Events in eastern and southern Ukraine in retrospect of post-soviet relations
Acontecimientos en el este y el sur de Ucrania en la retrospectiva de las relaciones postsoviéticas
Palabras clave:
espacio postsoviético, flota del Mar Negro, seguridad internacional, crisis de Crimea, invasión de Ucrania
Resumen
El propósito del artículo es periodizar el estudio de las relaciones interestatales y el curso de los acontecimientos en el este y el sur de Ucrania en el periodo: 1991-2015. Se utilizó el método histórico y comparativo-jurídico para resolver el problema planteado. El artículo analiza los acontecimientos en el este y el sur de Ucrania durante 1991-2015, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de Rusia en los procesos sociales y políticos en la Ucrania postsoviética a través del proceso de formación de la subjetividad internacional de Ucrania, que son factores permanentes en las relaciones bilaterales con la Federación Rusa. En este contexto, se demuestra la incapacidad de Rusia para reconocer a Ucrania como un actor internacional de pleno derecho a nivel jurídico y sustantivo. Se concluye que los acontecimientos en Ucrania no solo provocaron la confrontación más fuerte entre los dos estados más grandes del espacio postsoviético, sino que también expusieron una serie de problemas en todo el sistema de seguridad internacional. La agresión armada de la Federación de Rusia contra Ucrania fue acompañada de numerosos crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad. Las autoridades estatales competentes deben calcular la cantidad de daño material y moral causado por Rusia.
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AZAROV, Nykolai. Ukraine at a crossroads. Prime Minister’s Notes. Veche. Moscow, Russia.
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BIERSACK, John; O’LEAR, Shannon. “The geopolitics of Russia’s annexation of Crimea: narratives, identity, silences, and energy” In: Eurasian Geography and Economics. Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 247-269.
BUCKHOLZ, Quentin. 2017. “The Dogs That Didn’t Bark” In: Problems of Post-Communism. Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 151-160.
CHERNYAVSKY, Stanislav. 2013. “Integration zigzags of the Ukrainian elite” In: Analyst Bulletin. Vol. 52, No. 2, рр. 84-92.
COUPÉ, Tom; OBRIZAN, Maksym. 2016. “Violence and political outcomes in Ukraine — Evidence from Sloviansk and Kramatorsk” In: Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 201-212.
D’ANIERI, Paul. 2002. “Constructivist Theory and Ukrainian Foreign Policy. Ukrainian Foreign and Security Policy: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives”; ed. by Moroney J.D.P., Kuzio T., Molchanov M. Praeger. London, UK.
ELECTRONICFUNDCURRENTLEGALANDNORMATIVEANDTECHNICAL DOCUMENTS. 1999. Agreement on friendship, cooperation and partnership between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. In: Federal Law of March 2, 1999 No. 42-FZ. Bulletin of international treaties. No. 5, 1999. Available online. In: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1902220. Consultation Date: 16/11/2021.
GIULIANO, Elise. 2015. “The Social Bases of Support for Self-determination in East Ukraine” In: Ethnopolitics. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 513-522.
GLAVRED. 2016. Russian World” in Kiev, or What Causes Patriarch Kirill’s Obsession. Glavred. Available online. In: https://glavred.info/ opinions/402303-russkiy-mir-v-kieve-ili-chem-vyzvana-oderzhimost- patriarha-kirilla.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
HAY-NIZHNYK, Pavlo 2017. Russia against Ukraine (1990-2016): From the policy of blackmail and coercion to war to takeover and attempted annihilation. “MP Lesya”. Kyiv, Ukraine.
KUCHMA, Leonid. 2003. Ukraine is not Russia. Time. Moscow, Russia.
KUDELIA, Serhiy. 2014. “The House That Yanukovych Built” In: Journal of Democracy. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 19-34.
KULYK, Volodymyr. 2019. “Identity in Transformation: Russian-speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine” In: Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 156- 178.
KUZIO, Taras. 2015. “Competing Nationalisms, Euromaidan, and the Russian- Ukrainian Conflict” In: Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 157-169.
LARUELLE, Marlene. 2015. “The three colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian nationalist mythmaking of the Ukrainian crisis” In: Post-Soviet Affairs. Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 55-74.
