Criminal Liability of Legal Entities for Environmental Crimes: Problems of Law Enforcement Practice
Palabras clave:
delito ambiental, responsabilidad penal, impacto antropogénico, entidades legales
Resumen
El objetivo del artículo fue realizar un análisis jurídico comparado de las características y problemas de la persecución penal de las personas jurídicas por delitos ambientales. Los objetivos de la investigación se cumplieron mediante métodos modernos de cognición. El método práctico principal fue el método de observación. El estudio permitió además formar una comprensión conceptual de las ideas teóricas sobre los delitos ambientales de las personas jurídicas en Ucrania. Actualmente, Ucrania está tratando de centrar sus innovaciones legislativas en la aplicación de enfoques progresivos para la introducción de una institución integral de medidas de derecho penal en relación con la responsabilidad de estas entidades. Los mecanismos legales relevantes y los comentarios identificados en la práctica de la Unión Europea y fundamentados por académicos pueden implementarse en la legislación de Ucrania. En particular, se proponen modificaciones a las normas que rigen el procedimiento para la prevención efectiva de delitos ambientales por personas jurídicas. Parece razonable introducir un análisis de seguimiento activo de las actividades antropogénicas de las empresas y la creación de unidades especiales para identificar violaciones relevantes. Los mecanismos para implementar el conjunto de medidas preventivas y de seguimiento esbozadas en el artículo forman el marco para futuras investigaciones científicas.
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EUROPOL. 2020. Enterprising Criminals – Europe’s Fight against the Global Networks of Financial and Economic Crime. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. Brussels, Belgium.
FAURE, Michael G. 2020. Environmental Liability of Companies, Study for the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, June 2020. European Parliament. Brussels, Belgium.
FRENCH PENAL CODE. 1994. Available online. In: https://www. legislationline.org/download/id/8546/file/France_CC_am012020_ fr.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
GAVRILISHIN, Anatoliy; KOZYREVA, Valentyna. 2018. “The problems of criminal responsibility of legal entities: foreign experience” In: Scientific Works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal “Air and Space Law”. Vol. 2, No. 47, pp. 160-165.
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HAMID, Ruby; JOHN, Rani; CLARKE, James; DENTON, Ross; KING, Ronnie; DE ROUX, Hortense; CUFF, Cameron; BARROW, Amelia; MILLS, Nicholas; SHAH, Ria; CHITTY, Imogen; CHOW, Bertilla; LILLYCROP, Сatherine. 2020. Corporate Crime: What Now for 2021? Available online. In: https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/ corporate-crime---what-now-for-2021. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
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KAZANCHUK, Iryna D. 2017. “Competence of the National Police of Ukraine in relation to environmental protection and ecological safety in integration conditions” In: Our Law. Vol. 1, pp. 54-61.
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KISLIY, Anatoliy M; KYSLENKO, Dmytro P; TYMOSHENKO, Yuriy P; KALININA, Iryna V; HURINA, Dariia P. 2021. “Criminal provision of medical secret protection in Covid–2019” In: Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 1, special issue 26, pp. 67-71.
LADYCHENKO, Viktor; YARA, Olena; ULIUTINA, Olena; GOLOVKO, Liudmyla. 2019. “Environmental liability in Ukraine and the EU” In: European Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 261- 267.
LENNAN, Mitchell. 2021. “Evaluating the effectiveness of the EU environmental liability and environmental crime directives as implemented by Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom” In: Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 26-37.
LUBIS, Muhammad Ridwan; PUTRA, Panca Sarjana; SARAGIH, Yasmirah Mandasari. 2021. “Corporate criminal liability for criminal acts of corruption” In: Journal of Legal Update. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 48-59.
LYNCH, Michael J; STRETESKY, Paul B; LONG, Michael A. 2018. “Situational crime prevention and ecological regulation: A review and discussion” In: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 679, рр. 178-196.
LYNCH, Мichael J. 2020. “Green criminology and environmental crime: criminology that matters in the age of global ecological collapse” In: Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50-61.
MACKIE, Colin. 2020. Environmental Due Diligence in Global Value Chains. European Coalition for Corporate Justice. Brussels, Belgium.
MALANCHUK, Petro. 2020. “Problems of criminal liability of legal entities” In: Actual Problems of Jurisprudence. Vol. 1, No. 21, pp. 202-205.
MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF FINLAND. 2012. Finnish Criminal Code of 1889 (as Amended by Law no. 927/2012). Available online. In: https://www. finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
NELLEMANN, Christian (ed.). 2017. The Rise of Environmental Crime. A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, A UNEP–Interpol Rapid Response Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2008. Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0099. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
PORFIDO, Stefano. 2021. “The use of restorative justice for environmental crimes in the European Union’s legal framework” In: Queen Mary Law Journal. Vol. 1, pp. 106-133.
ROEF, David. 2019. Corporate criminal liability. In: Johannes Keiler and David Roef (Eds.), Comparative Concepts of Criminal Law, 3rd edition (pр. 333-339). Antwerp, Intersentia.
SIRANT, Myroslava M. 2020. “Doctrinal approach to determination of environmental harm in the European Union and Ukraine” In: Law Bulletin. Vol. 14, pp. 76-84.
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2021. Justice and Crime. Available online. In: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
TURLOVA, Yuliya A. 2017. Criminal Law Impact on Environmental Crimes. Monograph. Znannya Ukrayiny. Kyiv, Ukraine.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIMES. 2000. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. Adopted by the UN General Assembly: 15 November 2000, by resolution 55/25. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/ unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. Convention on Environmental Protection by Means of criminal Law, (ETS N 172). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_560#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of April 5, 2001, № 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 435-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/435-15#n435. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2013. The Law of Ukraine of May 23, 2013, № 314-VII «On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Implementation of the Action Plan for the Liberalization of the European Union Visa Regime for Ukraine Regarding the Liability of Legal Entities». Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/314-18#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2019. the Law of Ukraine No. 2697-VIII of 28.02.2019 “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine 2030” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2697-19#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. Recommendations of Parliamentary Hearings on Priorities of Environmental Policy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the Next Five Years. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/457-IX#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
WHITE, Rob. 2018. “Green victimology and non-human victims” In: International Review of Victimology, Vol. 24, pр. 239-255.
CAMPROUX DUFFRÈNE, Marie-Pierre; JAWORSKI, Veronique. 2021. Legal Paradigm Shifts for a New Environmental Law. Greens/European Free Alliance. Brussels, Belgium.
DONGMEI, Pan. 2020. “Criminal liability of legal entities in China: traditional approaches and modern choices” In: Russian Journal of Criminology. Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 613-622.
EUROJUST. 2021. Report on Eurojust’s Casework on Environmental Crime. Available online. In: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/ files/2021-01/report_environmental_crime.pdf. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2020. Commission Staff Working Document. Evaluation of the Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law. European Commission. Brussels, Belgium.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2021. Delivering European Green Deal. Available online. In: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/ european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. 2021. European Parliament Resolution of 20 May 2021 on the Liability of Companies for Environmental Damage (2020/2027(INI)). Available online. In: https://www.europarl.europa. eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0259_EN.html. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
EUROPOL. 2020. Enterprising Criminals – Europe’s Fight against the Global Networks of Financial and Economic Crime. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. Brussels, Belgium.
FAURE, Michael G. 2020. Environmental Liability of Companies, Study for the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, June 2020. European Parliament. Brussels, Belgium.
FRENCH PENAL CODE. 1994. Available online. In: https://www. legislationline.org/download/id/8546/file/France_CC_am012020_ fr.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
GAVRILISHIN, Anatoliy; KOZYREVA, Valentyna. 2018. “The problems of criminal responsibility of legal entities: foreign experience” In: Scientific Works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal “Air and Space Law”. Vol. 2, No. 47, pp. 160-165.
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 2021. Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs. Available online. In: https://www. gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food- rural-affairs. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
HAMID, Ruby; JOHN, Rani; CLARKE, James; DENTON, Ross; KING, Ronnie; DE ROUX, Hortense; CUFF, Cameron; BARROW, Amelia; MILLS, Nicholas; SHAH, Ria; CHITTY, Imogen; CHOW, Bertilla; LILLYCROP, Сatherine. 2020. Corporate Crime: What Now for 2021? Available online. In: https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/ corporate-crime---what-now-for-2021. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
HUSAROV, Serhiy M. 2019. Current issues of administrative jurisdiction of bodies, units of the national police for environmental protection in modern conditions. South Ukrainian Law Journal. Vol. 4, No, 3, pp. 136- 140.
