Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social
de Ucrania
Halyna Lopushniak1
, Iryna Verkhovod2
, Tetiana Pospielova3
,
Oksana Marukhlenko4
, Alla Mykhatska5
1 Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine.
E-mail: halyna.lopushniak@kneu.edu.ua; ORCID: 0000-0001-8576-6440.
2 Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine. Borys Grinchenko
Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: verkhovod.iryna@kneu.edu.ua; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-2574.
3
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: pospelova.tetiana@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8927-3026.
4
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: Oksana.marukhlenko@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8050-6615.
5
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: a.mikhatska@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-7877.
Resumen. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los desafíos que enfrenta la
esfera social en sus diversos sectores. Para ello, se emplearon varios métodos de investi-
gación, como el análisis sectorial, la deducción, la generalización y la sistematización.
Como resultado, se examinaron los retos específicos en cada área de la esfera social en
Ucrania. El complejo cultural y educativo se enfrenta a dificultades relacionadas con la
financiación insuficiente, especialmente en un contexto de restricciones presupuesta-
rias debido a las necesidades de defensa. Complejo médico y sanitario: la escasez de es-
pecialistas y los problemas de personal son consecuencia de la migración tanto interna
como externa, agravada por la invasión a gran escala. Complejo social y de bienestar:
La prolongada guerra ha llevado al crecimiento de categorías vulnerables de la po-
blación, incluyendo soldados y civiles heridos, desplazados internos y desempleados.
Sistema de relaciones sociales y laborales: la destrucción y los daños en infraestructuras
e instalaciones también requieren atención urgente. Todos estos desafíos actuales en la
esfera social demandan una mayor consideración y esfuerzos para abordarlos.
Palabras clave: esfera social, sectores de la esfera social, sectores vulnerables de la población,
retos de la esfera social, desplazados internos.
Recibido: 22/05/2024 ~ Aceptado: 28/09/2024
INTERACCIÓN Y PERSPECTIVA
Revista de Trabajo Social
ISSN 2244-808X ~ Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14031772
Vol. 15 (1): 226 - 238 pp, 2025
de Ucrania
Halyna Lopushniak1
, Iryna Verkhovod2
, Tetiana Pospielova3
,
Oksana Marukhlenko4
, Alla Mykhatska5
1 Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine.
E-mail: halyna.lopushniak@kneu.edu.ua; ORCID: 0000-0001-8576-6440.
2 Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine. Borys Grinchenko
Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: verkhovod.iryna@kneu.edu.ua; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-2574.
3
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: pospelova.tetiana@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8927-3026.
4
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: Oksana.marukhlenko@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-8050-6615.
5
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, Ukraine.
E-mail: a.mikhatska@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-7877.
Resumen. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los desafíos que enfrenta la
esfera social en sus diversos sectores. Para ello, se emplearon varios métodos de investi-
gación, como el análisis sectorial, la deducción, la generalización y la sistematización.
Como resultado, se examinaron los retos específicos en cada área de la esfera social en
Ucrania. El complejo cultural y educativo se enfrenta a dificultades relacionadas con la
financiación insuficiente, especialmente en un contexto de restricciones presupuesta-
rias debido a las necesidades de defensa. Complejo médico y sanitario: la escasez de es-
pecialistas y los problemas de personal son consecuencia de la migración tanto interna
como externa, agravada por la invasión a gran escala. Complejo social y de bienestar:
La prolongada guerra ha llevado al crecimiento de categorías vulnerables de la po-
blación, incluyendo soldados y civiles heridos, desplazados internos y desempleados.
Sistema de relaciones sociales y laborales: la destrucción y los daños en infraestructuras
e instalaciones también requieren atención urgente. Todos estos desafíos actuales en la
esfera social demandan una mayor consideración y esfuerzos para abordarlos.
Palabras clave: esfera social, sectores de la esfera social, sectores vulnerables de la población,
retos de la esfera social, desplazados internos.
Recibido: 22/05/2024 ~ Aceptado: 28/09/2024
INTERACCIÓN Y PERSPECTIVA
Revista de Trabajo Social
ISSN 2244-808X ~ Dep. Legal pp 201002Z43506
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14031772
Vol. 15 (1): 226 - 238 pp, 2025
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 227Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
Sectoral analysis and critical challenges in the social sphere
of Ukraine
Abstract. The objective of this article is to analyze the challenges faced by the
social sphere in its various sectors. To this end, several research methods were em-
ployed, such as sectoral analysis, deduction, generalization, and systematization. As a
result, the specific challenges in each area of the social sphere in Ukraine were exam-
ined: cultural and educational complex: faces difficulties related to insufficient fund-
ing, especially in a context of budgetary constraints due to defense needs. Medical
and health complex: Specialist shortages and staffing problems are a consequence of
both internal and external migration, exacerbated by large-scale invasion. Social and
welfare complex: The protracted war has led to the growth of vulnerable categories of
the population, including wounded soldiers and civilians, internally displaced persons
and the unemployed. Social and labour relations system: destruction and damage to
infrastructure and facilities also require urgent attention. All these current challenges
in the social sphere demand greater consideration and efforts to address them
Key words: social sphere, sectors of the social sphere, vulnerable sectors of the population,
challenges of the social sphere, internally displaced persons.
