Criminal Liability for Providing Inaccurate Information about the Spread of the COVID-19 Epidemic
Palabras clave:
pandemia, epidemia, información inexacta, desinformación, responsabilidad penal
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los problemas relacionados con el establecimiento de la responsabilidad penal por proporcionar información inexacta sobre la propagación de la epidemia Covid-19 y proponer las formas de solucionarlos. Involucró los siguientes métodos: enfoque sistémico, estadística descriptiva, comparación y comparación, análisis descriptivo, enfoque pragmático, pronóstico. La eficacia de la respuesta de las autoridades sanitarias a los brotes de determinadas enfermedades depende de la integridad y precisión de la información difundida. De hecho, las legislaciones nacionales no prevén responsabilidad penal por proporcionar información inexacta sobre la situación epidemiológica en una pandemia. Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar directrices provisionales para garantizar la precisión de la información sobre la situación epidemiológica en una pandemia. Una norma que tipifique como delito el suministro de información inexacta o la difusión de información inexacta sobre la incidencia de una epidemia y/o pandemia debería ser una de las normas sobre responsabilidad por delitos contra la seguridad nacional y debería ser punible con prisión por un período determinado y privación del derecho a ocupar determinados cargos y realizar determinadas actividades. Este estudio no es exhaustivo y abre perspectivas para futuras investigaciones en esta área.
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ALAMEER, Ghaibi Abd; MOSLEM, Dhia; SHEHAD, Ali; ABD, Asseel. 2021. “The Criminal Manipulation in Government Medical Statistics During COVID-19 Crisis: A Comparative Study” In: Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 5415-5420.
ALLAHVERDIPOUR, Herbert. 2020. “Global Challenge of Health Communication: Infodemia in the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic” In: Journal of Education Community Health. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 65-67.
ASHRAFI-RIZI, Hasan; ZAHRA, Kazempour. 2020. “Information Typology in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis; a Commentary” In: Archives of academic emergency medicine. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.19-26.
BANI-ISSA, Husein. 2021. “The criminal liability for the transmission of the Novel COVID-19 to others in accordance with the Bahraini Legislation” In: Analytical Study. Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 168-176.
BARNERT, Elizabeth; AHALT, Cyrus; WILLIAMS, Brie. 2020. “Prisons: Amplifiers of the COVID-19 Pandemic Hiding in Plain Sight” In: American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 110, pp. 964_966.
BETTINGER-LOPEZAND, Caroline; BRO, Alexandra. 2020. A Double Pandemic: Domestic Violence in the Age of COVID-19. Council on Foreign Relations. Available online. In: https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/resrep29816.pdf. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
BRADBURY-JONES, Caroline; ISHAM, Louise; NURS, Jon Clin. 2020. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. Available online. In: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7262164/. Consultation date: 25/04/2021.
BRATU, Sofia. 2020. “The Fake News Sociology of COVID-19 Pandemic Fear: Dangerously Inaccurate Beliefs, Emotional Contagion, and Conspiracy Ideation” In: Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations. No.19, pp. 128- 134.
BUSTAN, Smadar; NACOTI, Mirco; BOTBOL-BAUM, Katherine; FISCHKOFF, Rita; CHARON, Laure; MADÉ, Jeremy; MEINHARD, Kritzinger. 2021. “COVID 19: Ethical dilemmas in human lives” In: Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.716-732.
CORRIERE DELLA SERA. 2020. Available online. In: https://www.corriere.it/. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
DATTAA, Rakesh; YADAVB, Alim; SINGHC, Anubhav; DATTAD, Karuna; BANSAL, Ankur. 2020. “The infodemics of COVID-19 amongst healthcare professionals in India” In: Medical Journal Armed Forces India. Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 276-283.
DOROKHINA, Yulia. 2014. “Analysis of the criminalization and decrimination of malpractice against power” In: Legal Science. No. 6, pp. 76-83.
DW. 2020. “The tip of the iceberg”. Is there a real mortality rate from COVID-19 in India? Available online. In: https://www.dw.com/uk/tse-verkhivka- aisberha-yaka-realna-smertnist-vid-covid-19-v-indii/a-57379856. Consultation date: 27/04/2021.
