Morphological and genetic variability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) populations from northern of Mexico
Keywords:
chiltepin, RAPD, genetic diversity, morphological descriptors
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic and morphological variability of five domesticated chili varieties (Árbol, Güerito, Mirasol, Negro and Alcalá) and one wild variety (chiltepín) from Chihuahua, Mexico. Morphological evaluation was carried out according to the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, combining correspondence analyses and Chi-square tests. Genetic variability was determined using the RAPD technique; a dendrogram was constructed, and genetic diversity among populations was estimated using principal coordinate methods, Shannon index, and permutational multivariate analysis. The morphological analysis revealed significant variations, while the genetic analysis, using the RAPD technique, showed 79.5 % polymorphism, indicating considerable diversity among the varieties. The dendrogram revealed the presence of three groups, highlighting chiltepín as potential ancestor of the domesticated varieties. The study emphasizes the importance of conserving and improving these plant genetic resources.
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References
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Adeyemo, O. A., & Lawal, O. (2020). Assessment of Genetic Diversity based on RAPD Analysis in Cultivars of Peppers (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens) Grown in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 17(1), 48-53. http://jsrd.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/38
Aguilar-Meléndez, A., Vázquez-Dávila, M. A., Katz, E. y Hernández Colorado, M. R. (2018). Los chiles que le dan sabor al mundo. Primera Edición, Editorial Marsella, 1-320. https://doi.org/10.25009/uv.2185.1087
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Aragón-Cuevas, F. y de la Torre, F. (2015). Conservación de las especies subvaloradas como recursos genéticos agrícolas. Revista Digital Universitaria, 16, 1–13. https://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.16/num5/art37/art37.pdf
Bhadragoudar, M. R., & Patil, C. G. (2011). Assessment of genetic diversity among Capsicum annuum L. genotypes using RAPD markers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(76), 17477–17483. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.497
Bobadilla-Larios, V., Esparza-Ibarra, E., Delgadillo-Ruiz, L., Gallegos-Flores, P. y Ayala-Lujan, J. L. (2017). Variedades de Chile (Capsicum annuum L.) identificadas mediante marcadores RAPD. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20(3), 465-473. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93953814014
Carrillo-Montoya, K. y Vargas-Rojas, J. C. (2023). Rendimiento, características morfológicas y calidad del chile dulce (Capsicum annuum L.) bajo dos densidades de siembra y tipos de podas. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 53659. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.53659
Constantino, L. V., Fukuji, A. Y. S., Zeffa, D. M., Baba, V. Y., Corte, L. E. D., Giacomin, R. M., Resende, J. T. V., & Gonçalves, L. S. A. (2020). Genetic variability in peppers accessions based on morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Bragantia, 79(4), 443–446. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20190525
Contreras-Toledo, A. R., Cortés-Cruz, M. A., Costich, D., Rico-Arce, M. de L., Magos Brehm, J., & Maxted, N. (2018). A crop wild relative inventory for Mexico. Crop Science, 58(3), 1292–1305. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.07.0452
FAOSTAT. (2019). Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QC
González-Jara, P., Moreno-Letelier, A., Fraile, A., Piñero, D., & García-Arenal, F. (2011). Impact of human management on the genetic variation of wild pepper, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. PLoS ONE, 6(12): e28715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028715
Hayano-Kanashiro, C., Gámez-Meza, N., & Medina-Juárez, L. Á. (2016). Wild pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum: Taxonomy, plant morphology, distribution, genetic diversity, genome sequencing, and phytochemical compounds. Crop Science, 56(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.11.0789
Hermosillo-Cereceres, M. A., González-García, J., Romero-Gómez, S. J., Luján-Favela, M, Hernández-Martínez, A. y Arévalo-Gallegos, S. (2008). Relación genética de materiales experimentales de chile tipo chilaca con variedades comerciales. Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 14(3), 301-307. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rcsh/v14n3/v14n3a11.pdf
IPGRI. (1995). The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Descriptors for Capsicum (Capsicum spp.). https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacl679.pdf
Khan, I. A., Akbar, N., Ahmad, H., Ghafoor, S., Begum, K., Afridi, G., & Muhammad, I. (2010). Estimation of genetic diversity in capsicum germplasm using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 53–56. https://maxwellsci.com/print/ajas/v2-53-56.pdf