INTRODUCTION
The social sphere is undoubtedly one of the main components of the standard of living of
the population of any country. Given the prospective need to restore the country’s infrastructure
in the post-war period, including the social one, it is necessary, first of all, to overcome the exist-
ing problems, and most importantly, to eliminate the causes that led to its unsatisfactory state. The
social sphere is an important element of the strategic potential of the state, and the quality of life
of the population is one of the indicators of the effectiveness of the transformations and changes
implemented. In order to overcome the devastating consequences of the war and achieve sustainable
development in the long term, it is important to comprehensively analyze current challenges for the
social sphere in order to record them and develop the state’s social and economic policy, taking into
account the identified bottlenecks.
For Ukraine, social development is now becoming a prerequisite for the return of numerous
war refugees and residents of the de-occupied territories. Migration shifts caused by hostilities and
high levels of insecurity can lead to regional disparities and have a negative impact on the economic
situation in the country. Therefore, social issues are now becoming acute, and sectoral analysis of
current challenges is becoming the primary justification for further plans for the development and
transformation of the social sphere in the context of post-war recovery.
The purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to analyze the challenges of the social
sphere for its individual sectors. In order to achieve this goal, it is advisable to identify the sectors
of the social sphere, to analyze and summarize the challenges in the context of each sector. Sum-
marizing the research, it is advisable to identify critical challenges in the social sphere that require
increased attention for further development of tools and measures of social policy in Ukraine.
Sectoral analysis and critical challenges in the social sphere
of Ukraine
Abstract. The objective of this article is to analyze the challenges faced by the
social sphere in its various sectors. To this end, several research methods were em-
ployed, such as sectoral analysis, deduction, generalization, and systematization. As a
result, the specific challenges in each area of the social sphere in Ukraine were exam-
ined: cultural and educational complex: faces difficulties related to insufficient fund-
ing, especially in a context of budgetary constraints due to defense needs. Medical
and health complex: Specialist shortages and staffing problems are a consequence of
both internal and external migration, exacerbated by large-scale invasion. Social and
welfare complex: The protracted war has led to the growth of vulnerable categories of
the population, including wounded soldiers and civilians, internally displaced persons
and the unemployed. Social and labour relations system: destruction and damage to
infrastructure and facilities also require urgent attention. All these current challenges
in the social sphere demand greater consideration and efforts to address them
Key words: social sphere, sectors of the social sphere, vulnerable sectors of the population,
challenges of the social sphere, internally displaced persons.
INTRODUCTION
The social sphere is undoubtedly one of the main components of the standard of living of
the population of any country. Given the prospective need to restore the country’s infrastructure
in the post-war period, including the social one, it is necessary, first of all, to overcome the exist-
ing problems, and most importantly, to eliminate the causes that led to its unsatisfactory state. The
social sphere is an important element of the strategic potential of the state, and the quality of life
of the population is one of the indicators of the effectiveness of the transformations and changes
implemented. In order to overcome the devastating consequences of the war and achieve sustainable
development in the long term, it is important to comprehensively analyze current challenges for the
social sphere in order to record them and develop the state’s social and economic policy, taking into
account the identified bottlenecks.
For Ukraine, social development is now becoming a prerequisite for the return of numerous
war refugees and residents of the de-occupied territories. Migration shifts caused by hostilities and
high levels of insecurity can lead to regional disparities and have a negative impact on the economic
situation in the country. Therefore, social issues are now becoming acute, and sectoral analysis of
current challenges is becoming the primary justification for further plans for the development and
transformation of the social sphere in the context of post-war recovery.
The purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to analyze the challenges of the social
sphere for its individual sectors. In order to achieve this goal, it is advisable to identify the sectors
of the social sphere, to analyze and summarize the challenges in the context of each sector. Sum-
marizing the research, it is advisable to identify critical challenges in the social sphere that require
increased attention for further development of tools and measures of social policy in Ukraine.
228 Lopushniak, Verkhovod, Pospielova, Marukhlenko, MykhatskaInteracción y Perspectiva. R evista de Trabajo S ocial Vol. 1 5 ( 1 ) : 2 0 2 5
Analysis of recent research and publications
In the study of the social sphere, the definition of its essence is based on the concept of H. Lopush-
nyak, according to which the social sphere is defined as an element of the ecosystem and an important
prerequisite for its development is the desire for equilibrium through the harmonization of relations in the
social aspects of life (Lopuschnyak et al 2021). Currently, there is a steady global trend towards strengthen-
ing the role of the social sphere in the processes of effective interaction with economic sectors to success-
fully address problematic issues (Lopuschnyak et al., 2023; Verkhovod et al., 2023). According to N. Pihul,
this forms a dualistic direction of the social sphere development: to improve the quality of human potential
and to ensure social stability in society. And the condition for the development of the social sphere is inter-
action with the economic, political and spiritual spheres (Pihul, 2013). Needs assessment and monitoring
of the social sector development at the community level remain particularly important. The ambiguity of
the decentralization process and the challenges associated with it justify the need for additional research on
the decentralization of social services and the social sphere of municipalities, primarily from the perspective
of the communities themselves, which are expected to properly implement social guarantees and standards
of social services (Palatna, 2022).
According to D. Churovsky (2015), the development of the social sphere will be influenced
by trends in social evolution, primarily the transformational transition from hierarchy to network,
the transformational transition from democracy to collabocracy, and the creation of cooperation
networks at the global level. These transformational shifts in social development will create new
challenges for the functioning of the social sphere.
