Helicobacter pylori as a causal agent of gastric pathologies diagnosed in patients at the Ecuatorian Institute of Digestive Diseases, Ecuador
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gramnegative bacterium that inhabits the human gastric mucosa. It is one of the causative agents of gastric diseases as gastritis and gastric cancer. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori by the urease test, and its association with gastric pathologies, in patients aged 25-50 years that were treated at the Ecuadorian Institute of Digestive Diseases in Portoviejo, Ecuador, during the year 2018. Association between H. pylori infection and the manifestation of digestive pathologies, and the relationship between both age and gender, and H. pylori infection was evaluated by the Chi-square statistic. Odds ratios were calculated to establish whether the presence of H. pylori was a risk factor for the development of gastric or lower digestive system pathologies. From the patients diagnosed with pathologies of the digestive system, 31.11% were infected with H. pylori, and 24.3% possessed pathologies of the middle digestive tract. An association between bacterial infection and the occurrence of gastric disorders was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, it was established that H. pylori is a risk factor for the appearance of antral ulcer and erythematous pangastritis. The infection is not associated with age or gender of the patients
References
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Monografías del IARC para la Identificación de Peligros Carcinogénicos en Seres Humanos y Manuales de Prevención de Cáncer [Internet]. 2022. Disponible en: https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/OrganSitePoster.PlusHandbooks.Spanish.pdf
Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, Peters M, Collins MD, Sly L, et al. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb, nov., Respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol [Internet]. 1989;39(4):397-405. Disponible en: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-39-4-397 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-39-4-397
Webb PM, Knight T, Greaves S, Wilson A, Newell DG, Elder J, et al. Relation between infection with Helicobacter pylori and living conditions in childhood: evidence for person to person transmission in early life. BMJ [Internet]. 1994;308(6931):750-3. Disponible en: http://www.bmj.com/content/308/6931/750.abstract DOI: 10.1136/bmj.308.6931.750 PMID 8142828 PMCID PMC2539652
Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon Barua F, Bazzoli F, Van der Merwe S, et al. Helicobacter pylori en los países en desarrollo. Organización Mundial de Gastroenterología [Internet]. Guías prácticas de la a Organización Mundial de Gastroenterología. 2010. Disponible en: http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/assets/downloads/es/pdf/guidelines/helicobacter_pylori_en_los_paises_desarrollo.pdf
Leja M, Grinberga-Derica I, Bilgilier C, Steininger C. Review: Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter [Internet]. 2019;24(S1):e12635. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12635 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12635 PMID 31486242
Burucoa C, Axon A. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter [Internet]. 2017;22(S1):e12403. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12403 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12403 PMID 28891138
Kusters JG, van Vliet AH, Kuipers EJ. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2006;19(3):449-90. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00054-05 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00054-05 PMID 16847081 PMCID PMC1539101
Nejati S, Karkhah A, Darvish H, Validi M, Ebrahimpour S, Nouri HR. Influence of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors CagA and VacA on pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disorders. Microb Pathog [Internet]. 2018;117:43-8. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0882401017313517 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.016 PMID 29432909
Muñoz-Ramírez ZY, Mendez-Tenorio A, Kato I, Bravo MM, Rizzato C, Thorell K, et al. Whole Genome Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis Show Helicobacter pylori Strains from Latin America Have Followed a Unique Evolution Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol [Internet]. 2017;7. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00050 PMID 28293542 PMCID PMC5328995
Gómez NA, Salvador A, Vargas PE, Zapatier JA, Alvarez J. Seroprevalencia de Helicobacter pylori en la población infantil ecuatoriana. Rev Gastroenterol del Peru [Internet]. 2004;24(3):230-3. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/rgp/v24n3/a05v24n3.pdf PMID 15483684
Egorov AI, Sempértegui F, Estrella B, Egas J, Naumova EN, Griffiths JK. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on growth velocity in young children from poor urban communities in Ecuador. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2010;14(9):e788-91. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.03.013 PMID 20638884 PMCID PMC8527551
Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2018;47(7):868-76. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14561 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14561 PMID 29430669
Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O´Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AT, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut [Internet]. 2017;66(1):6-30. Disponible en: http://gut.bmj.com/content/66/1/6.abstract DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288 PMID 27707777
el-Zimaity HM, al-Assi MT, Genta RM, Graham DY. Confirmation of successful therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: number and site of biopsies or a rapid urease test. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(11):1962-4. PMID 7485000
Woo JS, EI-Zimaity HMT, Genta RM, Yousfi MM, Graham DY. The Best Gastric Site for Obtaining a Positive Rapid Urease Test. Helicobacter [Internet]. 1996;1(4):256-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00048.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00048.x PMID 9398877
Siddique I, Al-Mekhaizeem K, Alateeqi N, Memon A, Hasan F. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Improving the Sensitivity of CLOtest by Increasing the Number of Gastric Antral Biopsies. J Clin Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2008;42(4):356-60. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Fulltext/2008/04000/Diagnosis_of_Helicobacter_pylori__Improving_the.7.aspx DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31802b650d PMID 18277905
Marín González AM, Zambrano Pérez RD, Uribe Echeverry PT, Arturo Arias BL, Jaramillo Arredondo MDS, López Arias PA, et al. Asociación clínica, patológica y microbiológica de Helicobacter pylori en biopsias gástricas en el departamento de Caldas-Colombia. Rev Gastroenterol del Peru [Internet]. 2018;38(2):144-50. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1022-51292018000200006 PMID 30118460
Muñoz MS, Valle Rossi ML, Ferrer L, Medeot R, Herrera Najum P, López L, et al. Utilidad del antígeno de Helicobacter pylori en heces como método diagnóstico no invasivo. Acta Gastroenterológica Latinoam [Internet]. 2019;49(1):22-31. Disponible en: http://www.actagastro.org/numeros-anteriores/2019/Vol-49-N1/Vol49N1-PDF08.pdf
Maleki I, Mohammadpour M, Zarrinpour N, Khabazi M, Mohammadpour RA. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Sari Northern Iran; a population based study. Gastroenterol Hepatol from Bed to Bench [Internet]. 2019;12(1):31-7. Disponible en: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/ghfbb/index.php/ghfbb/article/view/1425/863 PMID 30949317 PMCID PMC6441486
Eusebi LH, Zagari RM, Bazzoli F. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Helicobacter [Internet]. 2014;19(s1):1-5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12165 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12165 PMID 25167938
van Blankenstein M, van Vuuren AJ, Looman CWN, Ouwendijk M, Kuipers EJ. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2013;48(7):794-800. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2013.799221 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.799221 PMID 23795659
Adlekha S, Chadha T, Krishnan P, Sumangala B. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a medical college hospital in Kerala, India. Ann Med Health Sci Res [Internet]. 2013;3(4):559. Disponible en: https://www.amhsr.org/articles/prevalence-of-helicobacter-pylori-infection-among-patients-undergoing-upper-gastrointestinal-endoscopy-in-a-medical-coll.pdf DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.122109 PMID 24380008 PMCID PMC3868123
Vilaichone R korn, Mahachai V, Shiota S, Uchida T, Ratanachu-Ek T, Tshering L, et al. Extremely high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Bhutan. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(18):2806-10. Disponible en: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i18/2806.htm DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i18.2806 PMID 23687418 PMCID PMC3653155
Dorji D, Dendup T, Malaty HM, Wangchuk K, Yangzom D, Richter JM. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Bhutan: The Role of Environment and Geographic Location. Helicobacter [Internet]. 2014;19(1):69-73. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12088 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12088 PMID 24102940
Hanafi MI, Mohamed AM. Helicobacter pylori infection: seroprevalence and predictors among healthy individuals in Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc [Internet]. 2013;88(1):40-5. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/ephaj/Fulltext/2013/04000/Helicobacter_pylori_infection__seroprevalence_and.8.aspx DOI: 10.1097/01.epx.0000427043.99834.a4 PMID 23528531
Benajah DA, Lahbabi M, Alaoui S, El Rhazi K, El Abkari M, Nejjari C, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its recurrence after successful eradication in a developing nation (Morocco). Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2013;37(5):519-26. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210740113000399 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.02.003 PMID 23567104
Mathewos B, Moges B, Dagnew M. Seroprevalence and trend of Helicobacter pylori infection in Gondar University Hospital among dyspeptic patients, Gondar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2013;6(1):346. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-346 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-346 PMID 24229376 PMCID PMC3765695
