Electoral corruption: illegal voter bribery technologies
Corrupción electoral: tecnologías ilegales de soborno a los votantes
Palabras clave:
corrupción electoral, tecnologías electorales, soborno de votantes, ofensa criminal, investigación criminal
Resumen
Con base en la metodología de revisión documental de fuentes científicas, materiales de organizaciones públicas, aplicación de la ley y práctica judicial de investigar casos de soborno de votantes, se revelaron e investigaron --en el artículo-- las tecnologías más extendidas de corrupción electoral en Ucrania y otros países. Se han descubierto peculiaridades del soborno directo e indirecto de votantes. Se han identificado las formas (tecnologías) más extendidas de soborno relacionadas con las elecciones: “carrusel”, “negociación”, “condicionamiento”, “bus”, “dumping”, “tecnología de redes electorales”. Se ha establecido que la tecnología más insegura y que representa una seria amenaza para el buen desarrollo de las elecciones es la de creación de “redes electorales”, que pueden influir significativamente y socavar la credibilidad de la voluntad de los ciudadanos. Se concluye que las características de dicha red criminal son: carácter masivo que involucra una amplia gama de participantes con diferentes roles; importante distribución territorial; realización de la intención delictiva mediante actividades paso a paso claramente planificadas dentro de un grupo delictivo temporal. Sobre la base de los resultados de la investigación, se ha establecido que en Ucrania la tecnología de “carrusel” se ha utilizado ampliamente.
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Citas
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CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. № 2341 – III. Available online. In: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 22/10/2022.
DECISION OF THE PECHERSK DISTRICT COURT OF KYIV. 2019. CASE NO. 757/10061/19-K. AVAILABLE ONLINE. IN: HTTP://REYESTR. COURT.GOV.UA/REVIEW/80363325. CONSULTATION DATE: 11/07/2022.
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HORODOK, Mykhailo; KARTASHOV, Andrii; ROMANENKO, Yevhen; STASIUK, Viktor. 2016. Election victory: technologies, campaigns, principles: practical manual. Kyiv, Ukraine.
HRYHOROVA, Yevheniia. 2019. “Organization of “election networks” as a way to bribe a voter, a referendum participant” In: Scientific Bulletin of the International Humanities University. Jurisprudence series. Vol. 2, No. 41, pp. 96-99.
HRYHOROVA, Yevheniia. 2021. Investigation of bribery of a voter, referendum participant. The dissertation on competition of the scientific degree Doctor of Philosophy on a specialty 081 – Law. “National Academy of Internal Affairs”. Kyiv, Ukraine.
INTERNATIONAL Election Observation Mission (IOM) Ukraine – Local elections. 2015. Available online. In: www.osce.org/uk/odihr/elections/ ukraine/194456?download=true. Consultation date: 22/06/2022.
IVANOV, Mykola; DAVYDENKO, Yulia. 2019. “Methods of election falsification and possible countermeasures” In: Scientific works. Politology. Vol. 322, No. 310.
KALYNOVSKYI, Bohdan; KHALOTA, Andrii; HORODNYTSKYI, Pavlo; RADOMSKA, Daryna. 2022. “Use of electronic forms of direct democracy: international experience and perspective Ukrainians” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No. 72, pp. 222-244.
KESHIKOVA, Natalia; DEMESHKO, Igor. 2021. “El concepto y la estructura de las actividades en el campo de la organización y celebración de elecciones a órganos gubernamentales en la teoría del derecho constitucional” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 71, pp. 682-702.
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KUBAREVA, Olha. 2020. “Forensic analysis of ways to bribe voters” In: Comparative and analytical law. No. 1, pp. 541-544.
KUSHNARYOV, Ihor. 2018. Political and corrupt actions: modern forms. Іn: VII All-Ukrainian political readings of the name Professor Bohdan Yarosh: collection of conference materials. Lutsk, Ukraine.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1999. Law March 5, No. 474-XIV. On election of the President of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/474-14. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2011. Law of November 17, No. 4061-VI. On Elections of People’s Deputies of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/4061-17. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2015. Law of July 14, No. 595-VIII. On local elections. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/595-19. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2020. Law of July 16, No. 805-IX. On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine to improve the election legislation. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/805-20?find#Text. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LEVITT, Justin. 2007. The truth about voter fraud. p. 22. Available online. In: https://www.brennancenter.org/media/179/download. Consultation date: 19/07/2022.
MOVCHAN, Roman; VOZNIUK, Andriy; KAMENSKY, Dmitriy; KOVAL, Iryna; GOLOVKO, Olha. 2022. “Criminal and legal protection of land resources in Ukraine and Latin America: comparative legal analysis” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 11, No. 51, pp. 328-336.
