Congenital Syphilis in Ecuador is a still unsolved problem?
Abstract
Congenital syphilis represents a public health problem. Despite the increases in prenatal care coverage, the actions implemented still show low effectiveness in their prevention. An epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional study is presented, in which data were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) with the purpose of establishing the current situation of congenital syphilis in Ecuador, taking into consideration the data throughout the last years. According to the registries, no cases of late syphilis have been reported for 6 years. The reports prior to 2004 are irregular, the data recorded from 2005 on are more reliable due to the mean and standard deviation data. There is a slight downward trend from 2003 to 2011 showing an increase of 200 reported cases in 2013. No detailed data was found as of 2016. Congenital syphilis still prevails, with a slightly higher prevalence in men, although the ratio (male / female) is kept at 1: 1. Since 2005 there is no significant variation. A downward slope is evident, but the mean values would indicate a plateau during the last 7 years. This fact will determine a blockage of the expected decrease in the number of cases. There is no proper official
References
Onesimo R, Buonsenso D, Gioè C, Valetini P. Congenital syphilis: remember to not forget. BMJ Case Rep [Internet]. 2012;2012:bcr0120125597. Disponible en: http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2012/bcr.01.2012.5597.abstract DOI: 10.1136/bcr.01.2012.5597 PMID 22669017 PMCID PMC3369312
Hussain SA, Vaidya R. Congenital Syphilis [Internet]. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2021 [citado 10 de agosto de 2020]. p. 143-61. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537087/ PMID 30725772
Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2015;64(RR-03):1-137. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6403a1.htm PMID 26042815 PMCID PMC5885289
Araújo CL de, Shimizu HE, Sousa AIA de, Hamann EM. Incidence of congenital syphilis in Brazil and its relationship with the Family Health Strategy. Rev Saude Publica [Internet]. 2012;46(3):479-86. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/rsp/a/SzWDZTVcgztjhcxgYVb75Ky/?lang=en DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102012000300010 PMID 22635036
Kwan KSH, Giele CM, Greville HS, Reeve CA, Lyttle PH, Mak DB. Syphilis epidemiology and public health interventions in Western Australia from 1991 to 2009. Sex Health [Internet]. 2012;9(3):272-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1071/SH11102 DOI: 10.1071/SH11102 PMID 22697145
Oloya S, Lyczkowski D, Orikiriza P, Irama M, Boum Y, Migisha R, et al. Prevalence, associated factors and clinical features of congenital syphilis among newborns in Mbarara hospital, Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2020;20(1):385. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03047-y DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03047-y PMID 32616037 PMCID PMC7330944
Ortiz-Lopez N, Diez M, Diaz O, Simon F, Diaz A. Epidemiological Surveillance of Congenital Syphilis in Spain, 2000–2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2012;31(9):988-90. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/2012/09000/Epidemiological_Surveillance_of_Congenital.33.aspx. DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31825d3152 PMID 22572752
Keuning MW, Kamp GA, Schonenberg-Meinema D, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, van Zuiden JM, Pajkrt D. Congenital syphilis, the great imitator-case report and review. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020;20(7):e173-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30268-1 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30268-1 PMID 32502432
Arnold SR, Ford-Jones EL. Congenital syphilis: A guide to diagnosis and management. Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2000;5(8):463-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/5.8.463 DOI: 10.1093/pch/5.8.463 PMID 20177559 PMCID PMC2819963
Mabey D, Peeling RW. Syphilis, still a major cause of infant mortality. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2011;11(9):654-5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70150-5 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70150-5 PMID 21683654
Bowen V, Su J, Torrone E, Kidd S, Weinstock H. Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2015;64(44):1241-5. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6444a3.htm DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6444a3 PMID 26562206
Kamb ML, Newman LM, Riley PL, Mark J, Hawkes SJ, Malik T, et al. A Road Map for the Global Elimination of Congenital Syphilis. Obstet Gynecol Int [Internet]. 2010;2010:312798. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/312798 DOI: 10.1155/2010/312798 PMID 20706693 PMCID PMC2913802
Pan American Health Organization. Regional iniciative for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and congenital syphilis in Latin America and the Caribbean: regional monitoring strategy 2010 [Internet]. Washington DC-USA: Pan American Health Organization; 2010. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/9992
