Transformation of the legal system in a time of war: international, administrative, and criminal aspects
Transformación del sistema jurídico en tiempos de guerra: aspectos internacionales, administrativos y penales
Palabras clave:
derecho internacional humanitario, hostilidades en tiempos de guerra, organismos internacionales, transformación del sistema jurídico, crímenes de guerra
Resumen
Los autores del artículo discuten el derecho internacional humanitario DIH como mecanismo normativo de protección y defensa de las víctimas de los conflictos armados. Se señalan los problemas del DIH debido a la pérdida de eficacia de la regulación jurídica internacional. El objetivo del artículo es un amplio análisis teórico-jurídico e internacional-práctico de las transformaciones del sistema jurídico en condiciones de guerra. La base de esta búsqueda científica fue un sistema de metodología, que incluye un complejo de tres niveles de métodos filosóficos, científicos generales y específicamente científicos y un grupo de enfoques, condicionados por el tema de la investigación. Como resultado del análisis, se demostró que el actual sistema de regulación jurídica internacional presenta importantes inconvenientes. El más significativo de ellos es el carácter declarativo de las normas, provocado por la ausencia de un sistema eficaz de rendición de cuentas y la falta de actualización de la doctrina de las normas de DIH a la luz de los nuevos retos y transformaciones de la realidad política y social. Además, el análisis de los problemas organizativos y administrativos de la regulación del derecho de la guerra indicó que las garantías institucionales en un conflicto militar también necesitan una revisión.
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STATE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. 2022. “State Bureau of Investigation reports on active work to identify traitors of Ukraine and bring them to justice”. Available online. In: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zvitue-pro-aktivnu-robotu-shhodo-viyavlennya-zradnikiv-ukraini-ta-prityagnennya-ih-do-vidpovidalnosti-video. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
STENGEL, Frank. 2021. “Response to Wolfgang Wagner’s Review of The Politics of Military Force: Antimilitarism, Ideational Change, and Post-Cold War German Security Discourse”. In: Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 943-944.
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2022. World Food Situation. FAO Food Price Index. Available online. In: https://www. fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ Consultation date: 10/04/2022.
THE GUARDIAN. 2022. “Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN”. Available online. In: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis- that-could-last-years-says-un. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
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THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2010. “Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, 2010 I.C.J. Rep. 14, 197 (Apr. 20)”. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/135-20100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
TURNS, David. 2018. “The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)” In: International Law. Oxford University Press. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198791836.003.0027. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UKRAINE WAR: ROCKETS HIT KYIV AS UN CHIEF ADMITS FAILINGS. 2022. “UN secretary general says Security Council failed on Ukraine ВВС”. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- europe-61265635. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UN SECURITY COUNCIL. 2022. “Michelle at the UN Security Council: this is a barbaric war started by a permanent member of this Council”. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/tag/4687_radbez_oon. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
UNHCR. 2022. “The Operational Data Portal”. Available online. In: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2015. “On the legal regime of martial law: the Law of Ukraine of 12.05.2015. № 389-VIII.” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389- 19#Text. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
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VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022с. “On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine to Improve Liability for Collaboration Activities and Specifics of the Application of Measures for Committing Crimes against the Fundamentals of National and Public Security: Law of Ukraine of 14.04.2022 № 2198-IX”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2198-20#n8 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
CANTON, Helen. 2021. International Committee of the Red Cross-ICRC. In: The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021. Routledge. London, UK.
CHIN, Warren. 2019. “Technology, war and the state: past, present and future” In: International Affairs. Vol. 95, No. 4, pp. 765-783.
FILIPEC, Ondřej. 2019. “Hybrid Warfare: Between Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism” In: Central European Journal of Politics” Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 52-70.
FILLOL MAZO, Adriana. 2020. “The Protection of Access to Food for Civilians under International Humanitarian Law: Acts Constituting War Crimes” In: The Age of Human Rights Journal. No. 14, pp. 181-209.
FLECK, Dieter. 2021. The handbook of international humanitarian law. Ebook. Available online. In: https://global.oup.com/academic/ product/the-handbook-of-international-humanitarian-law- 9780198847960?cc=cz&lang=en&. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
GILDER, Alexander. 2019. “The Effect of ‘Stabilization’ in the Mandates and Practice of UN Peace Operations” In: Netherlands International Law Review. Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 47-73.
GORE, Kiran Nasir; CAMP, Charles; CHU, Lilia. 2022 “Nation States Must Comply With Their Responsibility to Protect Ukraine Against the Russian Federation’s Ongoing War Crimes. In: The World Financial Review. Available online. In: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4049096 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
HENDERSON, Ian; REECE, Kate. 2018. “Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law (IHL): The Reasonable Military Commanderr Standard and Reverberating Effects” In: SSRN Electronic Journal. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108324. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
HRUSHKO, Malvina. 2016. Formation and specifics of the international legal regime of prisoners of war. Phoenix. Odesa, Ukraine.
