A systematic review of COVID-19 effects on agri-food chains in Latin America
Keywords:
food systems, chain analysis, pandemics, Central and South America
Abstract
The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic generated large effects on global supply chains. These effects are especially relevant in agriculture, as they compromised food security. The present study is a systematic review of peer-reviewed scientific literature to understand the effects of the pandemic on agro-food chains and links in Latin America. The documented effects are mainly negative (81.5 %) and translated into impacts on production systems (32.3 %) and markets (24.6 %). It was reported that the impacts on production were due to difficulties in labor mobility, interruption of the supply chain, closure of external markets and increased transportation costs. Transportation was the link with the most difficulties due to restrictions on mobilization, even though it was the least referenced. There were negative impacts on processing, due to the shortage of raw materials and the interruption or closure of industries. On the other hand, some positive effects were reported, such as the development of local markets, the emergence of alternative products and digital markets with direct home delivery, as well as a shift towards healthy consumer habits. Agricultural policy makers should take these results into account when proposing strategies to develop more resilient agrifood chains to face challenges such as those caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
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References
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Barbosa, M., de Sousa, P., & de Oliveira, L. (2022). The Effects of Barriers and Freight Vehicle Restrictions on Logistics Costs: A Comparison before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Sustainability, 14 (14), 8650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148650
Bassett, H., Sharan, S., Suri, S., Advani, S., & Giordano, C. (2022). A comparative study of small-scale fishery supply chains’ vulnerability and resilience to COVID-19. Maritime Studies, 21, 173-197. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-021-00231-4
Benevenuti Soares, J., Rodrigues, M., Monteiro-Neto, C., Loto, L., Düppré, M., & Tubino, R. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 on the value chain of a small-scale fishery system in a tropical metropolitan city. Marine Policy, 14, 105068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105068
Cayeros S., Robles F.J., Soto E. (2016). Cadenas productivas y cadenas de valor. Revista EDUCATECONCIENCIA, 10 (11), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.58299/edu.v10i11.238
Chatellier, V., Chaumet, J.M., & Pouch, T. (2022). La pandémie de Covid-19, l’économie agricole internationale et les filières animales : le cas de la Chine, des États-Unis et de l’UE. INRAE Productions Animales, 35(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2022.35.1.5376
Cordero-Ahiman, O., Vanegas, J., Fernández-Lucero, C., Torres-Torres, D., Ayaviri-Nina, V., & Quispe-Fernández, G. (2022). Responsible Marketing in the Traffic Light Labeling of Food Products in Ecuador: Perceptions of Cuenca Consumers. Sustainability, 14(6), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063247
Deconinck, K., Avery, E., Jackson L.A. (2021). Food supply chains and Covid-19: Impacts and Policy Lessons. EuroChoices, 19(3), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12297
Engemann, H., & Jafari, Y. (2022). COVID-19 and changes in global agri-food trade. Q Open, 2 (1), qoac013. https://doi.org/10.1093/qopen/qoac013
Fernández-Sánchez, H., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Thomé-Ortiz, H., & Cervantes-Escoto, F. (2022). Respuesta a la Contingencia Sanitaria COVID-19: El Caso de Queseros Artesanales en el Centro de México. Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, 60, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi60.23
Hamid, S., & Mir M.Y. (2021). Global Agri-Food Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 647337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.647337
Hashem, N., González-Bulnes, A., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. (2020). Animal Welfare and Livestock Supply Chain Sustainability Under the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 582528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.582528
