Trade agreements, digital development and international commercial arbitration

Acuerdos de comercio, desarrollo digital y arbitraje comercial internacional

• Volodymyr Nahnybida National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-7173
• Yurii Bilousov National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9209-0378
• Yaroslav Bliakharskyi Leonid Yuzkov Khmelnytskyi University of Management and Law, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1683
• Ievgen Boiarskyi National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-422X
• Anatolii Ishchuk National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-654X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.08

Palabras clave: acuerdos de comercio electrónico, contratos de desarrollo, arbitraje comercial internacional, cláusula compromisoria, desarrollo digital

Resumen

El objeto del artículo fue estudiar los problemas que surgen durante la resolución de controversias en el orden del arbitraje comercial internacional. El artículo utilizó métodos científicos generales (dialéctica, análisis y síntesis) y jurídicos especiales (jurídico comparado, lógico formal, sistémico, hermenéutico, axiológico). En los resultados de la investigación se estableció que los rasgos característicos de los contratos de desarrollo electrónico en comercio internacional son: formas electrónicas de celebración de la comunicación precontractual y contractual, realizando modificaciones y adiciones al contrato. Teniendo en cuenta las características que acompañan a la forma de contratación elegida prevalece la necesidad de remitirse a lo dispuesto en la legislación aplicable en materia de legislación fiscal y aduanera y protección de datos de carácter personal, etc. En las conclusiones se fundamenta que los principales problemas de la resolución de controversias derivadas de contratos de comercio electrónico, en el arbitraje comercial internacional, son las cuestiones de requisitos y validez de las cláusulas compromisorias contenidas en dichos contratos, la importancia de los acuerdos alcanzados en la etapa precontractual en la resolución posterior de disputas entre las partes y los problemas de prueba que surgen sobre las peculiaridades de celebrar contratos relevantes.

Citas

ACERIS LAW LLC. 2021. Electronic Arbitration Agreements: Admissibility and Enforceability. Available online. In: https://www.acerislaw.com/ electronic-arbitration-agreements-admissibility-and-enforceability/. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

ARGY, Philip; MARTIN, Nicholas. 2001. “The effective formation of contracts by electronic means” In: Computers and Law. Vol. 46, pp. 20-23.

BORTNYK, Nadiya; TYLCHYK, Olha; LUKYANOVA, Galina; SKOCHYLIAS-PAVLIV, Olha; REMENIAK, Olesia. 2021. “Principles of mediation as an alternative way to protect human and citizen rights” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 70, pp. 238-249.

BUNDESTAG. 2007. Telemedia Act (Telemediengesetz, TMG). Federal Law Gazette I. Pp. 179. 26.02.2007.

CHEVALIER, Stephanie. 2022. Global retail e-commerce sales 2014–2025. Available online. In: https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/ worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales/. Date of consultation: 19/03/2022.

CITY OF RED DEER ENGINEERING SERVICES. 2021. Development Agreement. Available online. In: https://www.reddeer.ca/media/ reddeerca/city-services/engineering/publications/Development-greement.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

COLECCHIA, Alessandra. 1998. Defining and measuring e-commerce. Available online. In: https://www.oecd.org/digital/ieconomy/1893506. pdf. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2000. Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (“Directive on electronic commerce”). Official Journal. L 178. 17.7.2000.

GAITAN, Loly; GROLLIER, Julien. 2020. Electronic Commerce in Trade Agreements: Experience of Small Developing Countries. CUTS International. Geneva, Geneva.

GISLER, Michael; STANOEVSKA-SLABEVA, Katarina; GREUNZ, Markus. 2000. Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts. Procs. CAiSE’00 Workshop on Infrastructures for Dynamic Business-to-Business Service Outsourcing. Stockholm, Sweden.

HILL, Jennifer. 2003. “The Future of Electronic Contracts in International Sales: Gaps and Natural Remedies under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods” In: Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-34.

INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION. 2020. IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration. Available online. In: https://www. ibanet.org/MediaHandler?id=def0807b-9fec-43ef-b624-f2cb2af7cf7b. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION. 2012. Guidelines for identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of digital evidence. ISO/IEC 27037:2012. 03.05.2012.

KHUDUR, Hussein Riyadh; MUSLIM, Ali Abdulrazzaq; SAYHOD, Eyad Mutshr. 2019. “Electronic Commerce: Legal Perspective (Comparative Study)” In: International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1-17.