LB.UA. 2014. “Medvedev: the ambassador was called through the threat to the Russians in Ukraine” Available online. In: https://lb.ua/ news/2014/02/24/256926_medvedev_posol_otozvan_izza_ugrozi. html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
LIGA.ZAKON. 2005. Food of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine. Presidential decree No. 702/2005. Available online. In: http://search.ligazakon. ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/U702_05.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
LOSHKARIOV, Ivan; SUSHENTSOV, Andrey. 2016. “Radicalization of Russians in Ukraine: from ‘accidental’ diaspora to rebel movement” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 71-90.
MALYARENKO, Tatyana; WOLFF, Stefan. 2018. “The logic of competitive influence-seeking: Russia, Ukraine, and the conflict in Donbas” In: Post- Soviet Affairs. Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 191-212.
MALYARENKO, Tetyana; GALBREATH, David J. 2016. “Paramilitary motivation in Ukraine: beyond integration and abolition” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 113-138.
MATVEEVA, Anna. 2016. “No Moscow stooges: identity polarization and guerrilla movements in Donbass” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 25-50.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 1998. “Russian-Ukrainian relations 1990-1997”. Collection of documents. Moscow, Russia.
NAGASHIMA, Toru. 2019. “Russia’s Passportization Policy towards Unrecognized Republics” In: Problems of Post-Communism. Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 186-199.
OFFICIAL STATEMENT. 2014. Statement of the Russian Foreign Ministry in connection with the tragic events in Donetsk. Russian Foreign Ministry. Available online. In: http://www.mid.ru/press_service/spokesman/ official_statement/-/asset_publisher/. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PORTNIKOV, Vitaly. 2015. Putin’s ideology is a thicket of hatred. Putin’s ideology is a thicket of hatred. In: Radio Liberty. Available online. In: https://www.svoboda.org/a/26921675.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PORTNOV, Andrii. 2015. “Post-Maidan Europe and the New Ukrainian Studies” In: Slavic Review. Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 723-731.
PRAVO TECH. 1994. Memorandum on security guarantees in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons. International Treaty Memorandum. Available online. In: http://docs.pravo.ru/document/view/18560692/16244145/. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA. NEWSTI. EVENTS. 2014. Vladimir Putin submitted an appeal to the Federation Council. Available online. In: http://kremlin. ru/events/president/news/20353. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
RAIK, Kristi. 2017. “The Ukraine Crisis as a Conflict over Europe’s Political, Economic and Security Order” In: Geopolitics. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 51-70.
REGNUM NEWS AGENCY. 2016. Kravchuk is proud that he destroyed the USSR. Available online. In: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2170020. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
RICHEY, Mason. 2017. “Contemporary Russian revisionism: understanding the Kremlin’s hybrid warfare and the strategic and tactical deployment of disinformation” In: Asia Europe Journal. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 101-113.
SHCHERBAK, Ihor. 2016. “Perception of events in the east of Ukraine by Ukrainian and Polish students (based on a comparative study)” In: Visnik of Kharkiv National University of V.N. Karazina. The series “Sociological advances in modern suspension: methodology, theory, methods”. Vol. 37, рр. 268-275.
SOTIRIOU, Stylianos. 2016. “The irreversibility of history: the case of the Ukrainian crisis (2013–2015)” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 51-70.
STEBELSKY, Ihor. 2018. “A tale of two regions: geopolitics, identities, narratives, and conflict in Kharkiv and the Donbas” In: Eurasian Geography and Economics. Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 28-50.
THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2011. Spilna claim for the results of the third session of the Ukrainian-American Strategic Partnership Committee. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/840_154#Text. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
TOMENKO, Mykola. 2011. “The Russian world” eliminates the meaning of Ukraine’s existence. Zaxid.Net. Available online. In: https://zaxid.net/ tomenko_russkiy_mir_likvidovuye_sens_isnuvannya_ukrayini_ n1236182/amp. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
TREATY BETWEEN THE UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC AND THE RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATIVE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC. 1990. In: Gov. Ua. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/643_011#Text. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
VASILENKO, Volodymyr. 2014. The Russian-Ukrainian War of 2014: Causes, Progress, and Political and Legal Assessments” In: Ukrainian Week. Vol. 42, pp. 362. Available online. In: https://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalb um/2014/10_2014/17/26-42.pdf. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
WILSON, Andrew. 2016. “The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War” In: Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 631-652.
YUSHCHENKO, Viktor. 2014. Non-state secrets. Notes in the fields of memory. Kyiv, Ukraine.
