UTOPÍA Y PRAXIS LATINOAMERICANA. AÑO: 23 , n° 82 (JULIO-SEPTIEMBRE), 2018, pp . 223-232 REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE FILOSOFÍA Y TEORÍA SOCIAL
CESA-FCES-UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA. MARACAIBO-VENEZUELA. ISSN 1315-5216 / ISSN-e: 2477-9555
N. A. Nazarbayev y el problema de las armas nucleares en la historia de Kazajstán independiente (1991-1995)
Gani M. KARASAYEV
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-4558 ID-Scopus: 57202095515
Department of Source Studies, Historiography and National History, State History Institute of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
Kanat A. YENSENOV
Department of Source Studies, Historiography and National History, State History Institute of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
Seitkali Z. DYUSEN
Department of Source Studies, Historiography and National History, State History Institute of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
Talgatbek M. AMINOV
Department of the History of Social and Economic Development of Kazakhstan, State History Institute of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
Zhabay N. KALIEV
Department of Source Studies, Historiography and National History, State History Institute of Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
This paper is filed in Zenodo:
DOI: http://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.1508594
Research is devoted to the problem of nuclear weapon. Scientific literature, archive data, analyzes of international relations and events of world level related to this problem have been analyzed. The cases related to the closing of Semey nuclear test which was erected in the year 1949 in Kazakhstan, and had had the explosions until 1990s, and the entire range of nuclear weapons left from the Soviet Union were analyzed. The article is aimed at proving the importance of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries, gradual elimination of this weapon and stop the work in the test sites and use of the atom only for peaceful purposes.
Keywords: Atomic bomb; international relations; nuclear explosion; peace.
La investigación está dedicada al problema de las armas nucleares. Se han analizado literatura científica, datos de archivo, análisis de relaciones internacionales y eventos a nivel mundial relacionados con este problema. Los casos relacionados con el cierre de la prueba nuclear de Semey, que fue erigida en el año 1949 en Kazajstán, y que había tenido las explosiones hasta la década de 1990, y toda la gama de armas nucleares dejadas en la Unión Soviética fueron analizados. El objetivo del artículo es demostrar la importancia de la no proliferación de las armas nucleares en otros países, la eliminación gradual de esta arma y poner fin a la labor en los lugares de ensayo y el uso del átomo sólo con fines pacíficos.
Palabras clave: Bomba atómica; relaciones internacionales; explosión nuclear; paz.
Recibido: 05-06-2018 ● Aceptado: 22-08-2018
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The main focus of the activity, beginning with the days of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, was devoted to the future of the nuclear weapons left from the Soviet Union and the prospects of its delivery. This situation has turned out to be a serious problem of the international level. People from Europe, the United States and the Asian states started worrying about the destiny of Kazakhstan’s nuclear arsenal. There have been problems with Kazakhstan’s political, social, interethnic, domestic stability, and the uncertainty of the economic development of Kazakhstan, whether it is safe, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and accession to this international agreement.
In fact, there was more harm than need for the Kazakh people and the first President, who had been carrying out nuclear tests all over the world since 1949. Since the 80s of the twentieth century, the territory of our republic was filled with layout, training and testing grounds of the weapon, its targeted missiles, and strategic bombing aircraft. Along with these, the main industry of Kazakhstan’s industry was focused on production of uranium and nuclear weapons. In Kazakhstan, hidden cities and industries, which ordinary people do not know, have appeared. In such a situation, the damage to the nature of the republic and to the health of the population has increased dramatically, and its covering has become impossible. The further existence of the Soviet Union, which has been seeking to emerge from nuclear weapons, to its development, to the world of nations, has put an end to the future of Kazakhstan as a nation.
Kazakhstan became a sovereign state in the difficult geopolitical situation of the 1990s of the last century. Kazakhstan was the only right choice because of the great responsibility of the international community to ensure nuclear safety, and then went on to a tough step in the life itself.
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev, signed the decree on the closure of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site on August 29, 1991, that people had suffered for 40 years in Kazakhstan (Nazarbayev, 2003b).
About Polygon and its harm to people foreign scholars T.A. Bhat and S.A. Lone (2013) wrote: "During the "Cold War" On August 29, 1949, there was explosion on Semey polygon in the North-East Kazakhstan. From 1949 to 1989, there were 2400 nuclear explosions worldwide. Its 456 nuclear explosions were made in Kazakhstan.