MYKHAILOV, Mykhailo. 2020. “Мethodological concept of the research of criminal and legal support against corruption bribery in Ukraine” In: Reality of Politics. Estimates – Comments – Forecasts. No. 14, pp. 123- 133.
ORLOV, Yuriy. 2016. Political and criminological theory of crime prevention: monograph. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
ORR, Graeme David. 2005. Dealing in Votes: Electoral Bribery and its Regulation in Australia. Available online. In: https://research-repository.griffith. edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/365293/02Whole.pdf?sequence=1. Consultation date: 27/06/2022.
PAVLOVSKYI, Andrii. A. 2019. The scheme of bribery of voters became known! Available online. In: https://blog.liga.net/user/apavlovskiy/ article/32383. Consultation date: 11/07/2021.
POLISHCHUK, Ihor. 2015. Electoral technologies: essence and varieties. In: Bulletin of the Yaroslav Mudryi National University of Ukraine. Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 106-112.
POLISHCHUK, Oleh. 2018. Selection of technologies in Ukraine: the specifics of the stagnation and the main trends in the development. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of political sciences on a specialty 23.00.02 – political institutes and processes. “Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after H. SKOVORODA”. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Punishment FOR NON-PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 2018. Available online. In: http://ria.ru/ spravka/20140626/1013682909.htlm. Consultation date: 23/06/2022.
Report OF THE GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE ON REGISTERED CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND THE RESULTS OF THEIR PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION FOR 2016–2020. 2020. Available online. In: https://old.gp.gov.ua/ua/statinfo.html. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
RESEARCH. 2019. How voters are bought in Ukraine and who was responsible for it. 17 court verdicts. Available online. In: https://glavcom.ua/ publications/yak-v-ukrajini-kupuyut-viborciv-i-hto-za-ce-vidpoviv- 17-sudovih-virokiv-doslidzhennya-388367.html. Consultation date: 13/07/2022.
Resolution OF THE CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION. 2019. Resolution of February 22, No. 376. On clarification on the implementation of the provisions of part six of Article 64 of the Law of Ukraine “On Elections of the President of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/main/v0376359-19. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
SOKURENKO, Valery. 2017. Electoral corruption as a factor of false democratic political regime. Current problems of criminal law and criminology in the light of criminal reform. Kharkiv, Ukraine, pp. 13-14. Available online. In: http://dspace.univd.edu.ua/xmlui/bitstream/ handle/123456789/1875/ELEKTORALNA%20KORUPTsIIa_Sokurenko_2017.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y. Consultation date:
22/06/2022.
STOCKEMER, Daniel; LAMONTAGNE, Bernadette; SCRUGGS, Lyle. 2013. “Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies” In: International political science review. Vol. 34, No. 1, рр.74-90.
TARAN, Olena; KUBAREVA, Olha; VOZNYUK, Andrii. 2020. Investigation of bribery of a voter, a referendum participant: methodical guidance. Kiev, Ukraine.
Verdict OF THE BILHOROD-DNISTROVSKY CITY DISTRICT COURT OF ODESA REGION. 2016. Case No. 495/9629/15-к. Available online. In: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/55272702. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
Verdict OF THE BILHOROD-DNISTROVSKY CITY DISTRICT COURT OF ODESA REGION. 2015. Case No. 495/8730/15-к. Available online. In: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/54415237. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
Verdict OF THE OSTROH DISTRICT COURT OF RIVNE REGION. 2016. Case No. 567/123/16-k. Available online. In: http://reyestr.court.gov. ua/Review/56229553. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
VISHNEVSKY, B.L. 2018. Five technologies of bribing voters. Available online. In: www.democracy.ru/library/practice/media/rfelec_gor/page46. html. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
VOZNIUK, Andrii; KAMENSKY, Dmytro; DUDOROV, Oleksandr; MOVCHAN, Roman; ANDRUSHKO, Andrii. 2021. “Unconstitutionality of criminal liability for filing inaccurate information in Ukraine: сritical legal analyses” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 69, pp. 133-145.
VRIES, Catherine; SOLAZ, Hector. 2017. “The Electoral Consequences of Corruption” In: Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 20, pp. 391-408.
ASUNKA, Joseph; BRIERLEY, Sarah; GOLDEN, Miriam; KRAMON, Eric; OFOSU, George. 2013. Election Observers and Electoral Fraud. Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association. Available online. In: https://extranet.sioe.org/uploads/isnie2013/asunka_brierley_ golden_kramon_ofosu.pdf. Consultation date: 22/06/2022.
