ELISA–based Point Prevalence of enteropathogens in diarrheic calves in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey

• Nermin Işik–Uslu University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology. Konya, Turkey
• Ozlem Derinbay–Ekici University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology. Konya, Turkey
• Oğuzhan Avci University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology. Konya, Turkey

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e33249

Keywords: Cryptosporidium spp., coronavirus, rotavirus, Escherichia coli, diarrheic calves

Abstract

This study reports potential causes of diarrhea in neonatal calves, leading to calf mortality, from the selected population of the three Provinces of Turkey. A total of 300 fecal samples were collected purposively from diarrheic neonatal calves distributed to the three age groups (1–14 days, 15–29 days, and 30–90 days), from Konya, Karaman, and Aksaray Provinces of Turkey. The fecal specimens were examined for the existence of Cryptosporidium spp., rotavirus, coronavirus, and Escherichia coli by commercially available capture direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The oocysts and coproantigens of Cryptosporidium were identified in 109 (36.3%) and 156 (52%) of the 300 calves, respectively. While, rotavirus, E. coli and coronavirus antigens were detected (P<0.05) in 57 (19%), 17 (5.6%) and 6 (2%) calves, respectively. Mixed infection of the study pathogens has also been found in this report. These results provide a baseline information on the frequent causes of neonatal calf diarrhea in the studied Provinces which can be used to develop a prophylaxis plan.

References

Lorenz I. Diarrhoea of the young calf: an update. Proceedings of the XXIV World Buiatrics Congress. Nice, Oct. 15, 2006, France. 2016; p 1–14.

Millemann Y. Diagnosis of neonatal calf diarrhoea. Rev. Méd. Vét. 2009; 160(8/9):404–9. doi: https://doi.org/bspzp7

Izzo M, Kirkland P, Mohler V, Perkins N, Gunn A, House J. Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Aust. Vet. J. 2011; 89(5):167–73.

İnci A. Sığırlarda Cryptosporidiosis, Ozcel MA. (ed). Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları. 2013; 135–42.

Thomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Innes EA. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host–parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet. Res. 2017; 48:1–16. doi: https://doi.org/gbtg74

Mickelsen WD, Evermann JF. In utero infections responsible for abortion, stillbirth, and birth of weak calves in beef cows. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. 1994; 10(1):1–14. doi: https://doi.org/kdrq

Almeida PR, Lorenzetti, Cruz RS, Watanabe TT, Zlotowski P, Alfieri AA, Driemeier D. Diarrhea caused by rotavirus A, B, and C in suckling piglets from southern Brazil: molecular detection and histologic and immunohistochemical characterization. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2018; 30(3):370–6. doi: https://doi.org/gdkms5

Bok M, Alassia M, Frank F, Vega CG, Wigdorovitz A, Parreno V. Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 2018; 50(1):23–30. doi: https://doi.org/jnmr

Collery P. Causes of perinatal calf mortality in the Republic of Ireland. Ir. Vet. J. 1996; 49:491–6.

Snodgrass D, Terzolo HR, Sherwood, Campbell I, Menzies J, Synge B. Aetiology of diarrhoea in young calves. Vet. Rec. 1986; 119(2):31–4. doi: https://doi.org/brz5st

Ikemori Y, Ohta M, Umeda K, Icatlo Jr. FC, Kuroki M, Yokoyama H, Kodama Y. Passive protection of neonatal calves against bovine coronavirus–induced diarrhea by administration of egg yolk or colostrum antibody powder. Vet. Microbiol. 1997; 58(2–4):105–11. doi: https://doi.org/cwvzq6

Blanco JE, Blanco M, Mora, Blanco J. Production of toxins (enterotoxins, verotoxins, and necrotoxins) and colicins by Escherichia coli strains isolated from septicemic and healthy chickens: relationship with in vivo pathogenicity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1997; 35(11):2953–7. doi: https://doi.org/kdrr

Butler DG, Clarke RC. Diarrhoea and dysentery in calves. In: Gyles CL (ed). Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford (United Kingdom): CAB International Oxon. 1994; p. 91–116.

Ok Ü, Girginkardeşler N, Kilimcioğlu A, Limoncu E. Dışkı inceleme yöntemleri. In: Özcel, MA, Altintas, N. Parazit Hastaliklarinda Tani. Türkiye Parazitoloji Derg. 1997; 15:1–61.

Ekici Ö, Sevinç F, Coşkun A, Işık, Sevinç N. İshalli buzağılarda cryptosporidiosisin yaygınlığı. Eurasian J. Vet. Sci. 2011; 27(2):123–6.

Nussbaum DJ, Salord JR, Rimmele DD. Evaluation of quantitative latex agglutination for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum, E. coli K99, and rotavirus in calf feces. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1999; 11(4):314–8.