This test site was the world’s second-largest after the Marshall Island explosion. And the number of explosions was second after the Nevada test site. Subsequent research has shown that its environment and effects on humans have been exacerbated. For example, there are leukemia, cancer and psychological illnesses among the population near the polygon site".
Information about the research work is drawn into the scientific circulation of the archives of the Russian Federation (Archive RF), the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ARP RF). In addition, fundamental scientific research studies of Kazakhstani, Russian and foreign scientists were used.
Theoretical and methodological research studies on the issue of international communication were considered for writing of scientific work. For example, the scientific study of international relations in the world was initiated in 1919 at the University of Wales for the first time by the Department of History and Theory of International Relations. M.U. Zelenkov concludes that "international relations include political, economic, ideological, legal, military, diplomatic, and other relations and the relationships of key actors in the world community" (Zelenkov, 2009).
Russian researcher A.V. Shabaga (2015) wrotes: "The issue of international relations is considered within the framework of a realistic paradigm. The conceptual view of the political situation has been shaped by the 19th century, and politicians have evaluated international relations from a realistic viewpoint, and the
realist concept differs with the long-term prospects and political and tactical trends in future planning, covering the first diverse directions".
Ukrainian researchers M.M. Dzera and R.Y. Pasichny (2017) wrote in a research article titled "Modern methods of researching international relations". "International relations are the world-class sphere of political, economic, diplomatic, cultural and other relations in the middle of the human race. It is important to explore the relationship of such a large circle of subjects. In the study of international relations, general methodological research methods are used. World political processes have their own orientation, they differ from political processes. These processes differed in consideration of the relationships of individual states. The main difference in the world is the use of content analysis, document analysis, and political and international approach to control the political and international relations".
Russian scientists N.F. Bannikova and G.A.Trofimova (2012) wrote: "The peculiarities of cognitive methodology of the modern humanitarian sphere. For example, the main methodology is classic, non- classical and postclassical. Here are some of the main areas in which interdisciplinary research is closely related. The future of humanities in the XXI century is directly related to the rapprochement of historical science and social sciences".
In order to carry out research on this issue of international relations, it is necessary to follow the theoretical and methodological principles of research of interdisciplinary studies and works of authors considering international relations.
For example, the closure of the Semey nuclear test site by President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Nazarbayev’s initiative has attracted the attention of the world and is considered to be a good thing in maintaining peace. As this is a matter of international process, it is necessary to examine the political and international relations at the international level through the analysis of content, analysis of documents, and monitoring of political and international relations. Therefore, the research was carried out by analyzing the processes of international relations and analysis of specific archival documents relating to the abandonment of complex nuclear weapons.
Starting in the second half of the 80’s of the 20th century, the nationwide protest of the start of the Semey nuclear bombs testing platform in Kazakhstan was a clear indication of its unilateral position.
The ways of refusal of nuclear weapons that located on the territory of the Republic and destructing the mass destruction of the entire world, began to be examined even during the Soviet Union.
Everyone knows that the future of Kazakhstan depends on removing the source of this tragedy from its territory, terminating the work of test sites and restoring the regions that have become an ecological disaster.
That is why the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev, has even begun publishing his attitude towards this weapon, even from the last days of the Soviet Union. For example, in his speech at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London on October 29, 1991, he said, "We and the West have a great deal of Soviet nuclear weapons in our country and. In the course of several decades of existence, nuclear weapons have become the underlying phenomenon of global tensions, large contradictions, bloc policies, fear of distrust and fear. The recent changes in the "eastern world" affect the planet’s geopolitics.
In this regard, the location of nuclear weapons as a stubborn force has also changed. You can be sure that it gradually diminishes, and is completely eliminated. Today, there is another problem facing believers and suspects, the most important thing is to establish a reliable control over the power of such great destruction that has accumulated in the most complex and controversial period of today.
Kazakhstan does not seek to become a nuclear state at the global and regional levels. At the same time, he does not want to remain in the "nuclear threat" of the center or Russia, when he declares himself a heir of war. In our view, the solution to this problem is to establish bilateral control of nuclear weapons, such as the two key systems of American nuclear weapons in several Western European countries.
