintsiv_vvazhayut_koruptsiyu_chastinoyu_traditsiy_ n1439644. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
POPE, Jeremy. 2011. Fighting Corruption: Elements of the System of State Integrity. Planet-Print Ltd. Rivne, Ukraine.
POYNTING, Scott; WHYTE, David. 2017. “Special edition: Corruption downunder – guest editors’ introduction” In: International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Vol. 6, No.4, pp. 1-11.
PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2014. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1700-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY 2. 2018. SAP claims clashes with NABU. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-nabu-sap/29498763.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY. 2018. “Schemes” captured the night at Sitnik’s home at President Poroshenko. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda. org/a/news-schemes/29359771.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
SEREMET, Andrzej. 2016. Report of the Prosecutor General from the annual activity in 2015. General Prosecutor’s office. Available online. In: https://pk.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/901ad60fac337 b0a1f096eacd0cb757f.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2018. Signature and Ratification Status. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/corruption/ratification-status.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
SOUSA, Luis. 2009. “Anti-Corruption Agencies: Between Empowerment and Irrelevance” In: Crime, Law and Social Change. Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 5-22.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. 2020. The global coalition against corruption: corruption perceptions index 2020. In: https://www. transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
UKRAINIAN PRAVDA. 2016. NACP has officially been left without a quorum -Chumak left the agency. Available online. In: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2016/03/3/7045757/. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
UKRAINIAN PRAVDA. 2019. For the whole of 2018, $ 5,000 were confiscated from corrupt officials. Available online. In: https://www.pravda.com.ua/ news/2019/01/18/7204151/. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
CONFORTY. B. 1993. International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal System. Dorderecht, Netherlands.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. On June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2% D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Criminal Law Convention On Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full- list/-/conventions/treaty/173. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2012. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 1001/2011. 2011. (On the National Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2011-2015). 2011. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1001/2011. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 217/2015. 2015. (On the Establishment of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine).
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 218/2015. 2015. (About the appointment of A. Sitnik as Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine). ON AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE ACTS OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE AND THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR
CORRUPTION PREVENTION. 2015. Available online. In: https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/198-19. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1997. Resolution (97) 24 On the Twenty Guiding Principles For The Fight Against Corruption. Available online. In: https://polis.osce.org/node/4681. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
APPENDIX TO RESOLUTION. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Resolution (99) 5 Establishing the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). 1999. Available online. In: https://rm.coe.int/16806cd24f. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 1240. 2011. (On Approval of State Program for Prevention and Counteraction Corruption 2011-2015) 2011 (Ukr). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1240-2011-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 265. 2015. (On Approval of the State Program for Implementing Principles of State Anti- Corruption Policy in Ukraine (Anti-Corruption Strategy) for 2015-2017). 2015. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/265- 2015-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION. 2003. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available online. In: https://www. unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08- 50026_E.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ANTI-CORRUPTIONPROGRAM2018-2020.2017.Availableonline.In:http:// gamma.infor.pl/zalaczniki/mpo/2018/003/mpo.2018.003.012.0001. pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BANAKHIEVICH, Yurii. 2017. Poland and corruption: The life of officials will be “discovered” by law. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform. ua/rubric-world/2222765-polsa-ikorupcia-zitta-cinovnikiv-vidkriut- zakonom.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BARDACHOV, Yurii. 2014. Anti-corruption reform in Ukraine as a significant factor ensuring national security. Theory and Practice of Public Administration and Local Government 2014 (2). Available online. In: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ttpdu_2014_2_3. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BOYKO, Vladimir. 2018. The apartment issue of Artem Sitnik. Available online. In: https://ord-ua.com/2018/04/13/kvartirne-pitannya-artema- sitnika/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CBA. 2016. Map of corruption. Available online. In: https://cba.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/ Mapa%20korupcji%202016.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CHRISTENSEN, John; SHAXSON, Nicholas; BAKER, Raymond. 2008. Catching up with corruption. The American Interest vol. 4 (1). Available online. In: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/09/01/ catching-up-with-corruption/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DE VEL, Guy; CSONKA, Peter. 2002. The Council of Europe Activities against Corruption. Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement. Ed. by Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Humberts. Kluwer Law International. The Hague/ London/New York.
FALKNER, Gerda; TREIB, Oliver. 2008. “Three Worlds of Compliance or Four? The EU-15 Compared to New Member States” In: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 2, No. 46, pp. 293–313.