Heck, S., Campos, H., Barker, I., Okello, J.J., Baral, A., Boy, E., Brown, L., & Birol, E. (2020) Resilient agri-food systems for nutrition amidst COVID-19: evidence and lessons from food-based approaches to overcome micronutrient deficiency and rebuild livelihoods after crises. Food Security, 12, 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01067-2
Hernández, J. (2020). Los efectos en el sector agroalimentario venezolano de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y las medidas adoptadas para combatirla. Agroalimentaria, 26 (51), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.316816
Leal Filho, W., Salvia, A., Paço, A., Dias-Ferreira, C., Neiva, S., Rampasso, I., Anholon, R., Portela, C., Pires, J., and Chiappetta, C., (2022). Assessing the Connections between COVID-19 and Waste Management in Brazil. Sustainability, 14 (13), 8083. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138083
Lopez-Ridaura, S., Sanders, A., Barba-Escoto, L., Wiegel, J., Mayorga-Cortes, M., Gonzalez-Esquivel, C., Lopez-Ramirez, M., Escoto-Masis, R., Morales-Galindo, E., and García-Barcena, T. (2021). Immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on farming systems in Central America and Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103178
Luque-Zúñiga, B. G.; Moreno Salazar Calderón, K. A. B., & Lanchipa Ale, T. M. (2021). Impactos del COVID-19 en la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria. Centro Agrícola, 48 (1), 72-82. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0253-57852021000100072&lng=es&tlng=es
Malone, A., Cáseres, Y., & Taya, A. (2021). Informal food systems and differential mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in Arequipa, Peru. Town Planning Review, 92 (2): 187-193. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2020.61
Mangano, M., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S. Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M.S., Babarro, J.M.F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B.R., Buschmann, A.H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A.J.A., Palomo, M.G., Dineshram, R., Sanchez-Jerez, Sevgili, P., H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K.Y., Azra, M.N., Britz, P., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dionísio, M.A., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J.H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M.J.H., Lim, P.T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S.M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, C., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, Shaltout, K., M., Tan, S.H., Thiyagarajan, V., Sarà, G. (2022). The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale. Environmental Science & Policy, 127, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.014
Miguel, E., & Mobarak, A.M. (2022). The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 14, 253-285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-025412
Mutegi, J., Adolwa, I., Kiwia, A., Njoroge, S., Gitonga, A., Muthamia, J., Nchanji, E., Mairura, F., Majundar, K., Zingoré, S., Oberthur, t., Kiremu, M. and Kansiime, M. (2024). Agricultural production and food security implications of Covid-19 disruption on small-scale farmer households: lessons from Kenya. World Development, 173, 106405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106405
Nagessa, W.B., Mukunda, F.L., and Abdi, G.G. (2022) Food security and safety during Novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Agric Sc Food Technol, 8 (2), 166-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000159
Nkounkou, J.B., & Temple, L. (2021). Résilience du secteur alimentaire face à la crise Covid-19 et perspectives pour les politiques agricoles en République du Congo. Cahiers Agricultures, 30, 39. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021025
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI) (2004). Manual de minicadenas productivas. Bogotá, Colombia. https://downloads.unido.org/ot/52/47/5247178/DOBINGER_EFR_FLD_LAC_COL_2004_140143.pdf
Paudel, D., Neupane, R. C., Sigdel, S., Poudel, P., and Khanal, A. R. (2023). COVID-19 Pandemic, Climate Change, and Conflicts on Agriculture: A Trio of Challenges to Global Food Security. Sustainability, 15 (10), 8280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108280
Rahimi, P., Islam, M., Duarte, P., Tazerji, S., Sobur, M., El Zowalaty, M., Ashour, H., and Rahman, M. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 121, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003
Ramírez, Ó., Charry, A., Díaz, M., Enciso, K., Mejía, D., & Burkart, S. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 on Beef Consumer Preferences and Beliefs in Colombia: A Logit Model Approach. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 725875. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.725875