ZHUKOV, Yuri. 2016. “Trading hard hats for combat helmets: The economics of rebellion in eastern Ukraine” In: Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
ADMINISTRATION PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA. 2014. Address of the President of the Russian Federation. President of Russia. Newsti. Events. Available online. In: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
ALLISON, Roy. 2014. “Russian ‘deniable’ intervention in Ukraine: how and why Russia broke the rules” In: International Affairs. Vol. 90, No 6, pp. 1255-1297.
ASH, timothy; GUNN, Janet Frederica; IOUGH, John; LUTSEVYCH, Orysia; NIXEY, James; JAMES, Sherr; WOLCZUK, Kataryna. 2015. The struggle for Ukraine. Royal Institute of International Affairs. London, UK.
AZAROV, Nykolai. Ukraine at a crossroads. Prime Minister’s Notes. Veche. Moscow, Russia.
BBC NEWS UKRAINE. 2019. Go to Donbas: 97 Ukrainian Visitors lost their lives in 2019. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ news-50843934. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
BIERSACK, John; O’LEAR, Shannon. “The geopolitics of Russia’s annexation of Crimea: narratives, identity, silences, and energy” In: Eurasian Geography and Economics. Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 247-269.
BUCKHOLZ, Quentin. 2017. “The Dogs That Didn’t Bark” In: Problems of Post-Communism. Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 151-160.
CHERNYAVSKY, Stanislav. 2013. “Integration zigzags of the Ukrainian elite” In: Analyst Bulletin. Vol. 52, No. 2, рр. 84-92.
COUPÉ, Tom; OBRIZAN, Maksym. 2016. “Violence and political outcomes in Ukraine — Evidence from Sloviansk and Kramatorsk” In: Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 201-212.
D’ANIERI, Paul. 2002. “Constructivist Theory and Ukrainian Foreign Policy. Ukrainian Foreign and Security Policy: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives”; ed. by Moroney J.D.P., Kuzio T., Molchanov M. Praeger. London, UK.
ELECTRONICFUNDCURRENTLEGALANDNORMATIVEANDTECHNICAL DOCUMENTS. 1999. Agreement on friendship, cooperation and partnership between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. In: Federal Law of March 2, 1999 No. 42-FZ. Bulletin of international treaties. No. 5, 1999. Available online. In: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1902220. Consultation Date: 16/11/2021.
GIULIANO, Elise. 2015. “The Social Bases of Support for Self-determination in East Ukraine” In: Ethnopolitics. Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 513-522.
GLAVRED. 2016. Russian World” in Kiev, or What Causes Patriarch Kirill’s Obsession. Glavred. Available online. In: https://glavred.info/ opinions/402303-russkiy-mir-v-kieve-ili-chem-vyzvana-oderzhimost- patriarha-kirilla.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
HAY-NIZHNYK, Pavlo 2017. Russia against Ukraine (1990-2016): From the policy of blackmail and coercion to war to takeover and attempted annihilation. “MP Lesya”. Kyiv, Ukraine.
KUCHMA, Leonid. 2003. Ukraine is not Russia. Time. Moscow, Russia.
KUDELIA, Serhiy. 2014. “The House That Yanukovych Built” In: Journal of Democracy. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 19-34.
KULYK, Volodymyr. 2019. “Identity in Transformation: Russian-speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine” In: Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 156- 178.
KUZIO, Taras. 2015. “Competing Nationalisms, Euromaidan, and the Russian- Ukrainian Conflict” In: Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 157-169.
LARUELLE, Marlene. 2015. “The three colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian nationalist mythmaking of the Ukrainian crisis” In: Post-Soviet Affairs. Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 55-74.
LB.UA. 2014. “Medvedev: the ambassador was called through the threat to the Russians in Ukraine” Available online. In: https://lb.ua/ news/2014/02/24/256926_medvedev_posol_otozvan_izza_ugrozi. html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
LIGA.ZAKON. 2005. Food of the Military Doctrine of Ukraine. Presidential decree No. 702/2005. Available online. In: http://search.ligazakon. ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/U702_05.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
LOSHKARIOV, Ivan; SUSHENTSOV, Andrey. 2016. “Radicalization of Russians in Ukraine: from ‘accidental’ diaspora to rebel movement” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 71-90.