In Ukraine, specific challenges are emerging in the context of the war, and their solution
should be based on an ongoing assessment of their status and control of problem areas. Currently,
the world has not accumulated enough experience in addressing the social problems that Ukraine
is currently facing, which necessitates monitoring current challenges and developing adequate pro-
grams and measures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In writing the article, the authors used methodological tools that allowed for a qualitative and
comprehensive study of the literature and an analysis of the current challenges of the social sphere
in Ukraine. First of all, sectoral analysis was used. As a research method, this method was used for
a comprehensive analysis in the context of individual sectors, which made it possible to identify
specific challenges and problems in each sector. The methods of deduction, generalization, and sys-
tematization were used to process the results. These methods made it possible to combine disparate
information into a single structure of challenges for the social sector as a whole.
The study used information and data from the Save School statistical platform, the Ukrainian
Cultural Foundation, the World Tourism Organization, the International Labor Organization, the
World Bank, and the analytical online portals Trading economics, Open Budget, and the Ministry
of Finance.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The study divided the social sphere into 6 key sectors (Figure 1).
Analysis of recent research and publications
In the study of the social sphere, the definition of its essence is based on the concept of H. Lopush-
nyak, according to which the social sphere is defined as an element of the ecosystem and an important
prerequisite for its development is the desire for equilibrium through the harmonization of relations in the
social aspects of life (Lopuschnyak et al 2021). Currently, there is a steady global trend towards strengthen-
ing the role of the social sphere in the processes of effective interaction with economic sectors to success-
fully address problematic issues (Lopuschnyak et al., 2023; Verkhovod et al., 2023). According to N. Pihul,
this forms a dualistic direction of the social sphere development: to improve the quality of human potential
and to ensure social stability in society. And the condition for the development of the social sphere is inter-
action with the economic, political and spiritual spheres (Pihul, 2013). Needs assessment and monitoring
of the social sector development at the community level remain particularly important. The ambiguity of
the decentralization process and the challenges associated with it justify the need for additional research on
the decentralization of social services and the social sphere of municipalities, primarily from the perspective
of the communities themselves, which are expected to properly implement social guarantees and standards
of social services (Palatna, 2022).
According to D. Churovsky (2015), the development of the social sphere will be influenced
by trends in social evolution, primarily the transformational transition from hierarchy to network,
the transformational transition from democracy to collabocracy, and the creation of cooperation
networks at the global level. These transformational shifts in social development will create new
challenges for the functioning of the social sphere.
In Ukraine, specific challenges are emerging in the context of the war, and their solution
should be based on an ongoing assessment of their status and control of problem areas. Currently,
the world has not accumulated enough experience in addressing the social problems that Ukraine
is currently facing, which necessitates monitoring current challenges and developing adequate pro-
grams and measures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In writing the article, the authors used methodological tools that allowed for a qualitative and
comprehensive study of the literature and an analysis of the current challenges of the social sphere
in Ukraine. First of all, sectoral analysis was used. As a research method, this method was used for
a comprehensive analysis in the context of individual sectors, which made it possible to identify
specific challenges and problems in each sector. The methods of deduction, generalization, and sys-
tematization were used to process the results. These methods made it possible to combine disparate
information into a single structure of challenges for the social sector as a whole.
The study used information and data from the Save School statistical platform, the Ukrainian
Cultural Foundation, the World Tourism Organization, the International Labor Organization, the
World Bank, and the analytical online portals Trading economics, Open Budget, and the Ministry
of Finance.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The study divided the social sphere into 6 key sectors (Figure 1).
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 229Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
Source: compiled by the authors.
Thus, the sectors of the social sphere include:
1) cultural and educational complex, which includes education and culture;
2) medical and healthcare complex, which includes medicine, tourism, physical education,
sports, and recreation;
3) social and household complex, which includes housing and communal services, consumer
services, trade and catering, transport and communications, and public services;
4) the system of social and labor relations, which includes issues of employment, unemployment,
and specifics of employment of certain categories (youth, people of pre-retirement age, disa-
bled people, former military personnel, etc.;)
5) social protection system, which includes social payments and benefits, social security, social
support, etc.;
6) social processes, which include: demographic and migration processes, harmonization of so-
cio-economic interests, social cohesion, social inclusion, socio-economic security.
When studying the cultural and educational complex, it should be noted that the war in
Ukraine has significantly affected the country’s educational sector, which had previously suffered
from the effects of the pandemic. During the 2 years of large-scale invasion, a significant number
of educational institutions have been destroyed or damaged, especially in the East of the country.
There are serious challenges in terms of safety for children and educators and access to education,
which makes it difficult to maintain the continuity and quality of the educational process (Migal,
2023). According to current data, 3798 educational institutions have been affected by bombing and
shelling, 365 of which have been completely destroyed (Save schools, 2024). The 10 regions with
the highest number of affected educational institutions are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Structuring of the social sector
Source: compiled by the authors.
Thus, the sectors of the social sphere include:
1) cultural and educational complex, which includes education and culture;
2) medical and healthcare complex, which includes medicine, tourism, physical education,
sports, and recreation;
3) social and household complex, which includes housing and communal services, consumer
services, trade and catering, transport and communications, and public services;
4) the system of social and labor relations, which includes issues of employment, unemployment,
and specifics of employment of certain categories (youth, people of pre-retirement age, disa-
bled people, former military personnel, etc.;)
5) social protection system, which includes social payments and benefits, social security, social
support, etc.;
6) social processes, which include: demographic and migration processes, harmonization of so-
cio-economic interests, social cohesion, social inclusion, socio-economic security.