In this case, we will implement the World Disarmament Program, at each stage, to reduce and eliminate nuclear weapons located on the territory of the Republic. To be honest, we have made a real step in removing our land from dangerous nuclear environments. Responding to the demands of the society, the republic’s leadership decided to halt nuclear tests on the Semey nuclear test site. Under the agreement with the USSR Ministry of Defense, it will become a scientific center for substantiating fundamental and applied issues of nuclear disarmament. This is a clear example of the proliferation of military structures, making our militarized science and economy a civilian target.
The next model is space complex Baikonur. We are striving to reduce its military structure from the civilian sphere. Kazakhstan’s space program, which will become a special organization, will only have a peaceful characteristic" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a).
Prime Minister of Great Britain Margaret Thatcher arrived in Kazakhstan and asked questions the President of Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev (2017) about his nuclear weapons: "What do you want to do with nuclear weapons?" Even though I made a decision, I was still thinking about it. On the one hand, I liked this vertical character. On the other hand, I realized that Thatcher was putting this question on her own name, but also in the Middle East politics. The main negotiation process was still ahead. Nevertheless, I decided to talk with Thatcher as much as possible and made my point of view".
The British public figure, writer Jonathan Aitken has written about President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev’s refusal from nuclear weapons in his work "Kazakhstan. Surprise and Stereotypes: "From 1949 to 1989, there were 752 nuclear explosions: 72 of them on land, 26 in the air and the others under the earth. These explosions have not been forgotten by local people and have been tested without compromising on the safety requirements and have had a great impact on the environment and people" (Jonathan, 2011).
This view of Kazakhstan’s leadership on nuclear weapons, which is located on the territory of the country, has become more apparent from the first days of the state’s full sovereignty. For example, in the notes of the President of the Republic N.A. Nazarbayev from January 7 to November 5, 2007, with foreign statesmen in recognition of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan: "Kazakhstan takes all the relevant tasks in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and establishes a nuclear-armed intends to join the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Together with this, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan strives to make its territory without a nuclear weapon and to participate in all the phenomena of strategic offensive nuclear weapons reduction. This was stated during the meeting of the heads of the states of the former Soviet Union in Almaty and Minsk, where the Agreement on Joint Measures on Nuclear Non-Proliferation was signed.
The Republic of Kazakhstan fully supports the decisions and commitments of the Treaty on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), together with the Helsinki Accord and the Charter of Paris (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, b) and the pessimism of their policies.
The head of the state said: "The first state decision of the Republic of Kazakhstan was a decree to close Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. In the end, the inhabitants and the environment of this region are facing a hard and hard work to determine the consequences of nuclear tests and to reimburse the damage caused.
As a young republic and its president, I hope this is a step forward for the nuclear powers to take action in this direction and to stop nuclear testing in any situation, and take steps to close all these test platforms on the planet" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, c). It has become a worldwide testimony to the fact that Kazakhstan has been implementing a unilateral solution to nuclear weapons on its territory.
One-sided decision of Kazakhstan on non-proliferation and liquidation of nuclear weapons located on its territory by the President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev was published at the World Economic Forum in Davos on February 2, 1992, which states: "Significant achievements of the Almaty Agreement of December of last year in the framework of the Common Nuclear Forces Joint Arms Event ". It is our commitment to non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, our commitment not to be the first to it, our common commitment to the elimination of all nuclear weapons and our intention to strengthen international stability. Kazakhstan has become one of the first in the world to shut down one of the two largest nuclear testing in the world" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, d).
However, in the first years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has also pursued a policy
of suspension of nuclear disarmament in its region, taking into account the current situation in the region and in the world. Because at this time:
Non-granting of non-use of nuclear weapons by Kazakhstan against nuclear weapons;
Some nuclear states have started to exert pressure on Kazakhstan to abandon nuclear weapons;
The formation of opinions and suggestions in each direction on the future of nuclear weapons in Kazakhstan, etc. the situation forced the state to take full control of the decision to determine the nuclear weapons location on its territory.
From this point of view, it is stated in the report of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in November 1992: "Kazakhstan is committed to preserving and developing cooperation with its neighbors in the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States tends to initially, despite international pressure, Kazakhstan wanted to avoid strategic nuclear missiles located on its territory. He argued that the Republic was interested in nuclear weapons in order to block the country because of nuclear non-aggressors (Russian Federation and China)" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, e).