Khan A, Khan MZ. Aetiopathology of neonatal calf mortality. J. Isl. Acad. Sci. 1991; 4 (2): 159–65.

Ragsdale J. Diagnostic samples, tests for calf diarrhea. Vet. Quart. 2004; 7(1):6.

Lanz UF, Kaufmann T, Sager H, Albini ., Zanoni R., Schelling E, Meylan M. Prevalence of four enteropathogens in the faeces of young diarrhoeic dairy calves in Switzerland. Vet. Rec. 2008; 163(12):362–6. doi: https://doi.org/cn739k

Gillhuber J, Rügamer D, Pfister K, Scheuerle MC. Giardiosis and other enteropathogenic infections: a study on diarrhoeic calves in Southern Germany. B.M.C. Res. Notes. 2014; 7:1–9. doi: https://doi.org/f5xwbh

Değerli S, Çeliksöz Kalkan K, Ozcelik S. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cows and calves in Sivas. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2005; 29(4):995–9.

Güven E Avcıoğlu H, Balkaya I, Hayirli A, Kar S, Karaer Z. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves in Erzurum. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2013; 19(6):969–74. doi: https://doi.org/kdrs

Gündüz N, Arslan MÖ. Kars Yöresinde Buzağılarda Cryptosporidium Enfeksiyonları Prevalansının Asit Fast Boyama (mAF) ve ELISA Yöntemleriyle Belirlenmesi. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 2017; 41:5–8. doi: https://doi.org/kdrt

Yildirim A, Sevinc F, Onder Z, Duzlu O, Ekici OD, Isik N, Ciloglu A, Simsek , Yetismis G, Inci A. Comparison of three diagnostic methods in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and gp60 subtyping of Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. EuroBiotech J. 2021; 5 2):63–9. doi: https://doi.org/kdrv

Gow S, Waldner C. An examination of the prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cows and calves from western Canadian cow–calf herds. Vet. Parasitol. 2006; 137(1–2):50–61. doi: https://doi.org/crfp9w

Singh BB, Sharma R, Kumar H, Banga H, Aulakh RS, Gill JPS, Sharma JK, Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab (India) and its association with diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Vet. Parasitol. 2006; 140(1–2):162–5. doi: https://doi.org/bt93g7

Cai M, Guo Y, Pan B, Li N, Wang X, Tang C, Yaoyu F, Xiao L. Longitudinal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species in pre–weaned dairy calves on five farms in Shanghai, China. Vet. Parasitol. 2017; 241:14–9. doi: https://doi.org/gbkz2v

Caffarena RD, Casaux ML, Schild CO, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Maya L, Corbellini LG, Riet–Correa F, Giannitti F. Causes of neonatal calf diarrhea and mortality in pasture–based dairy herds in Uruguay: a farm–matched case–control study. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2021; 52(2):977–88. doi: https://doi.org/kdrw

Hoque S, Mavrides DE, Pinto P, Costas S, Begum N, Azevedo–Ribeiro C, Liapi M, Kvac M, Malas S, Gentekaki E, Tsaousis AD. High occurrence of zoonotic subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in Cypriot dairy farms. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(3):531. doi: https://doi.org/kdrx

Markovics A, Pipano E. Shedding of cryptosporidial oocysts by naturally infected calves. Isr. J. Vet. Med. 1987; 43:46–9.

Bartels CJM, Holzhauer M, Jorritsma R, Swart WA, Lam TJ. Prevalence, prediction and risk factors of enteropathogens in normal and non–normal faeces of young Dutch dairy calves. Prev. Vet. Med. 2010; 93(2–3):162–9. doi: https://doi.org/ch7mpc

Díaz–Lee A, Mercado R, Onuoha E., Ozaki L, Muñoz P, Muñoz V, Martinez FJ, Fredes F. Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic calves detected by microscopy and identified by immunochromatographic and molecular methods. Vet. Parasitol. 2011; 176(2–3):139–44. doi: https://doi.org/cvmxkh

Içen H, Arserim NB, Işik N, Özkan C, Kaya A. Prevalence of Four Enteropathogens with Immunochromatographic Rapid Test in the Feces of Diarrheic Calves in East and Southeast of Turkey. Pak. Vet. J. 2013; 33(4): 496–99

Thomson S, Hamilton CA, Hope JC, Katzer F, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Innes EA. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host–parasite interaction and control strategies. Vet. Res. 2017; 48(42):1–6. doi: https://doi.org/gjf6zz

Alkan F. Buzağı ishallerinde rotavirus ve coronavirusların rolü. Ankara. Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 1998; 45(1):29–37. doi: https://doi.org/kdrz