When studying the cultural and educational complex, it should be noted that the war in
Ukraine has significantly affected the country’s educational sector, which had previously suffered
from the effects of the pandemic. During the 2 years of large-scale invasion, a significant number
of educational institutions have been destroyed or damaged, especially in the East of the country.
There are serious challenges in terms of safety for children and educators and access to education,
which makes it difficult to maintain the continuity and quality of the educational process (Migal,
2023). According to current data, 3798 educational institutions have been affected by bombing and
shelling, 365 of which have been completely destroyed (Save schools, 2024). The 10 regions with
the highest number of affected educational institutions are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Structuring of the social sector
230 Lopushniak, Verkhovod, Pospielova, Marukhlenko, MykhatskaInteracción y Perspectiva. R evista de Trabajo S ocial Vol. 1 5 ( 1 ) : 2 0 2 5
Source: compiled by Save schools (2024).
With regard to culture, according to the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation (2022), the main
problems of the cultural segment during the war are the outflow of talent, reduced funding under
severe budget constraints, reduced demand for cultural products and services, etc.
Thus, the challenges for the cultural and educational complex are as follows:
1) ensuring the safety, accessibility and quality of the educational process in the context
of hostilities;
2) psychological and social support for children and teachers;
3) financing in the context of budgetary constraints;
4) the crisis of professionals;
5) reduced demand and need for educational and cultural projects.
With regard to the healthcare sector, it should be noted that the full-scale war had a devastat-
ing impact on the life and health of the Ukrainian population and caused significant damage to the
healthcare system. Attacks on medical facilities were part of the strategy and tactics of the Russian
invaders. The destruction of medical infrastructure, shortage of personnel, and disruption of logisti-
cal connections have all impeded the timely and complete provision of medicines to the popula-
tion. At the same time, Ukraine’s health care system had significant problems in peacetime as well
(Andreasyan, 2023).
Therefore, we will highlight the following current healthcare challenges (Andreasyan, 2023):
1) significant losses. As of February 2023, since the beginning of the invasion, the Russians have
completely destroyed almost 200 medical facilities in Ukraine, and 1218 facilities have been
damaged. In particular, 540 hospitals were partially destroyed, 173 were completely destro-
yed, and 593 pharmacies were destroyed;
Figure 2. Number of affected educational institutions
Source: compiled by Save schools (2024).
With regard to culture, according to the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation (2022), the main
problems of the cultural segment during the war are the outflow of talent, reduced funding under
severe budget constraints, reduced demand for cultural products and services, etc.
Thus, the challenges for the cultural and educational complex are as follows:
1) ensuring the safety, accessibility and quality of the educational process in the context
of hostilities;
2) psychological and social support for children and teachers;
3) financing in the context of budgetary constraints;
4) the crisis of professionals;
5) reduced demand and need for educational and cultural projects.
With regard to the healthcare sector, it should be noted that the full-scale war had a devastat-
ing impact on the life and health of the Ukrainian population and caused significant damage to the
healthcare system. Attacks on medical facilities were part of the strategy and tactics of the Russian
invaders. The destruction of medical infrastructure, shortage of personnel, and disruption of logisti-
cal connections have all impeded the timely and complete provision of medicines to the popula-
tion. At the same time, Ukraine’s health care system had significant problems in peacetime as well
(Andreasyan, 2023).
Therefore, we will highlight the following current healthcare challenges (Andreasyan, 2023):
1) significant losses. As of February 2023, since the beginning of the invasion, the Russians have
completely destroyed almost 200 medical facilities in Ukraine, and 1218 facilities have been
damaged. In particular, 540 hospitals were partially destroyed, 173 were completely destro-
yed, and 593 pharmacies were destroyed;
Figure 2. Number of affected educational institutions
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 231Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
2) a large number of people were forced to relocate. According to the International Organiza-
tion for Migration, the number of internally displaced persons exceeds 10 million, of which
approximately 6.5 million have become internally displaced persons (IDPs). This affects the
functioning of the health care system due to the increased workload in the western regions of
the country;
3) staffing problems. Doctors and other healthcare workers moved to other regions or went
abroad because of the war, which negatively affected the entire healthcare system. First, it led
to an internal redistribution of specialists, with a large number of internally displaced health-
care workers finding jobs in other cities. The greatest demand for doctors is observed in Lviv,
Ivano-Frankivsk and Dnipro, i.e. in the areas of the largest migration. In addition, there is a
critical shortage of medical personnel in the regions along the front line;
4) disruption of logistics and availability of medicines. Since the beginning of the war, due to the mas-
sive destruction of the Ukrainian medical infrastructure and disruption of logistics, medical institu-
tions have been struggling with a shortage of a large number of medicines and equipment
5) the lack of full-fledged bomb shelters in medical facilities. One of the biggest problems was
the lack of full-fledged bomb shelters in medical facilities, so medical workers had to work in
the field during the emergency and increased danger, replacing sterile operating rooms with
basements and bomb shelters.
The biggest challenges to the development of physical education and sports in the healthcare
sector are the destruction of facilities, the lack of appropriate conditions for the development of
high-performance sports; the lack of attractive and accessible infrastructure for regular physical
activity and sports, the outdated material and technical base of municipal and state infrastructure
facilities; and the inconsistency of the state of digitalization of the sphere of domestic sports and
physical culture with modern trends in the development of sports (Kolchak, 2023).
With regard to recreation, it should be noted that the existing capacity will not be able to meet
the medical and recreational needs of civilians and military personnel who have been injured or am-
putated and will require a complete reboot with the participation of comprehensive state programs
and appropriate funding with the involvement of international funds and investments.