In this context, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation described the following: "Over the past year, Kazakhstan has taken an important step in the transitional year by joining the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty as a nuclear-free country.
Responding to the question why Kazakhstan did not immediately agree with the withdrawal of USSR nuclear weapons from its territory and did not join the aforesaid agreement. Nazarbayev emphasized the importance of reaching a three-way agreement for Kazakhstan.
Firstly, the guarantees of non- nuclear states were originally in the United States, Russia, and China in May of this year.
The second is to recover the cost of enriched uranium deposited on nuclear missiles. Refund Agreement was made during the visit of Nazarbayev to the United States (Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, a), which states that Kazakhstan has done its best to overcome nuclear weapons.
In his interview to the Italian La Stampa newspaper, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev in this regard said: "The attitude of Kazakhstan to nuclear weapons is a matter of concern for the public, conversations arise around it and in other cases, there are other conclusions. For example, the English-language Dailey Mail newspaper even wrote that Kazakhstan has been negotiating with Iran on selling strategic missiles to Iran, so I have twice fled to Tehran. Let’s put this lie to the author’s dignity.
First, I would like to emphasize that Kazakhstan has become a non-volatile nuclear state, as part of the USSR, nuclear weapons are deployed here, a test site has been constructed and worked for several decades. As for the will of Kazakhstan and its people, it is defined in the Declaration on Sovereignty adopted on October 25, 1990. It states that Kazakhstan strives to be a nuclear-free country. And this aspiration is being fulfilled: the Semey nuclear test site was closed for the first time by the presidential decree" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, f). A clear step forward for the remaining nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union.
In fact, the concrete actions of the Republic of Kazakhstan on nuclear disarmament have started in 1994. "On March 28, 1994, I met with N.A. Nazarbayev and Boris Yeltsin for signing agreements with Russia for all nuclear weapons in Kazakhstan for 14 months and for the nearest three years to eliminate mine equipment for SS-18 missiles" Nazarbayev, 2003a).
This case was conducted with the participation of observers from the United States and Russia. The program "American-Kazakhstan" was adopted in the shortest possible time. Official archive documents say, "The United States and Kazakhstan have been working to reduce nuclear threat by 10 percent in accordance with the joint program. The most obvious of these are the elimination of strategic offensive weapons in Kazakhstan. Its cost is $ 70 million.
The objective of the project is to eliminate mine shooting missiles of SS-18, as well as to clear the
destruction site.
The first phase of the project (based on the Russian party’s request for confidentiality) has been implemented on symbols without US presence since June lastyear. The initiative to implement the project for the destruction of the nuclear test site in the Daglen Mountains (the corresponding agreement was signed on October 3, 1995) was closed on April 2 of this year by the first nuclear test in the Dugelen mountain range. It’s planned to shut down 186 holes in the year 60, which will cease work" (Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation).
To get acquainted with the implementation of this program, the US Secretary of Defense concluded that Perry was in Kazakhstan on 4 April (1994) when he was a member of the Soviet Union, Western officials were successful in this area, and in 1996 he concluded that he would be a nuclear-free an official visit to the country to investigate how nuclear weapons were being dismantled. Nuclear weapons will be sent to Russia, which will ultimately be dismantled.
The United States provided Kazakhstan with $ 170 million for nuclear weapons abandonment and for reconstruction of former military production facilities for peaceful purposes.
America is also concerned with limited military cooperation with Kazakhstan. This state is included in
NATO’s Partnership for Peace initiative" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, g).
From the first days of sovereignty, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev drew attention to the establishment of a contractual relationship between the counterparts of the military alliance for the purpose of ensuring mutual peace, peace and disarmament in the region and in the world. The President of Kazakhstan said, "Taking into account the shared military-political and economic interests of Kazakhstan with Russia and other CIS countries, we together with all the NATO member states will coordinate our efforts to ensure international security".
N.A. Nazarbayev said, "We are determined to expand military co-operation with NATO, without undermining the CIS or bilateral military contacts, as we clearly define their goals and targets". Kazakhstan joined the NATO Partnership for Peace program on May 27, 1994. However, the relationship between
Kazakhstan and NATO was already established. In February 1993, N. Nazarbayev visited the headquarters of the North Atlantic Alliance in Brussels and held a meeting with NATO Secretary General Manfred Werner in that period. NATO experts and parliamentarians have repeatedly visited Kazakhstan in the period prior to its incorporation into the "Partnership for Peace" program.
