Revista
de la
Universidad
del Zulia
Fundada en 1947
por el Dr. Jesús Enrique Lossada
77
ANIVERSARIO
DEPÓSITO LEGAL ZU2020000153
ISSN 0041-8811
E-ISSN 2665-0428
Ciencias
Exactas,
Naturales
y de la Salud
Año 15 N° 43
Mayo - Agosto 2024
Tercera Época
Maracaibo-Venezuela
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Yevhen Karabanov et al//The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity... 187-198
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.43.12
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Quality
of Life Among Ukrainian Students
Yevhen Karabanov*
Anatolii Konokh**
Vitalii Osipov***
Eduard Syvokhop****
Ivan Marionda*****
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose serious challenges to society. Strategies such as
social distancing are employed to reduce its spread; however, this can lead to a sedentary
lifestyle. Many people report difficulties in maintaining a healthy level of physical activity
during the pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of physical activity
and quality of life among Ukrainian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A
diagnostic questionnaire was used, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaires
(IPAQ) were employed to assess participants' physical activity levels. The study involved
662 students from three Ukrainian universities. A significant decrease in physical activity
and an increase in sleep duration were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the
main advantages of this study was the use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
The study also allowed for the evaluation of two types of behavior: physical activity and
sleep. The conclusions. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, physical activity was
low in 90% of students, amounting to 791±7.3 MET, with a significant amount of time
(8.6±1.2 hours) spent on sleep, while less than half of the participants (40.2%) met the
recommended physical activity guidelines.
KEYWORDS: Physical activity, quality of life, Ukrainian university students, International
Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ).
*Kremenchuk Humanitarian and Technological Academy, Kremenchuk, Ukraine. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5420-0583. Е-mail: karaban333@gmail.com
**Zaporizhzhia National University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-
4283-9317. Е-mail: konoch105@ukr.net
***Kremenchuk Humanitarian and Technological Academy, Kremenchuk, Ukraine. ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-0827 Е-mail: shef_fizvosp@ukr.net
****Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-
8446. Е-mail: eduard.syvokhop@uzhnu.edu.ua
*****Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-
8202. Е-mail: ivan.marionda@uzhnu.edu.ua
Recibido: 19/02/2024 Aceptado: 12/04/2024
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El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la actividad física y en la
calidad de vida de los estudiantes ucranianos
RESUMEN
La pandemia de COVID-19 sigue planteando serios desafíos para la sociedad. Muchas
personas informan dificultades para mantener un nivel saludable de actividad física durante
la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar los niveles de actividad física y calidad
de vida entre los estudiantes universitarios ucranianos durante la pandemia de COVID-19.
Se utilizó un cuestionario diagnóstico y se emplearon los Cuestionarios de Actividad Física
Internacional (IPAQ) para evaluar los niveles de actividad física de los participantes. El
estudio involucró a 662 estudiantes de tres universidades ucranianas. Se observó una
disminución significativa en la actividad física y un aumento en la duración del sueño
durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El estudio también permitió la evaluación de dos tipos
de comportamiento: actividad física y sueño. Las conclusiones. Después del inicio de la
pandemia de COVID-19, la actividad física fue baja en el 90% de los estudiantes, con un
total de 791±7,3 MET, con una cantidad significativa de tiempo (8,6±1,2 horas) dedicado al
sueño, mientras que menos de la mitad de los participantes (40,2%) cumplieron con las
pautas de actividad física recomendadas.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Actividad física, calidad de vida, estudiantes universitarios ucranianos,
Cuestionarios de Actividad Física Internacional (CAFI).
Introduction
In 2018, the World Health Assembly (WHA) approved a new Global Action Plan on
Physical Activity (GAPPA) for 2018-2030 and adopted a new voluntary global target to
reduce levels of insufficient physical activity among adults and adolescents by 15% by 2030.
Under the WHO Resolution, Member States requested WHO to update the 2010 Global
Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2
virus, has emerged as a new global challenge in implementing the World Health Assembly's
plan. The novel coronavirus originated locally but quickly spread to all continents,
including reaching Ukraine.
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In Ukraine, the first confirmed case of the disease was registered on March 3, 2020. A
national quarantine was declared from March 12 to April 3. Ukrainian universities began
suspending classes on March 10, with all universities closing on March 12. On March 25,
2020, Ukraine recorded 113 cases. On the same day, the Cabinet of Ministers declared a
state of emergency throughout Ukraine for 30 days, until April 24, 2020. New restrictive
quarantine measures were introduced, including the prohibition of public gatherings,
restrictions on people's movement and access to public places, and limited direct social
interaction. Stringent restrictions that practically prohibited the use of public places were
in effect until May 11. Since December 9, 2020, depending on the epidemiological situation
in Ukraine, a "green," "yellow," "orange," or "red" level of epidemiological danger of COVID-
19 spread has been established.