KNOWLES, Ben; SZUNIEWICZ-WENZEL, Milena; WANG, Catherine. 2021. The new norm: virtual arbitration. Available online. In: https://www. clydeco.com/en/insights/2021/07/the-new-norm-virtual-arbitration. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

KÜTZ, Martin. 2016. Introduction to E-Commerce: Combining Business and Information Technology. Available online. In: https://irp-cdn. multiscreensite.com/1c74f035/files/uploaded/introduction-to-e- commerce.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

LARKIN, Kimberly; SHERMAN, Julia; RENEHAN, Kelly; PATEL, Anish. 2021. Using Technology and e-Disclosure. Available online. In: https://globalarbitrationreview.com/guide/the-guide-evidence-in- international-arbitration/1st-edition/article/using-technology-and-e- disclosure. Date of consultation: 19/07/2022.

MALACKA, Michal. 2013. “Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration” In: International and Comparative Law Review. Vol. 1, No. 13, pp. 97- 104.

NAÓN, Horacio Grigera; ARP, Björn. 2020. Virtual Arbitration in Viral Times: The Impact of Covid-19 on the Practice of International Commercial Arbitration. Available online. In: https://www.wcl.american.edu/ impact/initiatives-programs/international/news/virtual-arbitration- in-viral-times-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-practice-of-international- commercial-arbitration/. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

NUTH, Maryke Silalahi. 2008. Electronic Contracting in Europe: Benchmarking of National Contract Rules of United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Norway in Light of the EU E-Commerce Directive. Senter for Rettsinformatikk.

ONONOGBU, Ijeoma. 2020. The emergence of e-mediation and e-arbitration. Available online. In: https://blog.jusmundi.com/the-emergence-of-e- mediation-and-e-arbitration/. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

PARLIAMENT OF INDIA. 2017. The Central Goods and Services Tax Act. The Gazette of India. № 12.

SVIATOSHNIUK, Serhii; BAKALO, Liliia; BILOSTOTSKYI, Oleg; GUT, Serhii; CHAIKOVSKYI, Oleg; ZAIETS, Oleksandr. 2021. “Legal Mechanisms for Protection of the Rights of Participants in Contractual and Non-Contractual Legal Relations” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 71, pp. 147-165.

SWITZERLAND FEDERAL TRIBUNAL. 1995. Compagnie de Navigation et Transports SA v. MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA. BGE 121 III, 38, 44.

TEREMETSKYI, Vladyslav; DULIBA, Yevgenia. 2021. “Role of the WTO in Regulating Worldtrade in Medicinal Products and Equipment During the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: Law and Safety. Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 146-152.

THESTATEOFGEORGIA.2022.EconomicDevelopmentAgreement.Available online. In: https://www.georgia.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/jda- rivian_ _economic_development_agreement.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/07/2022.

UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR TRADE FACILITATION AND ELECTRONIC BUSINESS (UN/CEFACT). 2000. Recommendation No. 31. Electronic Commerce Agreement. ECE/TRADE/257. 05.2000.

UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1985. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (with amendments as adopted in 2006). Available online. In: https:// www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/ml-arb/07-86998_ Ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1996. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment 1996 with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998. Available online. In: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media- documents/uncitral/en/19-04970_ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION. 1958. United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. 10.06.1958. Available online. In: https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/ texts/arbitration/NY-conv/New-York-Convention-E.pdf. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION. 1980. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Available online. In: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/ uncitral/en/19-09951_e_ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/07/2021.

US DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. 2000. Chloe Z Fishing Co., Inc. v. Odyssey Re (London) Ltd., 109 F. Supp. 2d 1236, 1250 (S.D. Cal. 2000). Available online. In: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/109/1236/2522927/. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.

WERNER, Jens. 2000/2001. E-Commerce.co.uk. – Local Rules in a Global Net. In: International Journal of Communications Law and Policy. 6. Pp. 1-10.

WIGAND, Rolf. 1997. “Electronic Commerce: Definition, Theory, and Context” In: The Information Society. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-16.

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. 1998. Work Programmed on Electronic Commerce. WT/L/274.

ZAMRONI, Mohammad. 2019. The Urgency of Arbitration Clause in International Trade Contract of Electronic Transaction. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. No. 14, pp. 49-53.