The tourism segment has also suffered as a result of a decline in international tourist arrivals
due to the security situation (Figure 3), and outbound tourism is hampered by the lack of air travel.
Figure 3. Dynamics of the number of foreign tourists visiting Ukraine in 2018-2022
Source: compiled according to UNWTO (2023)
2) a large number of people were forced to relocate. According to the International Organiza-
tion for Migration, the number of internally displaced persons exceeds 10 million, of which
approximately 6.5 million have become internally displaced persons (IDPs). This affects the
functioning of the health care system due to the increased workload in the western regions of
the country;
3) staffing problems. Doctors and other healthcare workers moved to other regions or went
abroad because of the war, which negatively affected the entire healthcare system. First, it led
to an internal redistribution of specialists, with a large number of internally displaced health-
care workers finding jobs in other cities. The greatest demand for doctors is observed in Lviv,
Ivano-Frankivsk and Dnipro, i.e. in the areas of the largest migration. In addition, there is a
critical shortage of medical personnel in the regions along the front line;
4) disruption of logistics and availability of medicines. Since the beginning of the war, due to the mas-
sive destruction of the Ukrainian medical infrastructure and disruption of logistics, medical institu-
tions have been struggling with a shortage of a large number of medicines and equipment
5) the lack of full-fledged bomb shelters in medical facilities. One of the biggest problems was
the lack of full-fledged bomb shelters in medical facilities, so medical workers had to work in
the field during the emergency and increased danger, replacing sterile operating rooms with
basements and bomb shelters.
The biggest challenges to the development of physical education and sports in the healthcare
sector are the destruction of facilities, the lack of appropriate conditions for the development of
high-performance sports; the lack of attractive and accessible infrastructure for regular physical
activity and sports, the outdated material and technical base of municipal and state infrastructure
facilities; and the inconsistency of the state of digitalization of the sphere of domestic sports and
physical culture with modern trends in the development of sports (Kolchak, 2023).
With regard to recreation, it should be noted that the existing capacity will not be able to meet
the medical and recreational needs of civilians and military personnel who have been injured or am-
putated and will require a complete reboot with the participation of comprehensive state programs
and appropriate funding with the involvement of international funds and investments.
The tourism segment has also suffered as a result of a decline in international tourist arrivals
due to the security situation (Figure 3), and outbound tourism is hampered by the lack of air travel.
Figure 3. Dynamics of the number of foreign tourists visiting Ukraine in 2018-2022
Source: compiled according to UNWTO (2023)
232 Lopushniak, Verkhovod, Pospielova, Marukhlenko, MykhatskaInteracción y Perspectiva. R evista de Trabajo S ocial Vol. 1 5 ( 1 ) : 2 0 2 5
The tourism industry is currently focused on domestic consumers. The prolonged phase
of full-scale war puts the survival of tourism businesses at risk. In addition, many tourism
facilities in the East have been destroyed, some tourist destinations have been occupied, and
the sea coast of Odesa region is dangerous due to the mining of the Black Sea. On the other
hand, tourism enterprises are actively reorienting themselves to the recreational needs of the
population, offering recovery tours.
Thus, the generalized challenges for the healthcare sector include:
1) destruction and damage to medical and sports facilities, tourist attractions, and occupation
of tourist destinations;
2) lack of professional staff;
3) disruption of logistics and availability of medicines;
4) migration of the population and workers;
5) insufficient number of bomb shelters;
6) lack of proper conditions for the development of sports;
7) the decline in international tourism exacerbates the problems;
8) inadequate capacity of recreational facilities to meet the growing demand.
The problems of destruction of facilities, infrastructure, and lack of personnel are relevant to
the entire social and amenity sector. Given the current situation in Ukraine, special attention should
be paid to the following challenges in the provision of public services:
1) providing basic administrative services in a difficult security environment;
2) ensuring the availability of passport services;
3) consideration of the possibility of simplifying the model of declaring the place of residence;
4) ensuring accessibility of services for the «non-digitalized» part of the population
(Tymoshchuk, 2022).
Regarding the system of social and labor relations, it should be noted that since the beginning
of the Russian aggression in Ukraine, almost 5 million jobs have been lost, according to ILO esti-
mates. In the context of the humanitarian crisis caused by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, labor
markets are experiencing disorganization (ILO, 2022). The unemployment rate in 2022 reached
28.6%, with a forecast value for 2023 of 26.9% (Nosova O., 2023).
According to the global macro models of Trading Economics (2024) and analysts’ expecta-
tions, the unemployment rate in Ukraine will be 21.5% by the end of the current quarter. Accord-
ing to the econometric models of Trading Economics (2024), in the long run, the unemployment
rate in Ukraine will be around 17.40% in 2024 and 15.00% in 2025 (Figure 4).
The tourism industry is currently focused on domestic consumers. The prolonged phase
of full-scale war puts the survival of tourism businesses at risk. In addition, many tourism
facilities in the East have been destroyed, some tourist destinations have been occupied, and
the sea coast of Odesa region is dangerous due to the mining of the Black Sea. On the other
hand, tourism enterprises are actively reorienting themselves to the recreational needs of the
population, offering recovery tours.