As known, access for students to the university enables social interactions,
establishment of new social relationships, participation in sports and recreational activities,
and attendance of artistic and cultural events.
Social distancing measures during COVID-19, limited access to public spaces, and
significantly restricted open social and physical activities. The new and unprecedented
crisis has affected societal moods and physical activity. Changes in daily routines, social
distancing, partial or complete isolation lead to emotional stress.
The research included surveys of university students, who were asked to describe
the impact of the state of emergency declared due to the COVID-19 epidemic. The survey
was conducted during the state of emergency.
According to Marek et al. (2005), university students prefer "positive" solutions to
address negative emotions, including social interaction and sports activities - activities that
typically require access to public places.
Sport plays an important role, and research Bray et al. (2004), shows that mood
disorders strongly correlate with low levels of physical activity. Physical exercises
contribute to improving the quality of life by enhancing overall physical and mental health.
Physical activity can play an important role in treating mild to moderate mental disorders,
especially depression and anxiety Ćosić K et al. (2020).
During the pandemic, personal meetings have been replaced by online
communication through social networks and phone calls. The development of virtual
communication has been facilitated by the emergence of the Internet, messengers, and
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social media. These means of communication are particularly popular among people
experiencing social anxiety Anderson (2001). However, this transition to virtual
communication can negatively impact people's levels of physical activity Caplan (2003), as
they spend less time in motion and feel less motivated to lead an active lifestyle. The lack of
personal meetings may lead to an increase in sedentary behavior and a decrease in
motivation for sports or physical activity.
Prolonged isolation can lead to a significant decrease in mood. Sudden changes in
daily routines and uncertainty about the future exacerbate stress Palinkas et al. (2004).
The virtual environment, public online spaces, and online communities completely
replaced physical public spaces during this time.
Długosz (2020) reported a noticeable decrease in the psychosomatic well-being of
university students during isolation from COVID-19. Social distancing leads to anxiety and
tension.
To date, several studies have presented relevant data for various population groups
in different countries. A longitudinal study conducted in Shanghai, China, Xiang et al.
(2020), showed that since the outbreak of COVID-19, children and adolescents have
engaged in less physical activity by 435 minutes and spent 28 more hours per week in front
of screens. A national study in Canada Moore et al. (2020), also showed that during the
COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents had lower levels of physical activity, higher
sitting time (including leisure screen time), and more sleep. Similar results were obtained
for adults, Stanton et al. (2020), such as negative changes in physical activity and sleep in
Australia.
40.5% of inactive Canadians become less active Lesser et al. (2020). Moreover, a
national survey involving 35 research organizations reported the negative impact of
COVID-19 on all levels of physical activity intensity and increased daily sitting time Ammar
et al. (2020).
Thus, there is insufficient data on the impact of the COVD-19 pandemic on the
physical activity and psychological well-being of university and college students in Ukraine.
The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of physical activity and quality of
life among students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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1. Materials and methods
Study Participants. The study involved 662 university students (Zaporizhzhia
National University, Uzhhorod National University, Kremenchuk Humanitarian and
Technological Academy), including 357 males and 305 females. In the surveyed group, 73%
of respondents were enrolled in bachelor's programs (first level), and 27% were enrolled in
master's programs (second level).
1.1. Organization of the study
The study included a diagnostic survey with a questionnaire. This research method
was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data.
To assess participants' levels of physical activity, the International Physical Activity
Questionnaires (IPAQ) were utilized. The short version of the IPAQ with validity and
reliability was tested in 12 countries Craig et al. (2003), demonstrating its suitability for
population surveillance and large-scale studies. Three items were assessed using IPAQ:
vigorous physical activity - PA (VPA), moderate physical activity - PA (MPA), and walking.
Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was calculated by adding MPA and VPA.
MET-minutes per week (MET.min/week) were calculated using the formula: intensity
(MET) × duration × frequency. Additionally, to assess the impact of COVID-19 on physical
activity, another question was posed: "What was your level of physical activity before the
onset of the COVID-19 pandemic? (e.g., increased, unchanged, decreased)."