ELM, Jan-Philip; SAREL, Roee. 2021. Partially Right Means Generally Wrong: Why Some COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies Keep on Failing. Available online. In: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3775020. Consultation date: 23/02/2021.
ERNESTO D’ALOJA, Gabriele; FINCO, Roberto; DEMONTIS, Pietro; EMANUELE, Napoli; MAURIZIO, Fossarello; MATTEO, Nioi. 2020. “COVID-19 and medical liability: Italy denies the shield to its heroes” In: EClinical Medicine. Vol. 25, p. 100470.
FINANCICAL TIMES. 2020. Global coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported. Available online. In: https://www.ft.com/ content/6bd88b7d-3386-4543-b2e9-0d5c6fac846c. Consultation date: 26/04/2021.
FRECKELTON, Ian. 2020. “COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law” In: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Vol. 72, No.9, pp.1016-1031.
FRENCH, Martin; MONAHAN, Torin. 2020. “Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19?” In: Surveillance & Society. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 17-28.
FRIEDRICHS, David; VEGH WEIS, Valeria. 2021. “COVID-19 and the U.S. Health Care Industry: Towards a ‘Critical Health Criminology’ within State Crime Studies” In: State Crime Journal. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 126-146.
GLOBAL DATA. 2021. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online. In: https://covid19.who.int/who-covid-19-global-data.csv. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
GORBATENKO, Olga. 2021. “Infodemic as social challenge: international, regional, national settings” In: Proceedings of INTCESS 2021 8th International Conference on Education and Education of Social Sciences, pp. 346-350.
HSDL. 2019. Government Responses to Disinformation on Social Media Government Responses to Disinformation on Social Media Platforms. Report for Congress LL File No. 2019-017919. Available online. In: https://www.hsdl.org. //digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom/178/. Consultation date: 20/04/2021.
HURFORD, Beth; RANA, Abhishek; SAMIR KUMAR SACHAN, Rohan. 2021. “Narrative-based misinformation in India about protection against Covid-19: Not just another “moo-point”” In: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, pp. 21-25.
INSHYN, Mukola; SAINETSKY, Oleh; MELNYK, Volodumur; HUBS’KA, Olha; DZHURA, Kateryna. 2020. “Criminological Assessment of Medical Misconduct during the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. Vol. 9, pp. 2012-2020.
INTERFAX. 2020. The actual number of COVID-19 cases in Ukraine is about 185 thousand against 55 thousand officially confirmed - KSE. Available online. In: https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/674927.html. Consultation date: 12/03/2021.
KACPER, Gradoń. 2020. “Crime in the time of the plague: fake news pandemic and the challenges to law-enforcement and intelligence community” In: Society Register. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133-148.
KISLIY, Anatoliy M; KYSLENKO, Dmytro P; TYMOSHENKO, Yuriy P; KALININA, Iryna V; HURINA, Dariia P. 2021. “Criminal provision of medical secret protection in Covid–2019” In: Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 1, special issue 26, pp. 67-71.
KOVALEVA, Natalia; ANICHKIN, Svatoslav; ANISIMOVA, Alina. 2020. “Legal Aspects of Information Threats in the Form of “Fakes” in the Conditions of Spread of COVID-19” In: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 48, pp. 222-226.
KOVALOVA, Svitlana. 2021. “Responsibility for violation of quarantine and sanitary rules and regulations for the prevention of the spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) under the laws of foreign countries and Ukraine” In: Right, Man, Environment. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 112-129.
LI, Hao; HU, Mengnan; LIU, Shuang. 2020. “The need to improve the laws and regulations relevant to the outbreak of COVID-19: What might be learned from China?” In: Journal of global health. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 328- 339.
MAHESHWARI, Mudit; GAUTAM, Hardik. 2021. Breach of right to life during covid-19 era: fixing government’s liability to compensate. Available online. In: https://thedailyguardian.com/breach-of-right-to-life-during- covid-19-era-fixing-governments-liability-to-compensate/. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
MATIĆ BOŠKOVIĆ, Marina; NENADIĆ, Svetlana. 2021. “Impact of covid-19 pandemic on criminal justice systems accross Europe” In: EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC). Vol. 5, pp. 263- 290.