KEMMERLING, Birgit; SCHETTER, Conrad; WIRKUS, Lars. 2022. “The logics of war and food (in)security” In: Global Food Security. Vol. 33, p. 100634. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100634. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
KONONENKO, Nataliia; PATSKAN, Valeriy; HROMOVA, Maryna; UTKINA, Halyna; SEREBRO, Mykhailo. 2022. “International Guidelines for Managing Investigation and Collection of Evidence of War Crimes” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40 No. 72, pp. 670-89.
KOVALCHUK, Vitaliy; ZHAROVSKA, Iryna; MYKIEVYCH, Mykhailo; HRUSHKO, Malvina; HRABYNSKYI, Mykhailo. 2022. “Transformation challenges for the international humanitarian law system: migration crisis as the latest tool of hybrid warfare (A vision from Ukraine)” In: Journal UNISCI. No. 59, pp. 129-144.
LONGOBARDO, Marco. 2019. “The relevance of the concept of due diligence for international humanitarian law” In: Wis. Int’l LJ. Vol. 37, pp. 47-87.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2022. On imposition of martial law in Ukraine: Presidential Decree of 24.02.2022. № 64/2022. https://www.president. gov. ua/documents/642022-41397 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
PUBLIC APPEAL TO ICRC. 2022. Public Appeal to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from the Ukrainian Civil Society 26 March 2022. Available online. In: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeUxOgv-jGT9uNPSonsxemaE1KYrasca-a6lEFFmPc7MzLJCg/viewform?fbclid=IwAR3q0rexr7HtLa7on5rCvCZH9gJtPOTpviWt5f_9af6xqvPNld_ nlCvUGM. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
REKOTOV, Petro; NIKITENKO, Viktor; KORSHYKOVA, Tetiana; ZHEREBKO, Oleksandr; SAMOILENKO, Ihor. 2022. “Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the individual in a hybrid war” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No. 73, pp. 901-918.
SASSO`LI, Marco. 2019. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Publ. by Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Available online. In: https://internationalreview.icrc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1590391258/irc101_2/S1816383119000596a. pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
SOLIS, Gary. 2021. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge University Press. Available online. In: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/70887/excerpt/9780521870887_excerpt.pdf Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
STATE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. 2022. “State Bureau of Investigation reports on active work to identify traitors of Ukraine and bring them to justice”. Available online. In: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zvitue-pro-aktivnu-robotu-shhodo-viyavlennya-zradnikiv-ukraini-ta-prityagnennya-ih-do-vidpovidalnosti-video. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
STENGEL, Frank. 2021. “Response to Wolfgang Wagner’s Review of The Politics of Military Force: Antimilitarism, Ideational Change, and Post-Cold War German Security Discourse”. In: Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 943-944.
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2022. World Food Situation. FAO Food Price Index. Available online. In: https://www. fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ Consultation date: 10/04/2022.
THE GUARDIAN. 2022. “Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN”. Available online. In: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis- that-could-last-years-says-un. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2007. "Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. Rep. 43, 430 (Feb. 26)”. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/ case-related/91/091-19960711-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2010. “Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, 2010 I.C.J. Rep. 14, 197 (Apr. 20)”. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/135-20100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
TURNS, David. 2018. “The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)” In: International Law. Oxford University Press. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198791836.003.0027. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UKRAINE WAR: ROCKETS HIT KYIV AS UN CHIEF ADMITS FAILINGS. 2022. “UN secretary general says Security Council failed on Ukraine ВВС”. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- europe-61265635. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UN SECURITY COUNCIL. 2022. “Michelle at the UN Security Council: this is a barbaric war started by a permanent member of this Council”. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/tag/4687_radbez_oon. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
UNHCR. 2022. “The Operational Data Portal”. Available online. In: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2015. “On the legal regime of martial law: the Law of Ukraine of 12.05.2015. № 389-VIII.” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389- 19#Text. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022a. “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine on Strengthening Responsibility for Looting: Law of Ukraine of 03.03.2022 № 2117-IX” Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2117-20#Text. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022b. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Criminal Liability for Collaborative Activity: The Law of Ukraine of 03.03.2022 № 2108-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2108-20#n12. Consultation date: 08/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022с. “On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine to Improve Liability for Collaboration Activities and Specifics of the Application of Measures for Committing Crimes against the Fundamentals of National and Public Security: Law of Ukraine of 14.04.2022 № 2198-IX”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2198-20#n8 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
Publicado
2022-12-29
Cómo citar
Hretsa, S., Tykhomyrov, D., Olashyn , M., Rudanetska, O., & Bogoniuk, H. (2022). Transformation of the legal system in a time of war: international, administrative, and criminal aspects: Transformación del sistema jurídico en tiempos de guerra: aspectos internacionales, administrativos y penales. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 879-900. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.53
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Derecho Público
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