Mana F, Vandebosch S, Miendje Deyi M, Haentjens P, Urbain D. Prevalence of and risk factors for H. pylori infection in healthy children and young adults in Belgium anno 2010/2011. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica, V.pdf. Acta Gastroenterol Belg [Internet]. 2013;LXXVI(4):381-5. Disponible en: https://www.ageb.be/ageb-journal/ageb-volume/ageb-article/634/ PMID 24592540
Bastos J, Peleteiro B, Pinto H, Marinho A, Guimarães JT, Ramos E, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of Portuguese adolescents (EpiTeen). Dig Liver Dis [Internet]. 2013;45(4):290-5. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.009 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.009 PMID 23266208
Ghasemi-Kebria F, Ghaemi E, Azadfar S, Roshandel G. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among Iranian children. Arab J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2013;14(4):169-72. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687197913001500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2013.11.002 PMID 24433647
Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Muñoz MJ, Jaramillo-Koupermann G, Rodriguez O, Leone PE, et al. Association of genetic variants of membrane receptors related to recognition and induction of immune response with Helicobacter pylori infection in Ecuadorian individuals. Int J Immunogenet [Internet]. 2014;41(4):281-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12118 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12118 PMID 24754375
Çalım Gürbüz B, Inceman HN, Aydemir M, Celtik C, Gerenli N, Zemheri E. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among children in a training and research hospital clinic in Istanbul and comparison with Updated Sydney Classification Criteria. North Clin İstanbul [Internet]. 2020;7(5):499-505. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/nci.2020.70037 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2020.70037 PMID 33163887 PMCID PMC7603853
Mandal AK, Kafle P, Puri P, Chaulagai B, Sidhu JS, Hassan M, et al. An association of Helicobacter pylori infection with endoscopic and histological findings in the Nepalese population. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2019;8(3). Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/Fulltext/2019/08030/An_association_of_Helicobacter_pylori_infection.80.aspx DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_82_19 PMID 31041278 PMCID PMC6482781
Mishra J, Panigrahi S. A Study of Changes in Stomach Wall at Sites Other Than the Ulcer in Chronic Duodenal Ulcer Patients. Indian J Surg [Internet]. 2011;73(4):262-3. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-011-0298-2 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-011-0298-2 PMID 22851838 PMCID PMC3144339
Idowu A, Mzukwa A, Harrison U, Palamides P, Haas R, Mbao M, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its virulence genes (cagA, dupA, and vacA) among patients with gastroduodenal diseases in Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, South Africa. BMC Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2019;19(1):73. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-019-0986-0 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-0986-0 PMID 31088381 PMCID PMC6518451
Reyes Chacón JA, Guzmán Guerrero KV, Pacheco Tigselema RE, Pazmiño Quirós GF, Morales Ñacato EJ, Escalante Vanoni LS. Susceptibilidad antibiótica de Helicobacter pylori: un estudio de prevalencia en pacientes con dispepsia en Quito-Ecuador. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2017;32(4):305-10. Disponible en: https://revistagastrocol.com/index.php/rcg/article/view/173 DOI: 10.22516/25007440.173
Kasmera journal is registered under a Creative Commons an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en; which guarantees the freedom to share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt-remix, transform and build from the material, provided that the name of the authors, the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Zulia´s University and Kasmera Journal, you must also provide a link to the original document and indicate if changes have been made.
The Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Zulia and Kasmera Journal do not retain the rights to published manuscript and the contents are the sole responsibility of the authors, who retain their moral, intellectual, privacy and publicity rights. The guarantee on the intervention of the manuscript (revision, correction of style, translation, layout) and its subsequent dissemination is granted through a license of use and not through a transfer of rights, which represents the Kasmera Journal and Department Infectious Diseases, University of Zulia are exempt from any liability that may arise from ethical misconduct by the authors.
Kasmera is considered a green SHERPA/RoMEO journal, that is, it allows self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a manuscript) and the post-print (the corrected and peer-reviewed version) and even the final version (layout as it will be published in the journal) both in personal repositories and in institutional and databases.