MINFIN. 2021. Coronavirus: country statistics. Available online. In: https:// index.minfin.com.ua/reference/coronavirus/geography/WHO. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
OANCEA, Clara Maria. 2020. “Amendment of Criminal Legislation in the Context of the Current Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic” In: Proceedings of the 17th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, pp. 108-112.
OLATUNJI, Olusoji; AYANDELE, Olusola; ASHIRUDEEN, Doyin; OLUWATOSIN, Olaniru. 2020. ““Infodemic” in a pandemic: COVID-19 conspiracy theories in an african country” In: Social Health Behavior. Vol. 3, pp. 152-157.
OWEN, Dyer. 2020.“Covid-19: Turkey cracks down on doctors who doubt official figures” In: British Medical Journal. Vol. 370, pp. 26-29.
PARMET, Wendy; PAUL, Jeremy. 2020. “COVID-19: The First Posttruth Pandemic” In: American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 110, No. 7, pp. 945-946.
PROSTIR.UA. 2020. Ukraine already has legislation and mechanisms to combat misinformation: why the fight? Available online. In: https://www.prostir. ua/?news=v-ukrajini-vzhe-je-zakonodavstvo-i-mehanizmy-schodo- protydiji-dezinformatsiji-zarady-choho-kolotnecha. Consultation date: 24/04/2021.
QUINTANA, Francisco-José; URIBURU, Justina. 2020. “Modest International Law: COVID-19, International Legal Responses, and Depoliticization” In: American Journal of International Law. Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 687-697.
RADU, Roxada. 2020. Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Available online. In: https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/full/10.1177/2056305120948190. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
RAJAT, Khosla. 2020. “Technology, Health, and Human Rights: A Cautionary Tale for the Post-Pandemic World” In: Health and Human Rights. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 63-66.
ROGER LU, Philips; LAYLA, Abi-Falah. 2020. “Criminal Responsibility for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Syria” In: Columbia Human Rights Law Review, p. 523.
TERESCHENKO, Lidia. 2020. “Fake News: Legislation and Judicial Practice” In: Legal Issues in the Digital Age. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 140-147.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2020. Infection prevention and control guidance for long-term care facilities in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. Available online. In: https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/331508. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tsinghua12&div=23&id=&page=. Consultation date: 21/04/2021.
WORLDOMETERS. 2021. Coronavirus Worldwide Graphs. Available online. In: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Consultation date: 09/04/2021.
YIRONG, Sun. 2021. “From SARS to COVID-19: Balance of China’s Criminal Law System” In: Tsinghua China Law Review, p. 399.
ZDRAV.EXPERT. 2021. Morbidity and mortality from coronavirus COVID-19. Available online. In: https://zdrav.expert/index.html
ALAMEER, Ghaibi Abd; MOSLEM, Dhia; SHEHAD, Ali; ABD, Asseel. 2021. “The Criminal Manipulation in Government Medical Statistics During COVID-19 Crisis: A Comparative Study” In: Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 5415-5420.
ALLAHVERDIPOUR, Herbert. 2020. “Global Challenge of Health Communication: Infodemia in the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic” In: Journal of Education Community Health. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 65-67.
ASHRAFI-RIZI, Hasan; ZAHRA, Kazempour. 2020. “Information Typology in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis; a Commentary” In: Archives of academic emergency medicine. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.19-26.
BANI-ISSA, Husein. 2021. “The criminal liability for the transmission of the Novel COVID-19 to others in accordance with the Bahraini Legislation” In: Analytical Study. Vol. 12, No. 13, pp. 168-176.
BARNERT, Elizabeth; AHALT, Cyrus; WILLIAMS, Brie. 2020. “Prisons: Amplifiers of the COVID-19 Pandemic Hiding in Plain Sight” In: American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 110, pp. 964_966.
BETTINGER-LOPEZAND, Caroline; BRO, Alexandra. 2020. A Double Pandemic: Domestic Violence in the Age of COVID-19. Council on Foreign Relations. Available online. In: https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/resrep29816.pdf. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
BRADBURY-JONES, Caroline; ISHAM, Louise; NURS, Jon Clin. 2020. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. Available online. In: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7262164/. Consultation date: 25/04/2021.
BRATU, Sofia. 2020. “The Fake News Sociology of COVID-19 Pandemic Fear: Dangerously Inaccurate Beliefs, Emotional Contagion, and Conspiracy Ideation” In: Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations. No.19, pp. 128- 134.