BINDER, Christina; MAZMANYAN, Armen; VULCHANOV, Nikolay. 2013. Review of the electoral legislation and practice of participants – OSCE states, p. 25. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/c/6/107074.pdf. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
BRIBERY, Unfortunately, Will Be in Trend Again. 2021. In: Voice of Ukraine. Available online.
CARSON, Lindsey; MOTA PRADO, Mariana. 2016. “Using institutional multiplicity to address corruption as a collective action problem: Lessons from the Brazilian case” In: The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. Vol. 62, pp. 56-65.
CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. № 2341 – III. Available online. In: http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 22/10/2022.
DECISION OF THE PECHERSK DISTRICT COURT OF KYIV. 2019. CASE NO. 757/10061/19-K. AVAILABLE ONLINE. IN: HTTP://REYESTR. COURT.GOV.UA/REVIEW/80363325. CONSULTATION DATE: 11/07/2022.
DEVITSKIY, EDUARD; ZHMUROV, DMITRIY. 2017. “VOTER BRIBERY: THE VIEW OF A CRIMINOLOGIST” IN: ALL-RUSSIAN CRIMINOLOGICAL JOURNAL. VOL. 11, NO. 2, PP. 289-298.
DIRTY ELECTION TECHNOLOGIES. 2019. AVAILABLE ONLINE. IN: HTTPS://RACURS.UA/EN/2202-BRUDNI-PEREDVYBORCHI- TEHNOLOGIYI-PIDKUP-VYBORCIV.HTML#. CONSULTATION DATE: 11/07/2022.
ELECTORAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2019. LAW OF DECEMBER 19. NO. 396- IX. AVAILABLE ONLINE. IN: HTTPS://ZAKON.RADA.GOV.UA/ LAWS/SHOW/396-20/CONV. CONSULTATION DATE: 16/07/2022.
HORODOK, Mykhailo; KARTASHOV, Andrii; ROMANENKO, Yevhen; STASIUK, Viktor. 2016. Election victory: technologies, campaigns, principles: practical manual. Kyiv, Ukraine.
HRYHOROVA, Yevheniia. 2019. “Organization of “election networks” as a way to bribe a voter, a referendum participant” In: Scientific Bulletin of the International Humanities University. Jurisprudence series. Vol. 2, No. 41, pp. 96-99.
HRYHOROVA, Yevheniia. 2021. Investigation of bribery of a voter, referendum participant. The dissertation on competition of the scientific degree Doctor of Philosophy on a specialty 081 – Law. “National Academy of Internal Affairs”. Kyiv, Ukraine.
INTERNATIONAL Election Observation Mission (IOM) Ukraine – Local elections. 2015. Available online. In: www.osce.org/uk/odihr/elections/ ukraine/194456?download=true. Consultation date: 22/06/2022.
IVANOV, Mykola; DAVYDENKO, Yulia. 2019. “Methods of election falsification and possible countermeasures” In: Scientific works. Politology. Vol. 322, No. 310.
KALYNOVSKYI, Bohdan; KHALOTA, Andrii; HORODNYTSKYI, Pavlo; RADOMSKA, Daryna. 2022. “Use of electronic forms of direct democracy: international experience and perspective Ukrainians” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No. 72, pp. 222-244.
KESHIKOVA, Natalia; DEMESHKO, Igor. 2021. “El concepto y la estructura de las actividades en el campo de la organización y celebración de elecciones a órganos gubernamentales en la teoría del derecho constitucional” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 71, pp. 682-702.
KOLSTAD, Ivar; WIIG, Arne. 2016. Does democracy reduce corruption? Available online. In: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13 510347.2015.1071797. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
KUBAREVA, Olha. 2020. “Forensic analysis of ways to bribe voters” In: Comparative and analytical law. No. 1, pp. 541-544.
KUSHNARYOV, Ihor. 2018. Political and corrupt actions: modern forms. Іn: VII All-Ukrainian political readings of the name Professor Bohdan Yarosh: collection of conference materials. Lutsk, Ukraine.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1999. Law March 5, No. 474-XIV. On election of the President of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/474-14. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2011. Law of November 17, No. 4061-VI. On Elections of People’s Deputies of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/4061-17. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2015. Law of July 14, No. 595-VIII. On local elections. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/595-19. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2020. Law of July 16, No. 805-IX. On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine to improve the election legislation. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/805-20?find#Text. Consultation date: 12/07/2022.
LEVITT, Justin. 2007. The truth about voter fraud. p. 22. Available online. In: https://www.brennancenter.org/media/179/download. Consultation date: 19/07/2022.
MOVCHAN, Roman; VOZNIUK, Andriy; KAMENSKY, Dmitriy; KOVAL, Iryna; GOLOVKO, Olha. 2022. “Criminal and legal protection of land resources in Ukraine and Latin America: comparative legal analysis” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 11, No. 51, pp. 328-336.