FEDORKO, Oleh. 2019. “Independence of National Anti-corruption Bureau: myth or reality”. In: Journal of Actual problems of domestic jurisprudence 2019: Special issue. рр. 108-111. Available online. In: http://apnl.dnu. in.ua/2019/31.pdf. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
FUNDACJĄ PANOPTYKON. 2015. The Constitutional Court with the eyes of Panoptykon. Available online. In: https://panoptykon.org/wiadomosc/ trybunal-konstytucyjny-okiem-panoptykonu. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GALTUNG, Fredrik. 2005. Measuring the immeasurable: boundaries and functions of (macro) corruption indices. Available online. In: http:// www.anti-corruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Galtung- Measuring-the-Immeasurable.pdf. Consultation date: 29/03/2021
GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2019. Uniform report on criminal offenses in January-December 2018. Available online. In: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/stst2011.html?dir_id=113653&libid=100820&c=edit&_c=fo. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GRECO. 2017. Evaluation report Ukraine. Available online. In: https:// rm.coe.int/grecoeval4rep-2016-9-fourth-evaluation-round-corruption- prevention-in-/1680737207. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
HROMADSKE TV. 2018. Five NACP scandals: what the head of the agency Natalia Korchak remembered. Available online. In: https://hromadske. ua/posts/5-skandaliv-nazk-chym-zapamiatalasia-ochilnytsia-ahentstva-nataliia-korchak. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JOHNSTON, Michael. 2011. Why do so many Anti-corruption efforts fail. Available online. In: http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/ files/upload_documents/NYU-Annual-Survey-67-3-Johnston.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF POLAND. 2009. Ref. K 54/07 (June 23, 2009). Available online. In: https://trybunal.gov. pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/4929-definicja-ustawowa- korupcji-zasady-zbierania-danych-osobowych-i-prowadzenia- dzialalnosci-kontro. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
KHMARA, Oleksij. 2013. The state program to prevent and combat corruption for 2011-2015 worth more than UAH 820 million may remain in the status of “filkin’s diploma”. Available online. In: https://m.tyzhden.ua/ publication/78657. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
KLITGAARD, Robert; MACLEAN-ABAROA, Ronald; PARRIS H., Lindsey. 2000. Corrupt cities: a practical guide to cure and prevention. Institute for Con6temporary Studies. Oakland, California.
KOLOMIETS, Victoria. 2019. «Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine Sytnyk entered in the register of corrupt officials». Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/direktora-nabu-sitnika-vnesli- do-reyestru-korupcioneriv Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
LANDELL-MILLS, Pierre. 2013. Citizens against corruption. Report from the front line. Partnership for Transparency Funding. UK.
LEDENEVA, Alena; BRATU, Roxana; KÖKER, Philipp. 2017. “Corruption studies for the twenty-first century: paradigm shifts and innovative approaches” In: The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 1, No. 95, pp. 1-20.
NABU. 2018. NABU report for the first half of 2018. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/zvit_10.08.2018_sayt.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NACP. 2017. Analytical Report on the implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2014-2017 and the State Program on the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy Principles. Available online. In: https:// nazk.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/2017/%D0%BC. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NIKOLAENKO, Tetiana. 2019. The quiet death of Holodnitsky fishes. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/news/2019/01/18/417465_tiha_smert_ribok_ holodnitskogo.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
OBURA, Ken. 2014. Unmasking the phenomenon of corruption: perspectives from legal theory. SPECULUM JURIS 2014 (1). Available online. In: https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101207/http://www.ufh.ac.za/ speculumjuris/files/pdf/SJ1614_1.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGY FOR 2018-2020. 2018. Available online. In: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63942. Consultation date: 12/03/2021. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE CENTRAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU. 2006. Available online. In: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id= WDU20061040708. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE. 2014. Available onlaine. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1698-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY. 2006. Available online. In: http://www.lexlege.pl/ustawa-o-zasadach-prowadzenia-polityki- rozwoju/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN UKRAINE (ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY) FOR 2014-2017. 2014. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1699-18/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
PIECZONKA, Jarosław. 2016. Miami - former counterintelligence agent: For the previous PiS government, the CBA’s activities were good, but the implementation was poor. Natemat.pl. Available online. https:// natemat.pl/178315,majami-byly-agent-kontrwywiadu-za-poprzednich- rzadow-pis-kierunki-dzialan-cba-byly-dobre-ale-realizacja-slaba. Consultation date: 28/03/2021
POLIKOVSKAYA, Yulia. 2017. One-third of Ukrainians find justification for corruption to resolve personal cases. Available online. In: https://zaxid. net/33_ukrayintsiv_vvazhayut_koruptsiyu_chastinoyu_traditsiy_ n1439644. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
POPE, Jeremy. 2011. Fighting Corruption: Elements of the System of State Integrity. Planet-Print Ltd. Rivne, Ukraine.
POYNTING, Scott; WHYTE, David. 2017. “Special edition: Corruption downunder – guest editors’ introduction” In: International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Vol. 6, No.4, pp. 1-11.
PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2014. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1700-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
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Publicado
2021-07-09
Cómo citar
Zakharova, O., Harasymiv, O., Sosnina, O., Soroka, O., & Zaiets, I. (2021). Comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and Poland. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(69), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.05
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Derecho Público
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