Masarweh K, Horovitz Y, Avital A, Spiegel R. Establishing hospital admission criteria of pediatric Henoch–Schonlein purpura. Rheumatol Int [Internet]. 2014;34(11):1497-503. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-014-2971-9 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-2971-9 PMID 24563020
Cooper JM, Sánchez PJ. Congenital syphilis. Semin Perinatol [Internet]. 2018;42(3):176-84. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146000518300119 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.02.005 PMID 29627075
Arnesen L, Martínez G, Mainero L, Serruya S, Durán P. Gestational syphilis and stillbirth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Int J Gynecol Obstet [Internet]. 2015;128(3):241-5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.09.017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.09.017 PMID 25443140
Rowe CR, Newberry DM, Jnah AJ. Congenital Syphilis: A Discussion of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Nurses’ Role in Early Identification and Treatment. Adv Neonatal Care [Internet]. 2018;18(6):438-45. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Fulltext/2018/12000/Congenital_Syphilis__A_Discussion_of_Epidemiology,.5.aspx DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000534 PMID 30020089
Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Sífilis - Enfermedades de transmisión sexual [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/std/spanish/sifilis/stdfact-syphilis-s.htm
Asociación Médica Mundial. Declaración de Helsinki de la AMM – Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos [Internet]. 2017. p. 1-3. Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las-investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
Cáceres K. Situación epidemiológica de sífilis (CIE 10: A50-A53.9). Chile, 2016. Rev Chil Infectología [Internet]. 2018;35(3):284-96. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182018000300284&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182018000300284 PMID 30020089
DiOrio D, Kroeger K, Ross A. Social Vulnerability in Congenital Syphilis Case Mothers: Qualitative Assessment of Cases in Indiana, 2014 to 2016. Sex Transm Dis [Internet]. 2018;45(7):447-51. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2018/07000/Social_Vulnerability_in_Congenital_Syphilis_Case.3.aspx DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000783 PMID 29465662 PMCID PMC5995623
Instituto Nacional de Salud. Comportamiento de sífilis gestacional y sífilis congénita, Colombia a período epidemiológico VII 2020. Semana epidemiológica 30 [Internet]. Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2020_Boletin_epidemiologico_semana_30.pdf DOI: 10.33610/23576189.2020.30
Centro Nacional de Epidemiología Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud Pública. Boletín epidemiológico del Perú. Volumen 27-SE 32 [Internet]. 2018. Disponible en: https://www.dge.gob.pe/portal/docs/vigilancia/boletines/2018/32.pdf
Torres RG, Mendonça ALN, Montes GC, Manzan JJ, Ribeiro JU, Paschoini MC. Syphilis in Pregnancy: The Reality in a Public Hospital. Rev Bras Ginecol Obs [Internet]. 2019;41(02):90-6. Disponible en: https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0038-1676569 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676569 PMID 30786305
Arévalo Castro OR, Suárez Pérez Y. Detection of syphilis by a serological method in pregnant women from Guayaquil City. Rev Cuba Investig Biomed [Internet]. 2015;34(3):224-36. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=63992
Lazarini FM, Barbosa DA. Educational intervention in Primary Care for the prevention of congenital syphilis. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2017;25:e2845. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/gjqXpt8vnSRY8cKFtgKMDbq/?lang=en# DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1612.2845 PMID 28146181 PMCID PMC5288867
Díaz J. Vigilancia epidemiológica de sífilis y gonorrea. Rev Chil Infectol [Internet]. 2013;30(3):303-10. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182013000300005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182013000300005 PMID 23877778
Domingues RMSM, Lauria L de M, Saraceni V, Leal M do C. Treatment of syphilis during pregnancy: knowledge, practices and attitudes of health care professionals involved in antenatal care of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Rio de Janeiro City. Cien Saude Colet [Internet]. 2013;18(5):1341-51. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/k9Yfc5MdkSYCfBr6GFmpsVg/?lang=pt DOI: 10.1590/S1413-81232013000500019 PMID 23670462
Hogben M, Collins D, Hoots B, O’Connor K. Partner Services in Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Programs: A Review. Sex Transm Dis [Internet]. 2016;43(2-S1):S53-62. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2016/02001/Partner_Services_in_Sexually_Transmitted_Disease.8.aspx DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000328 PMID 26779688 PMCID PMC4717997
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule. The Value, Importance, and Oversight of Health Research. En: Nass S, Levit L, Gostin L, editores. Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research [Internet]. Washington DC-USA: National Academies Press (US); 2009. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9571