MYKHAILOV, Mykhailo. 2020. “Мethodological concept of the research of criminal and legal support against corruption bribery in Ukraine” In: Reality of Politics. Estimates – Comments – Forecasts. No. 14, pp. 123- 133.
ORLOV, Yuriy. 2016. Political and criminological theory of crime prevention: monograph. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
ORR, Graeme David. 2005. Dealing in Votes: Electoral Bribery and its Regulation in Australia. Available online. In: https://research-repository.griffith. edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/365293/02Whole.pdf?sequence=1. Consultation date: 27/06/2022.
PAVLOVSKYI, Andrii. A. 2019. The scheme of bribery of voters became known! Available online. In: https://blog.liga.net/user/apavlovskiy/ article/32383. Consultation date: 11/07/2021.
POLISHCHUK, Ihor. 2015. Electoral technologies: essence and varieties. In: Bulletin of the Yaroslav Mudryi National University of Ukraine. Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 106-112.
POLISHCHUK, Oleh. 2018. Selection of technologies in Ukraine: the specifics of the stagnation and the main trends in the development. The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of political sciences on a specialty 23.00.02 – political institutes and processes. “Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after H. SKOVORODA”. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Punishment FOR NON-PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 2018. Available online. In: http://ria.ru/ spravka/20140626/1013682909.htlm. Consultation date: 23/06/2022.
Report OF THE GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE ON REGISTERED CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND THE RESULTS OF THEIR PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION FOR 2016–2020. 2020. Available online. In: https://old.gp.gov.ua/ua/statinfo.html. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
RESEARCH. 2019. How voters are bought in Ukraine and who was responsible for it. 17 court verdicts. Available online. In: https://glavcom.ua/ publications/yak-v-ukrajini-kupuyut-viborciv-i-hto-za-ce-vidpoviv- 17-sudovih-virokiv-doslidzhennya-388367.html. Consultation date: 13/07/2022.
Resolution OF THE CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION. 2019. Resolution of February 22, No. 376. On clarification on the implementation of the provisions of part six of Article 64 of the Law of Ukraine “On Elections of the President of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/main/v0376359-19. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
SOKURENKO, Valery. 2017. Electoral corruption as a factor of false democratic political regime. Current problems of criminal law and criminology in the light of criminal reform. Kharkiv, Ukraine, pp. 13-14. Available online. In: http://dspace.univd.edu.ua/xmlui/bitstream/ handle/123456789/1875/ELEKTORALNA%20KORUPTsIIa_Sokurenko_2017.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y. Consultation date:
22/06/2022.
STOCKEMER, Daniel; LAMONTAGNE, Bernadette; SCRUGGS, Lyle. 2013. “Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies” In: International political science review. Vol. 34, No. 1, рр.74-90.
TARAN, Olena; KUBAREVA, Olha; VOZNYUK, Andrii. 2020. Investigation of bribery of a voter, a referendum participant: methodical guidance. Kiev, Ukraine.
Verdict OF THE BILHOROD-DNISTROVSKY CITY DISTRICT COURT OF ODESA REGION. 2016. Case No. 495/9629/15-к. Available online. In: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/55272702. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
Verdict OF THE BILHOROD-DNISTROVSKY CITY DISTRICT COURT OF ODESA REGION. 2015. Case No. 495/8730/15-к. Available online. In: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/54415237. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
Verdict OF THE OSTROH DISTRICT COURT OF RIVNE REGION. 2016. Case No. 567/123/16-k. Available online. In: http://reyestr.court.gov. ua/Review/56229553. Consultation date: 11/07/2022.
VISHNEVSKY, B.L. 2018. Five technologies of bribing voters. Available online. In: www.democracy.ru/library/practice/media/rfelec_gor/page46. html. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
VOZNIUK, Andrii; KAMENSKY, Dmytro; DUDOROV, Oleksandr; MOVCHAN, Roman; ANDRUSHKO, Andrii. 2021. “Unconstitutionality of criminal liability for filing inaccurate information in Ukraine: сritical legal analyses” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 69, pp. 133-145.
VRIES, Catherine; SOLAZ, Hector. 2017. “The Electoral Consequences of Corruption” In: Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 20, pp. 391-408.
Publicado
2022-12-05
Cómo citar
Vozniuk, A., Hryha, M., Botnarenko, I., Makarenko, T., & Bryskovska, O. (2022). Electoral corruption: illegal voter bribery technologies: Corrupción electoral: tecnologías ilegales de soborno a los votantes. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.10
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Derecho Público
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