Sakli GU, Bulut O, Hasöksüz M, Hadimli HH. Investigation of bovine coronavirus and bovine rotavirus by rapid diagnosis kit and RT–PCR in diarrheic calf feces. J. Istanbul. Vet. Sci. 2019; 3(3):57–63. doi: https://doi.org/kdr2

Atasoy MO, Isidan H, Turan T. Genetic diversity, frequency and concurrent infections of picobirnaviruses in diarrhoeic calves in Turkey. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2022; 54(2):127. doi: https://doi.org/kdr3

Keleş İ, Ekinci G, Tüfekçi E, Citil M, Güneş V, Aslan Ö, Onmaz AC, Bekdik IK, Varol K, Deniz O. Etiological and predisposing factors in calves with neonatal diarrhea: A clinical study in 270 case series. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2022; 28(3):315–326. doi: https://doi.org/kdr4

De Graaf DC, Vanopdenbosch E, Ortega–Mora LM, Abbassi H, Peeters JE. A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 1999; 29(8):1269–87. doi: https://doi.org/frgq9t

Cruvinel LB, Ayres H, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Heller LM, Bastos TSA, Cruz B, Soares VE, Teixeira WF, Oliveria JS, Fritzen JT, Alfieri AA, Freire R.L, Lopes WDZL. Prevalence and risk factors for agents causing diarrhea (Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes helminthes) according to age in dairy calves from Brazil. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2020; 52:777–91. doi: https://doi.org/kdr5

Mukhtar N, Yaqub T, Munir M, Nazir J, Aslam A., Masood A, Tahir Z, Javed M, Nadeem A. Prevalence of group a bovine rota virus in neonatal calves in Punjab, Pakistan. The J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 2017; 27(2):379–83.

Küliğ C, Coşkun A. Sivas ve ilçelerindeki neonatal ishalli buzağılarda E. coli, Cryptosporidium, Clostridium perfringens, Rotavirüs ve Coronavirüs prevalansı. Turk. Vet. J. 2019; 1(2):69–73.

Cengiz S, Adiguzel MC. Determination of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from calf diarrhea, part of eastern Turkey. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2020; 67 (4): 365–71. doi: https://doi.org/kdr6

Garcıa A, Ruiz–Santa–Quiteria J, Orden J, Cid D, Sanz R, Gómez–Bautista M, Fuente R. Rotavirus and concurrent infections with other enteropathogens in neonatal diarrheic dairy calves in Spain. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2000; 23(3):175–83. doi: https://doi.org/dp5mtg

Ryu J, Kim S, Park J, Choi KS. Characterization of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pre–weaned calves in the Republic of Korea. Acta Vet. Scand. 2020; 62(1):1–7. doi: https://doi.org/h3mf

Tsunemitsu H, Yonemichi H, Hirai T, Kudo T, Onoe S, Mori K, Shimizu M. Isolation of bovine coronavirus from feces and nasal swabs of calves with diarrhea. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1991; 53(3):433–7. doi: https://doi.org/dm9nkk

Gulliksen SM, Jor E, Lie K, Hamnes I, Løken T, Åkerstedt J, Østerås O. Enteropathogens and risk factors for diarrhea in Norwegian dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92(10):5057–66. doi: https://doi.org/cffm8s

Erdoğan HM, Ünver A, Güneş V, Çitil M. Frequency of rotavirus and coronavirus in neonatal calves in Kars district. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2003; 9(1):65–8.

Hasoksuz M, Kayar A, Dodurka T, IlgazA. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in Northwestern Turkey. Acta Vet. Hung. 2005; 53(1):137–46. doi: https://doi.org/dcp755

Pospischil A. Pathologie und Pathogenese infektiöser Durchfallerkrankungen beim Kalb. Vet. 1989; 5:27–32.

Garro CJ, Morici GE, Tomazic ML, Vilte D, Encinas M, Vega C, Bok M, Parreno V, Schnittger L. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and other enteropathogens and their association with diarrhea in dairy calves of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Reports. 2021; 24:100567. doi: https://doi.org/kdr7

Al M, Balıkçı E. Neonatal ishalli buzağılarda rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli K99 ve Cryptosporidium parvum'un hızlı test kitleri ile teşhisi ve enteropatojen ile maternal immünite ilişkisi. F. Ü. Sağ. Bil. Vet. Derg. 2012; 26(2):73–8.

Conrady B, Brunauer M, Roch FF. Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Combination with Other Enteric Pathogens in the Global Calf Population. Anim. 2021; 11(6):1786. doi: https://doi.org/kdr8

Ok M, Güler L, Turgut K, Ok Ü, Şen I, Gündüz I, Birdane MF, Guzelbektas H. The studies on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonatal calves and determination of virulence gene markers of Escherichia coli strains by multiplex PCR. Zoon. Publ. Health. 2009; 56(2):94–101. doi: https://doi.org/fvg7v3