Thus, the generalized challenges for the healthcare sector include:
1) destruction and damage to medical and sports facilities, tourist attractions, and occupation
of tourist destinations;
2) lack of professional staff;
3) disruption of logistics and availability of medicines;
4) migration of the population and workers;
5) insufficient number of bomb shelters;
6) lack of proper conditions for the development of sports;
7) the decline in international tourism exacerbates the problems;
8) inadequate capacity of recreational facilities to meet the growing demand.
The problems of destruction of facilities, infrastructure, and lack of personnel are relevant to
the entire social and amenity sector. Given the current situation in Ukraine, special attention should
be paid to the following challenges in the provision of public services:
1) providing basic administrative services in a difficult security environment;
2) ensuring the availability of passport services;
3) consideration of the possibility of simplifying the model of declaring the place of residence;
4) ensuring accessibility of services for the «non-digitalized» part of the population
(Tymoshchuk, 2022).
Regarding the system of social and labor relations, it should be noted that since the beginning
of the Russian aggression in Ukraine, almost 5 million jobs have been lost, according to ILO esti-
mates. In the context of the humanitarian crisis caused by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, labor
markets are experiencing disorganization (ILO, 2022). The unemployment rate in 2022 reached
28.6%, with a forecast value for 2023 of 26.9% (Nosova O., 2023).
According to the global macro models of Trading Economics (2024) and analysts’ expecta-
tions, the unemployment rate in Ukraine will be 21.5% by the end of the current quarter. Accord-
ing to the econometric models of Trading Economics (2024), in the long run, the unemployment
rate in Ukraine will be around 17.40% in 2024 and 15.00% in 2025 (Figure 4).
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 233Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
Source: compiled by the World Bank (2024), Nosova (2023), Trading economics (2024).
The main challenges for the system of social and labor relations in Ukraine in the context of
war include:
1) high unemployment, which in the context of war leads to a decrease in economic activity and
disorganization of the labor market;
2) the need to provide employment for vulnerable groups of the population, namely: youth,
people of pre-retirement age, disabled people, veterans, etc.;
3) the need for professional retraining, adaptation in the labor market and provision of social
benefits for demobilized military personnel and IDPs;
4) creation of new jobs and support for self-employment and entrepreneurship.
The key challenge for the social protection system is to ensure funding in the face of growing
demand. Social protection includes social payments and benefits, social security, social support, and,
above all, it concerns vulnerable categories of people.
The amount of funding for programs and the functioning of the Ministry of Social Policy in
2018-2023 is shown in Figure 5.
The growth in the financing of the programs of the Ministry of Social Policy is due to an in-
crease in the financing of pension payments. At the same time, there is a negative trend towards a
decrease in the level of implementation of the revised plan, which indicates underfunding of pro-
grams. It should also be noted that in 2023, due to budget constraints, funding for many programs
will be significantly reduced, including scientific research, assistance to deportees from Ukrainian
territory, social protection measures, social scholarships, assistance to families of those killed in the
protests and volunteers, targeted assistance to IDPs, experimental employment of low-income fami-
lies and IDPs affected by the Chornobyl disaster, financial support for veterans’ NGOs and NGOs
of disabled people, rehabilitation of disabled people, and other programs. This is a significant reduc-
tion in social protection programs that has taken place over the past 5 years (from 2018 to 2023).
At the same time, some programs are significantly underfunded in 2023. Thus, in Table 1, we present
the codes of the programs for which the implementation of the annual revised plan was less than 80%.
Figure 4. Dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2018-2023 with a forecast for 2024-2025
Source: compiled by the World Bank (2024), Nosova (2023), Trading economics (2024).
The main challenges for the system of social and labor relations in Ukraine in the context of
war include:
1) high unemployment, which in the context of war leads to a decrease in economic activity and
disorganization of the labor market;
2) the need to provide employment for vulnerable groups of the population, namely: youth,
people of pre-retirement age, disabled people, veterans, etc.;
3) the need for professional retraining, adaptation in the labor market and provision of social
benefits for demobilized military personnel and IDPs;
4) creation of new jobs and support for self-employment and entrepreneurship.
The key challenge for the social protection system is to ensure funding in the face of growing
demand. Social protection includes social payments and benefits, social security, social support, and,
above all, it concerns vulnerable categories of people.
The amount of funding for programs and the functioning of the Ministry of Social Policy in
2018-2023 is shown in Figure 5.
The growth in the financing of the programs of the Ministry of Social Policy is due to an in-
crease in the financing of pension payments. At the same time, there is a negative trend towards a
decrease in the level of implementation of the revised plan, which indicates underfunding of pro-
grams. It should also be noted that in 2023, due to budget constraints, funding for many programs
will be significantly reduced, including scientific research, assistance to deportees from Ukrainian
territory, social protection measures, social scholarships, assistance to families of those killed in the
protests and volunteers, targeted assistance to IDPs, experimental employment of low-income fami-
lies and IDPs affected by the Chornobyl disaster, financial support for veterans’ NGOs and NGOs
of disabled people, rehabilitation of disabled people, and other programs. This is a significant reduc-
tion in social protection programs that has taken place over the past 5 years (from 2018 to 2023).
At the same time, some programs are significantly underfunded in 2023. Thus, in Table 1, we present
the codes of the programs for which the implementation of the annual revised plan was less than 80%.
Figure 4. Dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2018-2023 with a forecast for 2024-2025
234 Lopushniak, Verkhovod, Pospielova, Marukhlenko, MykhatskaInteracción y Perspectiva. R evista de Trabajo S ocial Vol. 1 5 ( 1 ) : 2 0 2 5
TABLE 1. Social policy programs whose funding did not exceed 80% in 2023, UAH million
Code Abbreviated name Initial
plan
Adjusted
plan
Real
funding
Fulfillment
of the
adjusted
plan, %.