BUSTAN, Smadar; NACOTI, Mirco; BOTBOL-BAUM, Katherine; FISCHKOFF, Rita; CHARON, Laure; MADÉ, Jeremy; MEINHARD, Kritzinger. 2021. “COVID 19: Ethical dilemmas in human lives” In: Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.716-732.
CORRIERE DELLA SERA. 2020. Available online. In: https://www.corriere.it/. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
DATTAA, Rakesh; YADAVB, Alim; SINGHC, Anubhav; DATTAD, Karuna; BANSAL, Ankur. 2020. “The infodemics of COVID-19 amongst healthcare professionals in India” In: Medical Journal Armed Forces India. Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 276-283.
DOROKHINA, Yulia. 2014. “Analysis of the criminalization and decrimination of malpractice against power” In: Legal Science. No. 6, pp. 76-83.
DW. 2020. “The tip of the iceberg”. Is there a real mortality rate from COVID-19 in India? Available online. In: https://www.dw.com/uk/tse-verkhivka- aisberha-yaka-realna-smertnist-vid-covid-19-v-indii/a-57379856. Consultation date: 27/04/2021.
ELM, Jan-Philip; SAREL, Roee. 2021. Partially Right Means Generally Wrong: Why Some COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies Keep on Failing. Available online. In: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3775020. Consultation date: 23/02/2021.
ERNESTO D’ALOJA, Gabriele; FINCO, Roberto; DEMONTIS, Pietro; EMANUELE, Napoli; MAURIZIO, Fossarello; MATTEO, Nioi. 2020. “COVID-19 and medical liability: Italy denies the shield to its heroes” In: EClinical Medicine. Vol. 25, p. 100470.
FINANCICAL TIMES. 2020. Global coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported. Available online. In: https://www.ft.com/ content/6bd88b7d-3386-4543-b2e9-0d5c6fac846c. Consultation date: 26/04/2021.
FRECKELTON, Ian. 2020. “COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law” In: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Vol. 72, No.9, pp.1016-1031.
FRENCH, Martin; MONAHAN, Torin. 2020. “Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19?” In: Surveillance & Society. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 17-28.
FRIEDRICHS, David; VEGH WEIS, Valeria. 2021. “COVID-19 and the U.S. Health Care Industry: Towards a ‘Critical Health Criminology’ within State Crime Studies” In: State Crime Journal. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 126-146.
GLOBAL DATA. 2021. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online. In: https://covid19.who.int/who-covid-19-global-data.csv. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
GORBATENKO, Olga. 2021. “Infodemic as social challenge: international, regional, national settings” In: Proceedings of INTCESS 2021 8th International Conference on Education and Education of Social Sciences, pp. 346-350.
HSDL. 2019. Government Responses to Disinformation on Social Media Government Responses to Disinformation on Social Media Platforms. Report for Congress LL File No. 2019-017919. Available online. In: https://www.hsdl.org. //digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom/178/. Consultation date: 20/04/2021.
HURFORD, Beth; RANA, Abhishek; SAMIR KUMAR SACHAN, Rohan. 2021. “Narrative-based misinformation in India about protection against Covid-19: Not just another “moo-point”” In: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, pp. 21-25.
INSHYN, Mukola; SAINETSKY, Oleh; MELNYK, Volodumur; HUBS’KA, Olha; DZHURA, Kateryna. 2020. “Criminological Assessment of Medical Misconduct during the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. Vol. 9, pp. 2012-2020.
INTERFAX. 2020. The actual number of COVID-19 cases in Ukraine is about 185 thousand against 55 thousand officially confirmed - KSE. Available online. In: https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/674927.html. Consultation date: 12/03/2021.
KACPER, Gradoń. 2020. “Crime in the time of the plague: fake news pandemic and the challenges to law-enforcement and intelligence community” In: Society Register. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 133-148.
KISLIY, Anatoliy M; KYSLENKO, Dmytro P; TYMOSHENKO, Yuriy P; KALININA, Iryna V; HURINA, Dariia P. 2021. “Criminal provision of medical secret protection in Covid–2019” In: Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 1, special issue 26, pp. 67-71.