MALYARENKO, Tatyana; WOLFF, Stefan. 2018. “The logic of competitive influence-seeking: Russia, Ukraine, and the conflict in Donbas” In: Post- Soviet Affairs. Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 191-212.
MALYARENKO, Tetyana; GALBREATH, David J. 2016. “Paramilitary motivation in Ukraine: beyond integration and abolition” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 113-138.
MATVEEVA, Anna. 2016. “No Moscow stooges: identity polarization and guerrilla movements in Donbass” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 25-50.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 1998. “Russian-Ukrainian relations 1990-1997”. Collection of documents. Moscow, Russia.
NAGASHIMA, Toru. 2019. “Russia’s Passportization Policy towards Unrecognized Republics” In: Problems of Post-Communism. Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 186-199.
OFFICIAL STATEMENT. 2014. Statement of the Russian Foreign Ministry in connection with the tragic events in Donetsk. Russian Foreign Ministry. Available online. In: http://www.mid.ru/press_service/spokesman/ official_statement/-/asset_publisher/. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PORTNIKOV, Vitaly. 2015. Putin’s ideology is a thicket of hatred. Putin’s ideology is a thicket of hatred. In: Radio Liberty. Available online. In: https://www.svoboda.org/a/26921675.html. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PORTNOV, Andrii. 2015. “Post-Maidan Europe and the New Ukrainian Studies” In: Slavic Review. Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 723-731.
PRAVO TECH. 1994. Memorandum on security guarantees in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons. International Treaty Memorandum. Available online. In: http://docs.pravo.ru/document/view/18560692/16244145/. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA. NEWSTI. EVENTS. 2014. Vladimir Putin submitted an appeal to the Federation Council. Available online. In: http://kremlin. ru/events/president/news/20353. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
RAIK, Kristi. 2017. “The Ukraine Crisis as a Conflict over Europe’s Political, Economic and Security Order” In: Geopolitics. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 51-70.
REGNUM NEWS AGENCY. 2016. Kravchuk is proud that he destroyed the USSR. Available online. In: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2170020. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
RICHEY, Mason. 2017. “Contemporary Russian revisionism: understanding the Kremlin’s hybrid warfare and the strategic and tactical deployment of disinformation” In: Asia Europe Journal. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 101-113.
SHCHERBAK, Ihor. 2016. “Perception of events in the east of Ukraine by Ukrainian and Polish students (based on a comparative study)” In: Visnik of Kharkiv National University of V.N. Karazina. The series “Sociological advances in modern suspension: methodology, theory, methods”. Vol. 37, рр. 268-275.
SOTIRIOU, Stylianos. 2016. “The irreversibility of history: the case of the Ukrainian crisis (2013–2015)” In: Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 51-70.
STEBELSKY, Ihor. 2018. “A tale of two regions: geopolitics, identities, narratives, and conflict in Kharkiv and the Donbas” In: Eurasian Geography and Economics. Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 28-50.
THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2011. Spilna claim for the results of the third session of the Ukrainian-American Strategic Partnership Committee. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/840_154#Text. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
TOMENKO, Mykola. 2011. “The Russian world” eliminates the meaning of Ukraine’s existence. Zaxid.Net. Available online. In: https://zaxid.net/ tomenko_russkiy_mir_likvidovuye_sens_isnuvannya_ukrayini_ n1236182/amp. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
TREATY BETWEEN THE UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC AND THE RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATIVE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC. 1990. In: Gov. Ua. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/643_011#Text. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
VASILENKO, Volodymyr. 2014. The Russian-Ukrainian War of 2014: Causes, Progress, and Political and Legal Assessments” In: Ukrainian Week. Vol. 42, pp. 362. Available online. In: https://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalb um/2014/10_2014/17/26-42.pdf. Consultation date: 16/11/2021.
WILSON, Andrew. 2016. “The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War” In: Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 631-652.
YUSHCHENKO, Viktor. 2014. Non-state secrets. Notes in the fields of memory. Kyiv, Ukraine.
ZHUKOV, Yuri. 2016. “Trading hard hats for combat helmets: The economics of rebellion in eastern Ukraine” In: Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Publicado
2022-07-08
Cómo citar
Krasnodemska, I., & Chechelnytska, H. (2022). Events in eastern and southern Ukraine in retrospect of post-soviet relations: Acontecimientos en el este y el sur de Ucrania en la retrospectiva de las relaciones postsoviéticas. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 506-526. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.28
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