Thomas, E. (2021). Sanitary Crises and “No Contact” Aquaculture: Chilean Fish Farming During the Pandemic. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol 43 (1): 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12265
Tittonell, P., Fernandez, M., El Mujtar, V., Preiss, P., Sarapura, S., Laborda, L., Mendoca. M,. Alvarez, V., Fernandes, G. B., Petersen, P., and Cardoso, I. (2021). Emerging responses to the COVID-19 crisis from family farming and the agroecology movement in Latin America – A rediscovery of food, farmers and collective action. Agricultural Systems, 190, 103098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103098
Vargas-Florez, J., Latorre-Solórzano, L., Ochoa-Guzmán, V., Herrera-Vila, A., Luza-Ordoñez, C., Castro-Gutierrez, A., Luza-Ordoñez, E., Reyes-Pazos, R. Hernández-Castañeda, L., y Bellido-Barturen, L. (2021). Food Supply Using E-Commerce on Pandemic Times: New Habits. Proceedings of the 18th ISCRAM Conference – Blacksburg, VA, USA. https://idl.iscram.org/files/jorgevargas-florez/2021/2348_JorgeVargas-Florez_etal2021.pdf
Vargas-Ramella, M., Lorenzo, J., Bohrer, B., Pateiro, M., Cantalapiedra, J., and Franco, D. (2021). A Year Following the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Existing Challenges and Ways the Food Industry Has Been Impacted. Foods, 10 (10), 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102389
Vásquez, J., Cequea, M., Gomes, V., & Ferasso, M. (2022). Food consumption and food waste behaviour in households in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. British Food Journal, 124 (12), 4477-4495. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2021-0798
Vergara-Solana, F., Peñalosa-Martinell, D., Skerritt, D., Mejaes, A., Ponce-Diaz, G., Aranceta-Garza, F., González-Laxe, F., Seijo, J. and Sumaila, U. (2022). Volatility and vulnerability in Mexican fisheries and aquaculture: Enhancing resilience via public policy. Marine Policy, 136, 104888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104888
Patrick, D., Derek, F., Niamh,K., Sandy, M., T., & Tim, B. (2021). COVID-19 and Food Systems: Rebuilding for Resilience. Food Systems Summit Brief Prepared by Research Partners of the Scientific Group for the Food Systems Summit. 22p. https://www.glopan.org/download/3445/
Yilmazkuday, H. (2023). COVID-19 effects on the S&P 500 index. Applied Economic Leterrs, 30(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1971607
Aguilar-Lopez, A., & Kuhar, A. (2022). Food-Away-from-Home Expenditure in Mexico during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Micro-Econometric Analysis. Agriculture, 12(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020172
Altieri, M.A., & Nicholls, C.I. (2020). Agroecology: Challenges and opportunities for farming in the Anthropocene. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 47(3), 204-215. http://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2281
Ardolino, M., Bacchetti, A. & Ivanov, D. (2022). Analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on manufacturing: a systematic literature review and future research agenda. Operations Management Research, 15, 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00225-9
Barbosa, M., de Sousa, P., & de Oliveira, L. (2022). The Effects of Barriers and Freight Vehicle Restrictions on Logistics Costs: A Comparison before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Sustainability, 14 (14), 8650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148650
Bassett, H., Sharan, S., Suri, S., Advani, S., & Giordano, C. (2022). A comparative study of small-scale fishery supply chains’ vulnerability and resilience to COVID-19. Maritime Studies, 21, 173-197. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-021-00231-4
Benevenuti Soares, J., Rodrigues, M., Monteiro-Neto, C., Loto, L., Düppré, M., & Tubino, R. (2022). Impacts of COVID-19 on the value chain of a small-scale fishery system in a tropical metropolitan city. Marine Policy, 14, 105068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105068
Cayeros S., Robles F.J., Soto E. (2016). Cadenas productivas y cadenas de valor. Revista EDUCATECONCIENCIA, 10 (11), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.58299/edu.v10i11.238
Chatellier, V., Chaumet, J.M., & Pouch, T. (2022). La pandémie de Covid-19, l’économie agricole internationale et les filières animales : le cas de la Chine, des États-Unis et de l’UE. INRAE Productions Animales, 35(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2022.35.1.5376