During his official visit (March 1996) J. Collins (Senior Regulator of the US State Department for the Commonwealth of Independent States presented to N.A. Nazarbayev President B. Clinton’s message to the independent development of Kazakhstan (Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, b).
While the atomic bombing of the nuclear-weapon-free zone in Kazakhstan has been a part of the joint elimination of nuclear weapons left by the Soviet Union, the work of the Semey nuclear test site devoted to nuclear weapons research has been completely closed. All nuclear weapons left by Kazakhstan after the collapse of the Soviet Union, their targeted means of transportation (missiles of various lengths, strategic bombers, etc.). The Republic of Kazakhstan is declared to the world as a nuclear-free country.
In the letter of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev to the President of the Russian Federation B. Yeltsin for the implementation of the above mentioned program for the production of nuclear weapons and their delivery facilities located in Kazakhstan: "Temporary deployment on the territory of Kazakhstan (Derzhavin settlement in Turgay region), RVS of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation I’m addressing the completion of the space rocket launch. Last year, similar missile systems in the Semipalatinsk region (Zhalgyztobe settlement) were liquidated.
All of the RS-20 intercontinental ballistic missiles, 104 mines, two mine training units, and 16 control points were destroyed at the locations of these rockets. As a complement to the Strategic Arms Reduction and Restriction Agreement (NPT) Agreement between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, the Republic of Kazakhstan is systematically implementing the elimination of such weapons in its territory within a relatively short period of time in order to fulfill its international commitment with the Russian Federation" (Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, c), showed the significance and accuracy of the work being done by Kazakhstan.
And in the report of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev on the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, January 28, 1995: "At the end of last year, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held a roundtable discussion on the issue of non-compliance with the Memorandum on the Territorial Integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, h), demonstrated a positive international outcome of the work done. Here is how "Kazakhstan has not only gained international credibility, but also renounced nuclear weapons. We have the nuclear powers - the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China - a strong commitment to our territorial integrity and sovereignty. Kazakhstan’s nuclear-free status is the basis of peace and security beyond our borders" (Nurymbetova and Kudaibergenov, 2010). In the period after Kazakhstan’s gaining independence, the country has undergone political pressure on the issue of nuclear disarmament. Almaty, in its turn, has given this case consciously to get guarantees from nuclear weapons countries.
During his visit to Washington in May 1992, President Nazarbayev received a commitment to eliminate 104 US 18 nuclear missiles located on the territory of Kazakhstan. In May of this year, Kazakhstan signed the START Treaty by signing the Lisbon Protocol. In December the country’s parliament ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (DNA) and signed a sectoral agreement on the abolition of mine ships for SS 18 intercontinental ballistic missiles between Kazakhstan and the United States. Finally, on May 26, 1995, President N. Nazarbayev officially announced Kazakhstan’s commitment to a nuclear-free zone" (Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, d) found that the activity of Kazakhstan on the whole territory of nuclear weapons in its entirety was an important milestone in the history of the Independent Country.
From the day of the state nuclear disarmament of the state of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev will launch his concrete proposals and concrete actions to remove this source
from all over the world. For example, in his speech at the 1995 Almaty Conference on Disarmament: "In disarmament, we see the future of the world as nuclear, chemical and other weapons of mass destruction.
In light of the need to maximize non-proliferation provisions and justifying the favorable conditions for nuclear weapons liberation, Kazakhstan strongly supports the rapid completion of agreements on the full and comprehensive abolition of nuclear weapons.
We stand for the establishment of the Special Committee for the Elimination of Nuclear Tests within the framework of the conference and we are pleased to note the launch of multilateral agreements in this area.
Kazakhstan is fully prepared to take part in improving the effectiveness of control over the future nuclear test treaty. In our area, there are three modern seismic stations capable of recording thousands of kilometers of underground phenomena. Kazakhstan suggests adding a wider range of monitoring stations as an effective means of controlling these stations" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, i).