Lanteri, S., Acquadro, A., Quagliotti, L., Portis`di, E., Portis`di, P., & Va, P. R. A. (2003). RAPD and AFLP assessment of genetic variation in a landrace of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), grown in North-West Italy. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 50, 723-735. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025075118200
Mbasani-Mansi, J., Ennami, M., Briache, F. Z., Gaboun, F., Benbrahim, N., Triqui, Z. E. A., & Mentag, R. (2019). Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure of Moroccan lentil cultivars and landraces using molecular markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 25(4),965–974.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00673-5
Michiels, A., Van den Ende, W., Tucker, M., Van Riet, L., & Van Laere. A. (2003). Extraction of high‐quality genomic DNA from latex‐containing plants. Analytical Biochemistry, 315, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00665-6
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O'Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Szoecs, E. & Wagner, H. (2020). vegan: Community Ecology Package. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf
Pacheco-Olvera, A., Hernández-Verdugo, S., Rocha-Ramírez, V., González-Rodríguez, A., & Oyama, K. (2012). Genetic diversity and structure of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from northwestern Mexico analyzed by microsatellite markers. Crop Science, 52(1), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.06.0319
Pérez-Castañeda, L. M., Castañón-Nájera, G., Ramírez-Meráz, M. y Mayek-Pérez, N. (2015). Avances y Perspectivas sobre el estudio del origen y la diversidad genética de Capsicum spp. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 2(4), 117-128. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-90282015000100009
Ratna, M., Chowdhury, A. K., Mahmud, F., Rohman, M. M., Ali, M. Z., Syed, M. A., Almoallim, H.S. Ansari, M.J. & Hossain, A. (2024). Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons. Open Agriculture, 9(1), 20220298. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0298
Rodríguez, C. E. (2019). La diversidad genética de Capsicum annuum de México. In: Aguilar-Meléndez, Vásquez-Dávila, Katz y Hernández Colorado (eds) Los chiles que le dan sabor al mundo (pp. 52–67). IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.30922
SADER. (2023). Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Servicios de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Cierre Agrícola. https://nube.siap.gob.mx/cierreagricola/
Votava, E. J., Baral, J. B., & Bosland, P. W. (2005). Genetic diversity of chile (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.) landraces from Northern New Mexico, Colorado, and Mexico. Economic Botany, 59(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0008:GDOCCA]2.0.CO;2
Adeyemo, O. A., & Lawal, O. (2020). Assessment of Genetic Diversity based on RAPD Analysis in Cultivars of Peppers (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum frutescens) Grown in Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 17(1), 48-53. http://jsrd.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/38
Aguilar-Meléndez, A., Vázquez-Dávila, M. A., Katz, E. y Hernández Colorado, M. R. (2018). Los chiles que le dan sabor al mundo. Primera Edición, Editorial Marsella, 1-320. https://doi.org/10.25009/uv.2185.1087
Aguirre, H. E., y Muñoz, O. V. (2015). El chile como alimento. Ciencia, 16–23. https://www.revistaciencia.amc.edu.mx/images/revista/66_3/PDF/Chile.pdf
Aragón-Cuevas, F. y de la Torre, F. (2015). Conservación de las especies subvaloradas como recursos genéticos agrícolas. Revista Digital Universitaria, 16, 1–13. https://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.16/num5/art37/art37.pdf
Bhadragoudar, M. R., & Patil, C. G. (2011). Assessment of genetic diversity among Capsicum annuum L. genotypes using RAPD markers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(76), 17477–17483. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.497
Bobadilla-Larios, V., Esparza-Ibarra, E., Delgadillo-Ruiz, L., Gallegos-Flores, P. y Ayala-Lujan, J. L. (2017). Variedades de Chile (Capsicum annuum L.) identificadas mediante marcadores RAPD. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20(3), 465-473. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93953814014
Carrillo-Montoya, K. y Vargas-Rojas, J. C. (2023). Rendimiento, características morfológicas y calidad del chile dulce (Capsicum annuum L.) bajo dos densidades de siembra y tipos de podas. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 53659. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.2023.53659
Constantino, L. V., Fukuji, A. Y. S., Zeffa, D. M., Baba, V. Y., Corte, L. E. D., Giacomin, R. M., Resende, J. T. V., & Gonçalves, L. S. A. (2020). Genetic variability in peppers accessions based on morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Bragantia, 79(4), 443–446. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20190525
Contreras-Toledo, A. R., Cortés-Cruz, M. A., Costich, D., Rico-Arce, M. de L., Magos Brehm, J., & Maxted, N. (2018). A crop wild relative inventory for Mexico. Crop Science, 58(3), 1292–1305. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2017.07.0452