Cordero-Ahiman, O., Vanegas, J., Fernández-Lucero, C., Torres-Torres, D., Ayaviri-Nina, V., & Quispe-Fernández, G. (2022). Responsible Marketing in the Traffic Light Labeling of Food Products in Ecuador: Perceptions of Cuenca Consumers. Sustainability, 14(6), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063247
Deconinck, K., Avery, E., Jackson L.A. (2021). Food supply chains and Covid-19: Impacts and Policy Lessons. EuroChoices, 19(3), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12297
Engemann, H., & Jafari, Y. (2022). COVID-19 and changes in global agri-food trade. Q Open, 2 (1), qoac013. https://doi.org/10.1093/qopen/qoac013
Fernández-Sánchez, H., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Thomé-Ortiz, H., & Cervantes-Escoto, F. (2022). Respuesta a la Contingencia Sanitaria COVID-19: El Caso de Queseros Artesanales en el Centro de México. Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, 60, 117-132. https://doi.org/10.59072/rper.vi60.23
Hamid, S., & Mir M.Y. (2021). Global Agri-Food Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 647337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.647337
Hashem, N., González-Bulnes, A., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. (2020). Animal Welfare and Livestock Supply Chain Sustainability Under the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 582528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.582528
Heck, S., Campos, H., Barker, I., Okello, J.J., Baral, A., Boy, E., Brown, L., & Birol, E. (2020) Resilient agri-food systems for nutrition amidst COVID-19: evidence and lessons from food-based approaches to overcome micronutrient deficiency and rebuild livelihoods after crises. Food Security, 12, 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01067-2
Hernández, J. (2020). Los efectos en el sector agroalimentario venezolano de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y las medidas adoptadas para combatirla. Agroalimentaria, 26 (51), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.316816
Leal Filho, W., Salvia, A., Paço, A., Dias-Ferreira, C., Neiva, S., Rampasso, I., Anholon, R., Portela, C., Pires, J., and Chiappetta, C., (2022). Assessing the Connections between COVID-19 and Waste Management in Brazil. Sustainability, 14 (13), 8083. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138083
Lopez-Ridaura, S., Sanders, A., Barba-Escoto, L., Wiegel, J., Mayorga-Cortes, M., Gonzalez-Esquivel, C., Lopez-Ramirez, M., Escoto-Masis, R., Morales-Galindo, E., and García-Barcena, T. (2021). Immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemic on farming systems in Central America and Mexico. Agricultural Systems, 192, 103178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103178
Luque-Zúñiga, B. G.; Moreno Salazar Calderón, K. A. B., & Lanchipa Ale, T. M. (2021). Impactos del COVID-19 en la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria. Centro Agrícola, 48 (1), 72-82. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0253-57852021000100072&lng=es&tlng=es
Malone, A., Cáseres, Y., & Taya, A. (2021). Informal food systems and differential mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in Arequipa, Peru. Town Planning Review, 92 (2): 187-193. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2020.61
Mangano, M., Berlino, M., Corbari, L., Milisenda, G., Lucchese, M., Terzo, S. Bosch-Belmar, M., Azaza, M.S., Babarro, J.M.F., Bakiu, R., Broitman, B.R., Buschmann, A.H., Christofoletti, R., Dong, Y., Glamuzina, B., Luthman, O., Makridis, P., Nogueira, A.J.A., Palomo, M.G., Dineshram, R., Sanchez-Jerez, Sevgili, P., H., Troell, M., AbouelFadl, K.Y., Azra, M.N., Britz, P., Carrington, E., Celić, I., Choi, F., Qin, C., Dionísio, M.A., Dobroslavić, T., Galli, P., Giannetto, D., Grabowski, J.H., Helmuth, B., Lebata-Ramos, M.J.H., Lim, P.T., Liu, Y., Llorens, S.M., Mirto, S., Pećarević, M., Pita, C., Ragg, N., Ravagnan, E., Saidi, D., Schultz, Shaltout, K., M., Tan, S.H., Thiyagarajan, V., Sarà, G. (2022). The aquaculture supply chain in the time of covid-19 pandemic: Vulnerability, resilience, solutions and priorities at the global scale. Environmental Science & Policy, 127, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.10.014
Miguel, E., & Mobarak, A.M. (2022). The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 14, 253-285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-051520-025412
Mutegi, J., Adolwa, I., Kiwia, A., Njoroge, S., Gitonga, A., Muthamia, J., Nchanji, E., Mairura, F., Majundar, K., Zingoré, S., Oberthur, t., Kiremu, M. and Kansiime, M. (2024). Agricultural production and food security implications of Covid-19 disruption on small-scale farmer households: lessons from Kenya. World Development, 173, 106405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106405