KAZANCHUK, Iryna D. 2017. “Competence of the National Police of Ukraine in relation to environmental protection and ecological safety in integration conditions” In: Our Law. Vol. 1, pp. 54-61.
KERRIGAN, Сristopher; CAMPBELL, James; BANYASZ, Dora; WINTER, Lewis. 2021. Trends in Corporate Crime and What You Can Expect in 2021. Available online. In: https://www.allens.com.au/insights-news/ insights/2021/02/trends-in-corporate-crime-and-ahead-for-2021/. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
KISLIY, Anatoliy M; KYSLENKO, Dmytro P; TYMOSHENKO, Yuriy P; KALININA, Iryna V; HURINA, Dariia P. 2021. “Criminal provision of medical secret protection in Covid–2019” In: Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 1, special issue 26, pp. 67-71.
LADYCHENKO, Viktor; YARA, Olena; ULIUTINA, Olena; GOLOVKO, Liudmyla. 2019. “Environmental liability in Ukraine and the EU” In: European Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 261- 267.
LENNAN, Mitchell. 2021. “Evaluating the effectiveness of the EU environmental liability and environmental crime directives as implemented by Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom” In: Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 26-37.
LUBIS, Muhammad Ridwan; PUTRA, Panca Sarjana; SARAGIH, Yasmirah Mandasari. 2021. “Corporate criminal liability for criminal acts of corruption” In: Journal of Legal Update. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 48-59.
LYNCH, Michael J; STRETESKY, Paul B; LONG, Michael A. 2018. “Situational crime prevention and ecological regulation: A review and discussion” In: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 679, рр. 178-196.
LYNCH, Мichael J. 2020. “Green criminology and environmental crime: criminology that matters in the age of global ecological collapse” In: Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50-61.
MACKIE, Colin. 2020. Environmental Due Diligence in Global Value Chains. European Coalition for Corporate Justice. Brussels, Belgium.
MALANCHUK, Petro. 2020. “Problems of criminal liability of legal entities” In: Actual Problems of Jurisprudence. Vol. 1, No. 21, pp. 202-205.
MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF FINLAND. 2012. Finnish Criminal Code of 1889 (as Amended by Law no. 927/2012). Available online. In: https://www. finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
NELLEMANN, Christian (ed.). 2017. The Rise of Environmental Crime. A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, A UNEP–Interpol Rapid Response Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2008. Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0099. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
PORFIDO, Stefano. 2021. “The use of restorative justice for environmental crimes in the European Union’s legal framework” In: Queen Mary Law Journal. Vol. 1, pp. 106-133.
ROEF, David. 2019. Corporate criminal liability. In: Johannes Keiler and David Roef (Eds.), Comparative Concepts of Criminal Law, 3rd edition (pр. 333-339). Antwerp, Intersentia.
SIRANT, Myroslava M. 2020. “Doctrinal approach to determination of environmental harm in the European Union and Ukraine” In: Law Bulletin. Vol. 14, pp. 76-84.
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2021. Justice and Crime. Available online. In: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
TURLOVA, Yuliya A. 2017. Criminal Law Impact on Environmental Crimes. Monograph. Znannya Ukrayiny. Kyiv, Ukraine.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIMES. 2000. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. Adopted by the UN General Assembly: 15 November 2000, by resolution 55/25. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/ unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. Convention on Environmental Protection by Means of criminal Law, (ETS N 172). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_560#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of April 5, 2001, № 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 435-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/435-15#n435. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2013. The Law of Ukraine of May 23, 2013, № 314-VII «On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Implementation of the Action Plan for the Liberalization of the European Union Visa Regime for Ukraine Regarding the Liability of Legal Entities». Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/314-18#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2019. the Law of Ukraine No. 2697-VIII of 28.02.2019 “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine 2030” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2697-19#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. Recommendations of Parliamentary Hearings on Priorities of Environmental Policy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the Next Five Years. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/457-IX#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
WHITE, Rob. 2018. “Green victimology and non-human victims” In: International Review of Victimology, Vol. 24, pр. 239-255.
Publicado
2021-12-16
Cómo citar
Danylevska, Y. O., Sokur, T. A., Bodnaruk , O. M., Shevchuk, A. V., & Stratiy, O. V. (2021). Criminal Liability of Legal Entities for Environmental Crimes: Problems of Law Enforcement Practice. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(71), 224-244. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.11
Sección
Derecho Público
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