KOVALEVA, Natalia; ANICHKIN, Svatoslav; ANISIMOVA, Alina. 2020. “Legal Aspects of Information Threats in the Form of “Fakes” in the Conditions of Spread of COVID-19” In: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 48, pp. 222-226.
KOVALOVA, Svitlana. 2021. “Responsibility for violation of quarantine and sanitary rules and regulations for the prevention of the spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) under the laws of foreign countries and Ukraine” In: Right, Man, Environment. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 112-129.
LI, Hao; HU, Mengnan; LIU, Shuang. 2020. “The need to improve the laws and regulations relevant to the outbreak of COVID-19: What might be learned from China?” In: Journal of global health. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 328- 339.
MAHESHWARI, Mudit; GAUTAM, Hardik. 2021. Breach of right to life during covid-19 era: fixing government’s liability to compensate. Available online. In: https://thedailyguardian.com/breach-of-right-to-life-during- covid-19-era-fixing-governments-liability-to-compensate/. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
MATIĆ BOŠKOVIĆ, Marina; NENADIĆ, Svetlana. 2021. “Impact of covid-19 pandemic on criminal justice systems accross Europe” In: EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC). Vol. 5, pp. 263- 290.
MINFIN. 2021. Coronavirus: country statistics. Available online. In: https:// index.minfin.com.ua/reference/coronavirus/geography/WHO. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
OANCEA, Clara Maria. 2020. “Amendment of Criminal Legislation in the Context of the Current Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic” In: Proceedings of the 17th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, pp. 108-112.
OLATUNJI, Olusoji; AYANDELE, Olusola; ASHIRUDEEN, Doyin; OLUWATOSIN, Olaniru. 2020. ““Infodemic” in a pandemic: COVID-19 conspiracy theories in an african country” In: Social Health Behavior. Vol. 3, pp. 152-157.
OWEN, Dyer. 2020.“Covid-19: Turkey cracks down on doctors who doubt official figures” In: British Medical Journal. Vol. 370, pp. 26-29.
PARMET, Wendy; PAUL, Jeremy. 2020. “COVID-19: The First Posttruth Pandemic” In: American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 110, No. 7, pp. 945-946.
PROSTIR.UA. 2020. Ukraine already has legislation and mechanisms to combat misinformation: why the fight? Available online. In: https://www.prostir. ua/?news=v-ukrajini-vzhe-je-zakonodavstvo-i-mehanizmy-schodo- protydiji-dezinformatsiji-zarady-choho-kolotnecha. Consultation date: 24/04/2021.
QUINTANA, Francisco-José; URIBURU, Justina. 2020. “Modest International Law: COVID-19, International Legal Responses, and Depoliticization” In: American Journal of International Law. Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 687-697.
RADU, Roxada. 2020. Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation. Available online. In: https://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/full/10.1177/2056305120948190. Consultation date: 09/03/2021.
RAJAT, Khosla. 2020. “Technology, Health, and Human Rights: A Cautionary Tale for the Post-Pandemic World” In: Health and Human Rights. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 63-66.
ROGER LU, Philips; LAYLA, Abi-Falah. 2020. “Criminal Responsibility for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Syria” In: Columbia Human Rights Law Review, p. 523.
TERESCHENKO, Lidia. 2020. “Fake News: Legislation and Judicial Practice” In: Legal Issues in the Digital Age. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 140-147.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. 2020. Infection prevention and control guidance for long-term care facilities in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. Available online. In: https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/331508. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tsinghua12&div=23&id=&page=. Consultation date: 21/04/2021.
WORLDOMETERS. 2021. Coronavirus Worldwide Graphs. Available online. In: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Consultation date: 09/04/2021.
YIRONG, Sun. 2021. “From SARS to COVID-19: Balance of China’s Criminal Law System” In: Tsinghua China Law Review, p. 399.
ZDRAV.EXPERT. 2021. Morbidity and mortality from coronavirus COVID-19. Available online. In: https://zdrav.expert/index.html
Publicado
2021-12-16
Cómo citar
Danylevskyi, A. A., Akimov, M. A., Kutsenko, V. I., Savka, O. I., & Leonenko, T. Y. (2021). Criminal Liability for Providing Inaccurate Information about the Spread of the COVID-19 Epidemic. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(71), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.12
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