Participants were also asked five additional questions and four demographic
questions (age, gender, educational program, year of study), in addition to IPAQ, related to
COVID-19: (1) "Please indicate your source of information about the COVID-19 pandemic:
newspapers or television, government websites, work colleagues/friends,
Facebook/Twitter/Instagram/YouTube"; (2) "Have you ever been on home quarantine or in
a quarantine center for mandatory quarantine?"; (3) "I am worried about other family
members or friends who have contracted COVID-19" - participants' responses to questions
(3) and (4) used one of the following five options: "not at all worried, slightly worried,
somewhat worried, moderately worried, extremely worried"; (5) "How often do you employ
these strategies to prevent the spread of COVID-19?" - three of the most common and
effective preventive methods were selected, including "regular handwashing with soap,
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wearing a face mask, and avoiding restaurants/gyms/shops." "Always, often, sometimes,
rarely, and never" were the response options.
1.2. Statistical Analysis
The research data were processed using the statistical analysis program IBM SPSS 20.
The research protocol was approved by the University Ethics Committee. Additionally,
students were fully informed about all aspects of the study.
2. Results
Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. The average age of participants was
21.1 years, with 67.1% of them younger than 22 years, 23.5% aged 22 to 25 years, and 9.4%
older than 25 years. According to WHO recommendations, 12.2% of males and 23.3% of
females were overweight, respectively.
Table 1. Participant Characteristics of the Cross-sectional Study Stratified by
Gender Indicators
Indicators
C
S
Total number of
students (n-662)
Males (n-357)
Females (n-305)
p
Age
20,5±3,2
21,1±3,1
19,8±2,6
0,01
Height (cм)
177,5±4,3
179,5±2,4
176,5±3,3
<0,001
Weight (kg)
65,8±2,7
65,2±2,1
62,8±2,3
<0,001
BMI
20,9±3,1
21,2 ± 2,0
20,2 ± 2,4
<0,001
32% of participants adhered to recommendations regarding physical activity, while
more than half of the participants (64.5%) did not engage in any vigorous physical activity
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 76% of participants reported that their level of
physical activity had decreased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (Table 2).
Walking (minutes/day): Women spend less time walking compared to men. This
may indicate lower overall physical activity levels among women.
Moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA): There were no significant differences
between men and women in these categories of physical activity. However, overall, both
genders demonstrate insufficient amounts of moderate and vigorous physical activity.
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Adherence to WHO physical activity recommendations: Both genders show a low
level of adherence to the World Health Organization's recommendations regarding physical
activity. This may indicate a potential risk of developing various diseases associated with a
sedentary lifestyle.
Sleep: Men and women have similar sleep durations, but the quality of sleep seems
slightly better in men. However, the majority of participants, regardless of gender, do not
adhere to the WHO recommendations for sleep patterns.
Table 2. Lifestyle and physical activity of participants for the longitudinal study with
gender stratification
Notes: PA - physical activity, WHO - World Health Organization. *At least 150 minutes of
moderate-intensity aerobic activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
throughout the week. **Sleep quality assessment <5 with 7-9 hours of sleep.
Indicators
C
S and %
Total number of
students (n-662)
Males (n-357)
Females (n-305)
p
Walking (min/day)
17,3 (25,5)
17,1 (27,8)
13,3 (27,4)
<0,001
Moderate PA
(min/day)
2,9 (12,2)
2,7 (11,4)
2,6 (10,2)
<0,001
Vigorous PA
(min/day)
0,0 (8,6)
0,0 (9)
0,0 (8,5)
<0,001
From Moderate to
Vigorous PA
(min/day)
8,5 (22)
8,4 (21)
6,7 (18)
<0,001
Total Energy
Expenditure MET
(min/day)
791 (1398)
862 (1836)
790 (1227)
<0,05
Changes in PA level
Increased
16,2
12,0
19,1
–
No change
11,0
10,8
11,4
–
Decreased
72,8
77,2
69,5
–
Compliance with
WHO PA
recommendations*
28,1
29,4
28,3
0,05
Sleep
Sleep duration
(hrs/day)
8,6±1,2
8,5±1,2
8,7±1,2
0,05
Sleep quality
5,6±1,4
4,6±1,5
5,2±2,2
0,05
Compliance with
WHO sleep
guidelines**
40,2
46,3
39,4
0,05
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In conclusion, both genders demonstrate insufficient levels of physical activity and
fail to adhere to recommendations regarding physical activity and sleep, which may have a
negative impact on their health and well-being.