2501160 Payment of lifetime state scholarships 6,1 6,1 3,8 63,3
2501240
Insurance payments to healthcare workers
and their families due to coronavirus disease
and its consequences 74,5 74,5 21,2 28,49
2501290 Enforcement of court decisions 24,3 24,3 24,2 99,8
2501350
Rehabilitation and recreation of children
in need of special attention and support
in children’s health and recreation facilities
of the highest category 150,0 150,0 21,7 14,47
2501450
Rehabilitation and recreation of children
in need of special attention and support
in specialized institutions 296,6 296,6 130,7 44,09
2501570 Payment of financial assistance to servicemen
discharged from military service 66,7 66,7 0,2 0,3
2501630 Modernization of the social support system
for the population of Ukraine 963,4 963,4 68,5 7,11
Source: compiled according to Openbudget (2024).
Insufficient funding for the modernization of social support for the population is critical, with
the plan implementation in this area amounting to only 7.11%. Together with the reduction in
spending on research, this leads to the suspension of the social protection system reform process.
Figure 5. Dynamics of funding for social policy programs in Ukraine in 2018-2023
Source: compiled according to Open Budget (2024).
TABLE 1. Social policy programs whose funding did not exceed 80% in 2023, UAH million
Code Abbreviated name Initial
plan
Adjusted
plan
Real
funding
Fulfillment
of the
adjusted
plan, %.
2501160 Payment of lifetime state scholarships 6,1 6,1 3,8 63,3
2501240
Insurance payments to healthcare workers
and their families due to coronavirus disease
and its consequences 74,5 74,5 21,2 28,49
2501290 Enforcement of court decisions 24,3 24,3 24,2 99,8
2501350
Rehabilitation and recreation of children
in need of special attention and support
in children’s health and recreation facilities
of the highest category 150,0 150,0 21,7 14,47
2501450
Rehabilitation and recreation of children
in need of special attention and support
in specialized institutions 296,6 296,6 130,7 44,09
2501570 Payment of financial assistance to servicemen
discharged from military service 66,7 66,7 0,2 0,3
2501630 Modernization of the social support system
for the population of Ukraine 963,4 963,4 68,5 7,11
Source: compiled according to Openbudget (2024).
Insufficient funding for the modernization of social support for the population is critical, with
the plan implementation in this area amounting to only 7.11%. Together with the reduction in
spending on research, this leads to the suspension of the social protection system reform process.
Figure 5. Dynamics of funding for social policy programs in Ukraine in 2018-2023
Source: compiled according to Open Budget (2024).
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 235Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
Source: compiled according to Open Budget (2024), Ministry of Finance (2023).
In 2022, the growth of social expenditures to GDP occurred against the backdrop of a decline
in GDP due to the large-scale invasion.
Currently, social protection plays a significant role in the country’s social development, and
occupies one of the most important places, as the state should pay special attention to vulnerable
groups. The prolonged nature of the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine has had a significant
impact on social protection. The hostilities have led to an increase in social assistance expenditures,
and it is expected that this item of expenditure will only grow in the future. After all, these events
have led to a significant increase in the number of Ukrainian citizens who need support and decisive
action from the state. Therefore, today, an important task of the state is to provide social protection
and assistance in such a crisis situation as war, and in the long run - a comprehensive organization
of the social protection system of Ukraine (Mikulyak & Krasnonozhenko, 2023).
Therefore, in this sector, the key challenges are the need to ensure social support for vulnerable
populations and the search for sufficient financial instruments to provide it, including through the
involvement of partner countries and international organizations.
As for the social processes sector, the main challenges include:
1) demographic processes - a critical decline in the population of Ukraine (due to increased mor-
tality, access to medical services and the outflow of refugees caused by Russian aggression),
and, as a result, a demographic crisis, a labor market crisis and the problem of ensuring pen-
sion payments due to the decline in the economically active population;
Figure 6. The ratio of the Ministry of Social Policy’s expenditures to Ukraine’s GDP in 2018-2022
In Figure 6, we analyze the share of funding for the Ministry of Social Policy in relation to
GDP.
Source: compiled according to Open Budget (2024), Ministry of Finance (2023).
In 2022, the growth of social expenditures to GDP occurred against the backdrop of a decline
in GDP due to the large-scale invasion.
Currently, social protection plays a significant role in the country’s social development, and
occupies one of the most important places, as the state should pay special attention to vulnerable
groups. The prolonged nature of the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine has had a significant
impact on social protection. The hostilities have led to an increase in social assistance expenditures,
and it is expected that this item of expenditure will only grow in the future. After all, these events
have led to a significant increase in the number of Ukrainian citizens who need support and decisive
action from the state. Therefore, today, an important task of the state is to provide social protection
and assistance in such a crisis situation as war, and in the long run - a comprehensive organization
of the social protection system of Ukraine (Mikulyak & Krasnonozhenko, 2023).
Therefore, in this sector, the key challenges are the need to ensure social support for vulnerable
populations and the search for sufficient financial instruments to provide it, including through the
involvement of partner countries and international organizations.