In order to ensure mass disarmament, the Kazakh leader said: "At the present stage, the problem of international arms sales is also a serious problem. Kazakhstan strongly supports this trend.
Although arms sales are not the main cause of conflicts, they breathe and provoke them. It is witness to all the current regional conflicts. We believe it is necessary to establish an international mechanism for the registration of ordnance weapons, including export-import warrants, including the definitions of the states involved in the production and policy of the industry. Such a device could lead to the emergence of a weapon in any region or a weapon (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, j).
N.A. Nazarbayev drew attention to the fact that at the meeting with the Heads of State and Government of the OSCE in Lisbon on December 2, 1996, the nuclear weapons problem was completely solved by Kazakhstan and other nuclear powers should take concrete steps. "Kazakhstan confirms the nuclear test", he said, confirming the cease-fire agreement. Our state is the first nuclear test site in the world. Our commitment to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Initiative is to eliminate the fourth-largest nuclear-capable nuclear power in the world" (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, k).
Thus, in the middle of the twentieth century, Kazakhstan has unequivocally closed the nuclear test site
to the world, which has become known as a state without nuclear weapons.
And all this was due to the fact that the leader of the Kazakh Nation N.A. Nazarbayev was able to successfully solve the most difficult issue facing the Independent Motherland at the same time, as he saw the Republic as a peace-loving nation.
For more than forty years, the world’s largest nuclear power arsenals have become a major controversy in the competition between two world powers. At that time, achieving nuclear security would primarily be accounted for nuclear capacity building.
The world has stopped dividing the blocks. However, the problem of nuclear safety was not resolved even after a large part of the nuclear arsenal of one of the most powerful powers that had collapsed.
Unfortunately, in the millenniums, our planet has never been a safer place than usual weapons and
nuclear weapons.
However, nuclear threats have switched to new species, even as it has switched to its previous two- dimensional range, and has conquered the organism.
After inheriting the Soviet weapons, Kazakhstan’s Semey Test Site, was a great choice. The competition has long-term national security. At one point we had to demonstrate that our goal of surviving the nuclear potential as a resource of our military power was not proven by the fact that our goal was to glorify the whole world by choosing and abandoning a nuclear-free future for ourselves.
The Republic’s leadership felt that the main advantage of Kazakhstan was not the massive stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, but on the contrary, openness, peace, conscious thought and moral authority. It could transform a nuclear-armed state into a powerful force from hundreds of thousands or even thousands of militant countries. Such a policy of rejecting the threat of weapons to strengthen long-term national security should be an example to others in all ages.
The problem of nuclear weapons abandonment is one of the most difficult issues facing the modern world. Nuclear weaponry is a common threat to humanity, nuclear testing sites have been the most severe of the 20th century. We all know that nuclear explosions threaten the environment and natural gene pool of the entire region, the human gene, and the radioactive substances and x-rays much higher than normal, and that very harmful radionuclides cause genetic changes in living cells.
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev, Nazarbayev’s initiatives and suggestions on the world-wide problem of "creating a world free of nuclear weapons" are well received by the nations of the world. The fact that humanity’s survival and development in the 21st and the 20th century has been connected with the final and ultimate solution has become the most accurate. Therefore, we believe that the present-day nuclear weapon, the world states, and the world’s population should turn the whole world away from such weapons of mass destruction into their main task.
Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (a): 897 fund, List 1, Folder 1, File 3.
Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (b): 897 Foundation, List 3, Case 21, 131,135, 136, 164.
Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (c): 897 fund, Listing 5, Case 5. Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (d): 897 Fund, List 4, File 12, p. 91–92.
Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: 897 fund, List 3, Case 21, pp. 179–181.
Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (a): 7 fund, List 1, Case 415, 8.9 p. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (b): 5-H fund, List 1, Article 289, File 2. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (c): 5-H fund, List 1, Section 217, File 11. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (d): 5-H fund, List 1, Case 220, File 1. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (e): 5-H fund, List 1, 412, File 14. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (f): 5-H fund, List 1, File 246.
Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (g): 5-H stock, Article 1, Listing 3437, File 28. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (h): 5-H Fund, Listing 55012, File 1.
Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (i): 5-H Fund, List 1, File 5032.
Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (j): 5-H Fund, List 1, Folder 5032, File 13. Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (k): 5-H Fund. Folder 1. List 5947, File 8.
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