The study revealed that wearing masks during exercise leads to a significant increase
in physiological demand. The individual behavior of young people has changed in response
to the threat of COVID-19. Based on our results, 91% of participants reported that they
always wear a face mask when leaving home, while only 8.6% of participants reported never
wearing a face mask. This may affect physical activity or physical behavior of individuals.
Similarly, a recent study showed that 99% of participants reported wearing face
masks when leaving the house. Additionally, 85% of participants reported always or often
washing their hands with soap.
3. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to investigate levels of
physical activity and quality of life among students in Ukraine during the COVID-19
pandemic.
The main findings of our study revealed that participation in all forms of physical
activity significantly decreased following the outbreak of COVID-19. Our data on the
reduction of all types of physical activity (MPA, VPA, and walking) after the COVID-19
outbreak align with a recent national survey in Canada Moore et al. (2020), which reported
a significant decline in all types of physical activity among children and adolescents. In
China Wong et al. (2020), researchers reported that children and adolescents engaged in
105 minutes per week of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The low volume
of physical activity undertaken by participants may be attributed to social distancing
measures (e.g., cancellation of all team sports practices and competitions and closure of
gyms), remote work, and concerns about the threat posed by COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted daily routines, with flexible schedules due to
the closure of schools, colleges, and universities. Low physical activity is closely associated
with stress, which participants report may be exacerbated by the threat of COVID-19.
Analysis shows Stanton et al. (2020), that 40.7% of Australian adults reported negative
changes in physical well-being since the onset of COVID-19 due to behavior changes related
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to physical activities, as well as work and relationship issues. Therefore, during the
COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to maintain a regular regimen of physical activity.
The majority of surveyed students adhered to social distancing rules during the
quarantine. The implemented restrictions significantly reduced access to both open and
closed public spaces and limited outdoor activities to those deemed essential for meeting
basic needs. Young people felt the negative impact of these changes and restrictions on
access to public places. The absence of daily social interactions with friends in bars, gyms,
parks, and pools was a source of stress and had a negative effect on their social lives and
interactions. Partially, these restrictions were compensated for by modern technologies and
remote communication tools such as the Internet and mobile phones. However, these
means were unable to fully replace direct social contact in public places. Despite being part
of the digital generation and being familiar with modern technology and virtual
communication tools since childhood, most surveyed individuals experienced negative
consequences of quarantine measures. The survey results indicated that social distancing
rules heightened the value of direct human contact for students, especially contact with
friends.
Students are distancing themselves from each other, staying at home, and studying
online, which subsequently leads to increased screen time and a sedentary lifestyle.
Specifically, students spent less time on physical activity, less time in physical education
classes, and a greater portion of the academic semester on screen time during online
learning. Thus, we also found that time spent watching television and using computers
significantly increased after the COVID-19 outbreak.
Limitations of this study include the use of subjective measures to assess physical
activity and sleep, which are associated with an increased risk of systematic error. Although
all questionnaires used in this study were validated, objective measurements, such as
accelerometer use, would provide more accurate assessments of participants' physical
activity. Furthermore, the sample size in this longitudinal study was limited. The current
study may suffer from selection bias as participation was voluntary.
Conclusions
One of the main strengths of this study is the application of both cross-sectional and
longitudinal analyses. Secondly, a large sample size was utilized in the cross-sectional
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analysis. Thirdly, the current study evaluated two types of behaviors (physical activity and
sleep).
Research using the modified IPAQ questionnaire and the recalculations of the
obtained data into MET units showed that after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,
physical activity was low in 90% of students, amounting to 791±7.3 MET, with a significant
amount of time (8.6±1.2 hours) spent on sleep, while less than half of the participants
(40.2%) met the recommended physical activity guidelines. Additionally, a significant
decrease in physical activity (72.8%) was observed among young individuals compared to
baseline data. Almost 90% of participants did not meet the WHO recommendations for
physical activity, particularly regarding moderate and vigorous activity. The duration of
sleep among participants was adequately maintained after the implementation of
quarantine measures. However, sleep quality did not reach optimal levels. These findings
may have important implications for public health policy and serve as evidence for future
intervention studies. Thus, the identified indicators of physical activity and sleep quality
point to the need for further research and the development of programs to support healthy
lifestyles among student populations in the context of the pandemic.
Acknowledgments
The study was conducted in accordance with the research plan of the Department of
Theory and Methods of Physical Education at Zaporizhzhia National University on the
topic "Theoretical and Methodological Foundations for Improving the Educational and
Training Process and Competitive Activities of Athletes in Various Sports" (registration
number 0114U001797).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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