FAOSTAT. (2019). Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QC
González-Jara, P., Moreno-Letelier, A., Fraile, A., Piñero, D., & García-Arenal, F. (2011). Impact of human management on the genetic variation of wild pepper, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum. PLoS ONE, 6(12): e28715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028715
Hayano-Kanashiro, C., Gámez-Meza, N., & Medina-Juárez, L. Á. (2016). Wild pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum: Taxonomy, plant morphology, distribution, genetic diversity, genome sequencing, and phytochemical compounds. Crop Science, 56(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2014.11.0789
Hermosillo-Cereceres, M. A., González-García, J., Romero-Gómez, S. J., Luján-Favela, M, Hernández-Martínez, A. y Arévalo-Gallegos, S. (2008). Relación genética de materiales experimentales de chile tipo chilaca con variedades comerciales. Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 14(3), 301-307. https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rcsh/v14n3/v14n3a11.pdf
IPGRI. (1995). The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Descriptors for Capsicum (Capsicum spp.). https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacl679.pdf
Khan, I. A., Akbar, N., Ahmad, H., Ghafoor, S., Begum, K., Afridi, G., & Muhammad, I. (2010). Estimation of genetic diversity in capsicum germplasm using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 53–56. https://maxwellsci.com/print/ajas/v2-53-56.pdf
Lanteri, S., Acquadro, A., Quagliotti, L., Portis`di, E., Portis`di, P., & Va, P. R. A. (2003). RAPD and AFLP assessment of genetic variation in a landrace of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), grown in North-West Italy. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 50, 723-735. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025075118200
Mbasani-Mansi, J., Ennami, M., Briache, F. Z., Gaboun, F., Benbrahim, N., Triqui, Z. E. A., & Mentag, R. (2019). Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure of Moroccan lentil cultivars and landraces using molecular markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 25(4),965–974.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00673-5
Michiels, A., Van den Ende, W., Tucker, M., Van Riet, L., & Van Laere. A. (2003). Extraction of high‐quality genomic DNA from latex‐containing plants. Analytical Biochemistry, 315, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00665-6
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., McGlinn, D., Minchin, P.R., O'Hara, R.B., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., Szoecs, E. & Wagner, H. (2020). vegan: Community Ecology Package. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf
Pacheco-Olvera, A., Hernández-Verdugo, S., Rocha-Ramírez, V., González-Rodríguez, A., & Oyama, K. (2012). Genetic diversity and structure of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from northwestern Mexico analyzed by microsatellite markers. Crop Science, 52(1), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2011.06.0319
Pérez-Castañeda, L. M., Castañón-Nájera, G., Ramírez-Meráz, M. y Mayek-Pérez, N. (2015). Avances y Perspectivas sobre el estudio del origen y la diversidad genética de Capsicum spp. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 2(4), 117-128. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-90282015000100009
Ratna, M., Chowdhury, A. K., Mahmud, F., Rohman, M. M., Ali, M. Z., Syed, M. A., Almoallim, H.S. Ansari, M.J. & Hossain, A. (2024). Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons. Open Agriculture, 9(1), 20220298. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0298
Rodríguez, C. E. (2019). La diversidad genética de Capsicum annuum de México. In: Aguilar-Meléndez, Vásquez-Dávila, Katz y Hernández Colorado (eds) Los chiles que le dan sabor al mundo (pp. 52–67). IRD Éditions. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.30922
SADER. (2023). Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Servicios de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Cierre Agrícola. https://nube.siap.gob.mx/cierreagricola/
Votava, E. J., Baral, J. B., & Bosland, P. W. (2005). Genetic diversity of chile (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.) landraces from Northern New Mexico, Colorado, and Mexico. Economic Botany, 59(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0008:GDOCCA]2.0.CO;2
Published
2025-04-14
How to Cite
Ibarra-Legarda, K., Infante-Ramirez, R., Robles-Hernández, L., Gonzalez-Franco, A., Muñoz-Ramirez, Z., & Delgado-Gardea, M. C. (2025). Morphological and genetic variability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) populations from northern of Mexico. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 42(2), e254218. Retrieved from https://mail.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/43792
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Crop Production
Copyright (c) 2025 Karina C. Ibarra-Legarda, Rocío Infante-Ramirez, Loreto Robles-Hernández, Ana C. Gonzalez-Franco, Zilia Y. Muñoz-Ramirez, Ma. Carmen E. Delgado-Gardea
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