Nagessa, W.B., Mukunda, F.L., and Abdi, G.G. (2022) Food security and safety during Novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Agric Sc Food Technol, 8 (2), 166-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815X.000159
Nkounkou, J.B., & Temple, L. (2021). Résilience du secteur alimentaire face à la crise Covid-19 et perspectives pour les politiques agricoles en République du Congo. Cahiers Agricultures, 30, 39. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021025
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI) (2004). Manual de minicadenas productivas. Bogotá, Colombia. https://downloads.unido.org/ot/52/47/5247178/DOBINGER_EFR_FLD_LAC_COL_2004_140143.pdf
Paudel, D., Neupane, R. C., Sigdel, S., Poudel, P., and Khanal, A. R. (2023). COVID-19 Pandemic, Climate Change, and Conflicts on Agriculture: A Trio of Challenges to Global Food Security. Sustainability, 15 (10), 8280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108280
Rahimi, P., Islam, M., Duarte, P., Tazerji, S., Sobur, M., El Zowalaty, M., Ashour, H., and Rahman, M. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 121, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003
Ramírez, Ó., Charry, A., Díaz, M., Enciso, K., Mejía, D., & Burkart, S. (2021). The Effects of COVID-19 on Beef Consumer Preferences and Beliefs in Colombia: A Logit Model Approach. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 725875. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.725875
Thomas, E. (2021). Sanitary Crises and “No Contact” Aquaculture: Chilean Fish Farming During the Pandemic. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, Vol 43 (1): 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12265
Tittonell, P., Fernandez, M., El Mujtar, V., Preiss, P., Sarapura, S., Laborda, L., Mendoca. M,. Alvarez, V., Fernandes, G. B., Petersen, P., and Cardoso, I. (2021). Emerging responses to the COVID-19 crisis from family farming and the agroecology movement in Latin America – A rediscovery of food, farmers and collective action. Agricultural Systems, 190, 103098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103098
Vargas-Florez, J., Latorre-Solórzano, L., Ochoa-Guzmán, V., Herrera-Vila, A., Luza-Ordoñez, C., Castro-Gutierrez, A., Luza-Ordoñez, E., Reyes-Pazos, R. Hernández-Castañeda, L., y Bellido-Barturen, L. (2021). Food Supply Using E-Commerce on Pandemic Times: New Habits. Proceedings of the 18th ISCRAM Conference – Blacksburg, VA, USA. https://idl.iscram.org/files/jorgevargas-florez/2021/2348_JorgeVargas-Florez_etal2021.pdf
Vargas-Ramella, M., Lorenzo, J., Bohrer, B., Pateiro, M., Cantalapiedra, J., and Franco, D. (2021). A Year Following the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Existing Challenges and Ways the Food Industry Has Been Impacted. Foods, 10 (10), 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102389
Vásquez, J., Cequea, M., Gomes, V., & Ferasso, M. (2022). Food consumption and food waste behaviour in households in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. British Food Journal, 124 (12), 4477-4495. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2021-0798
Vergara-Solana, F., Peñalosa-Martinell, D., Skerritt, D., Mejaes, A., Ponce-Diaz, G., Aranceta-Garza, F., González-Laxe, F., Seijo, J. and Sumaila, U. (2022). Volatility and vulnerability in Mexican fisheries and aquaculture: Enhancing resilience via public policy. Marine Policy, 136, 104888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104888
Patrick, D., Derek, F., Niamh,K., Sandy, M., T., & Tim, B. (2021). COVID-19 and Food Systems: Rebuilding for Resilience. Food Systems Summit Brief Prepared by Research Partners of the Scientific Group for the Food Systems Summit. 22p. https://www.glopan.org/download/3445/
Yilmazkuday, H. (2023). COVID-19 effects on the S&P 500 index. Applied Economic Leterrs, 30(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1971607
Published
2025-05-01
How to Cite
Roco, L., Fischer, A., Grisa, C., García, F., & Sanguinet, E. (2025). A systematic review of COVID-19 effects on agri-food chains in Latin America. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 42(2), e254221. Retrieved from https://mail.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/43830
Issue
Section
Review article
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisandro Roco, Andreass Fischer, Catia Grisa, Francisco García, Eduardo Sanguinet
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