As for the social processes sector, the main challenges include:
1) demographic processes - a critical decline in the population of Ukraine (due to increased mor-
tality, access to medical services and the outflow of refugees caused by Russian aggression),
and, as a result, a demographic crisis, a labor market crisis and the problem of ensuring pen-
sion payments due to the decline in the economically active population;
Figure 6. The ratio of the Ministry of Social Policy’s expenditures to Ukraine’s GDP in 2018-2022
In Figure 6, we analyze the share of funding for the Ministry of Social Policy in relation to
GDP.
236 Lopushniak, Verkhovod, Pospielova, Marukhlenko, MykhatskaInteracción y Perspectiva. R evista de Trabajo S ocial Vol. 1 5 ( 1 ) : 2 0 2 5
2) migration processes - these processes are intertwined with demographic processes. And the
main challenge here is the problem of women and children leaving the country, which creates
the need to develop programs that will encourage their return. In addition, the massive move-
ment of IDPs to the western regions of Ukraine threatens the social integration and economic
stability of host communities;
3) the processes of harmonization of socio-economic interests, social cohesion and inclusion will
also generate challenges to deepen contradictions between residents of different regions of the
country due to the destruction of infrastructure, loss of jobs and relocation of production; this
will require improvement of social partnership mechanisms to ensure cooperation between
the state, business and the public;
4) processes of ensuring socio-economic security. The issue of national unity and countering
fakes in the face of external threats and information influences in a hybrid war is also beco-
ming an acute issue.
CONCLUSIONS
The study has resulted in the identification of specific challenges for certain sectors of the social
sphere: the cultural and educational complex, the medical and healthcare complex; the social and
household complex, the system of social and labor relations, the system of social protection and
social processes.
Summarizing the study, the current challenges of the social sphere that require the most atten-
tion are highlighted:
1) insufficient funding in the context of severe budget constraints caused by the need to finance
defense;
2) lack of professionals and staffing problems caused by external and internal migration shifts as
a result of the large-scale invasion;
3) the growth of vulnerable categories of the population as the prolonged war leads to an increa-
se in the number of wounded military and civilians, and IDPs. In addition, a prolonged war
against a financially powerful aggressor economically depletes Ukraine and leads to a decline
in its business activity, which ultimately leads to an increase in the number of unemployed.
According to international think tanks, in 2024 and 2025, the unemployment rate in Ukraine
will decrease to 14-15%, but successful advances of Russian troops on the battlefield could
radically change the situation. In addition, the issue of support for veterans and the disabled,
whose number is growing steadily, will become more acute;
4) destruction and damage to facilities and infrastructure. As a result of the hostilities throughout
Ukraine, a large number of social facilities and infrastructure have been severely damaged or
completely destroyed. The destruction of residential buildings, schools, hospitals, ASCs and
other facilities has led to a significant deterioration in living conditions and difficulties in the
provision of social services, worsened access to health care and education, and increased the
social vulnerability of the population.
Further research should focus on developing strategies for implementing comprehensive mea-
sures to ensure social stability and support for the population during the war and post-war recovery,
taking into account the existing challenges.
2) migration processes - these processes are intertwined with demographic processes. And the
main challenge here is the problem of women and children leaving the country, which creates
the need to develop programs that will encourage their return. In addition, the massive move-
ment of IDPs to the western regions of Ukraine threatens the social integration and economic
stability of host communities;
3) the processes of harmonization of socio-economic interests, social cohesion and inclusion will
also generate challenges to deepen contradictions between residents of different regions of the
country due to the destruction of infrastructure, loss of jobs and relocation of production; this
will require improvement of social partnership mechanisms to ensure cooperation between
the state, business and the public;
4) processes of ensuring socio-economic security. The issue of national unity and countering
fakes in the face of external threats and information influences in a hybrid war is also beco-
ming an acute issue.
CONCLUSIONS
The study has resulted in the identification of specific challenges for certain sectors of the social
sphere: the cultural and educational complex, the medical and healthcare complex; the social and
household complex, the system of social and labor relations, the system of social protection and
social processes.
Summarizing the study, the current challenges of the social sphere that require the most atten-
tion are highlighted:
1) insufficient funding in the context of severe budget constraints caused by the need to finance
defense;
2) lack of professionals and staffing problems caused by external and internal migration shifts as
a result of the large-scale invasion;
3) the growth of vulnerable categories of the population as the prolonged war leads to an increa-
se in the number of wounded military and civilians, and IDPs. In addition, a prolonged war
against a financially powerful aggressor economically depletes Ukraine and leads to a decline
in its business activity, which ultimately leads to an increase in the number of unemployed.
According to international think tanks, in 2024 and 2025, the unemployment rate in Ukraine
will decrease to 14-15%, but successful advances of Russian troops on the battlefield could
radically change the situation. In addition, the issue of support for veterans and the disabled,
whose number is growing steadily, will become more acute;
4) destruction and damage to facilities and infrastructure. As a result of the hostilities throughout
Ukraine, a large number of social facilities and infrastructure have been severely damaged or
completely destroyed. The destruction of residential buildings, schools, hospitals, ASCs and
other facilities has led to a significant deterioration in living conditions and difficulties in the
provision of social services, worsened access to health care and education, and increased the
social vulnerability of the population.
Further research should focus on developing strategies for implementing comprehensive mea-
sures to ensure social stability and support for the population during the war and post-war recovery,
taking into account the existing challenges.
Análisis sectorial y desafíos críticos en la esfera social de Ucrania 237Vol. 15(1) enero-marzo 2025/ 226 - 238
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istratyvnykh-posluh-ta-rekomendatsii-na-maibutnie/.
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https://ucf.in.ua/news/11082022
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htmNearly
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