Angel‐Müller E, Grillo‐Ardila CF, Amaya‐Guio J, Torres‐Montañez NA, Vasquez‐Velez LF. Point of care rapid test for diagnosis of syphilis infection in men and nonpregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2018;2018(5):CD013036. Disponible en: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013036/full DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013036 PMCID PMC6494531
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STD Facts - Syphilis [Internet]. 2021. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/std/hiv/stdfact-std-hiv.htm
Ortiz-Prado E, Castillo TA, Olmedo-López M, Armijos L, Ramírez D, Iturralde AL. Cesarean section rates in Ecuador: A 13-year comparative analysis between public and private health systems. Rev Panam Salud Publica [Internet]. 2017;41:1-7. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/33845?locale-attribute=pt DOI: 10.26633/RPSP.2017.15 PMID 31391814 PMCID PMC6660865
Pan American Health Organization. Strategy and Plan of Action for Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Congenital Syphilis [Internet]. 2010. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/4846
Hossain M, Broutet N, Hawkes S. The Elimination of Congenital Syphilis: A Comparison of the Proposed World Health Organization Action Plan for the Elimination of Congenital Syphilis With Existing National Maternal and Congenital Syphilis Policies. Sex Transm Dis [Internet]. 2007;34(7 Suppl):S22-30. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2007/07001/The_Elimination_of_Congenital_Syphilis__A.5.aspx DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000261049.84824.40 PMID 17592387
Newman L, Kamb M, Hawkes S, Gomez G, Say L, Seuc A, et al. Global Estimates of Syphilis in Pregnancy and Associated Adverse Outcomes: Analysis of Multinational Antenatal Surveillance Data. PLOS Med [Internet]. 2013;10(2):e1001396. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001396 PMID 23468598 PMCID PMC3582608
World Health Organization. The Global elimination of congenital syphilis: rationale and strategy for action [Internet]. Geneve-Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007. Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595858_eng.pdf?ua=1.
Nkamba D, Mwenechanya M, Kilonga AM, Cafferata ML, Berrueta AM, Mazzoni A, et al. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of antenatal syphilis screening and treatment for the prevention of congenital syphilis in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia: results of qualitative formative research. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2017;17(1):556. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2494-7 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2494-7 PMID 28807019 PMCID PMC5556622
Kanyangarara M, Walker N, Boerma T. Gaps in the implementation of antenatal syphilis detection and treatment in health facilities across sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018;13(6):e0198622. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198622 PMID 29856849 PMCID PMC5983468
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Health Professions Education Summit. The Core Competencies Needed for Health Care Professionals. En: Greiner AC, Knebel E, editors. Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. Chapter 3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221519/
Copyright (c) 2021 Fabricio González-Andrade, Gabriela Aguinaga Romero, Carolina Ocaña, Yenddy Carrero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Kasmera journal is registered under a Creative Commons an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en; which guarantees the freedom to share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt-remix, transform and build from the material, provided that the name of the authors, the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Zulia´s University and Kasmera Journal, you must also provide a link to the original document and indicate if changes have been made.
The Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Zulia and Kasmera Journal do not retain the rights to published manuscript and the contents are the sole responsibility of the authors, who retain their moral, intellectual, privacy and publicity rights. The guarantee on the intervention of the manuscript (revision, correction of style, translation, layout) and its subsequent dissemination is granted through a license of use and not through a transfer of rights, which represents the Kasmera Journal and Department Infectious Diseases, University of Zulia are exempt from any liability that may arise from ethical misconduct by the authors.
Kasmera is considered a green SHERPA/RoMEO journal, that is, it allows self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a manuscript) and the post-print (the corrected and peer-reviewed version) and even the final version (layout as it will be published in the journal) both in personal repositories and in institutional and databases.
_pequeño1.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.jpg)
