Trade agreements, digital development and international commercial arbitration
Acuerdos de comercio, desarrollo digital y arbitraje comercial internacional
Keywords:
e-commerce agreements, development contracts, international commercial arbitration, arbitration clause, digital development
Abstract
The purpose of the article was to study the problems that arise during the settlement of disputes in the order of international commercial arbitration. The article used general scientific (dialectic, analysis and synthesis) and special legal (comparative legal, formal-logical, systemic, hermeneutic, axiological) methods. In the results of the research, it was established that the characteristic features of electronic development contracts in international trade are: electronic forms of conclusion of pre-contractual and contractual communication, making amendments and additions to the contract. Taking into account the features that accompany the chosen form of contracting prevails the need to refer to the provisions of the applicable legislation on tax and customs legislation and protection of personal data, etc. The conclusions state that the main problems in the resolution of disputes arising from e-commerce contracts, in international commercial arbitration, are the issues of requirements and validity of the arbitration clauses contained in such contracts, the importance of the agreements reached in the pre-contractual stage in the subsequent resolution of disputes between the parties and the problems of proof arising from the peculiarities of entering into relevant contracts.
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References
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WERNER, Jens. 2000/2001. E-Commerce.co.uk. – Local Rules in a Global Net. In: International Journal of Communications Law and Policy. 6. Pp. 1-10.
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. 1998. Work Programmed on Electronic Commerce. WT/L/274.
ZAMRONI, Mohammad. 2019. The Urgency of Arbitration Clause in International Trade Contract of Electronic Transaction. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. No. 14, pp. 49-53.
ARGY, Philip; MARTIN, Nicholas. 2001. “The effective formation of contracts by electronic means” In: Computers and Law. Vol. 46, pp. 20-23.
BORTNYK, Nadiya; TYLCHYK, Olha; LUKYANOVA, Galina; SKOCHYLIAS-PAVLIV, Olha; REMENIAK, Olesia. 2021. “Principles of mediation as an alternative way to protect human and citizen rights” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 70, pp. 238-249.
BUNDESTAG. 2007. Telemedia Act (Telemediengesetz, TMG). Federal Law Gazette I. Pp. 179. 26.02.2007.
CHEVALIER, Stephanie. 2022. Global retail e-commerce sales 2014–2025. Available online. In: https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/ worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales/. Date of consultation: 19/03/2022.
CITY OF RED DEER ENGINEERING SERVICES. 2021. Development Agreement. Available online. In: https://www.reddeer.ca/media/ reddeerca/city-services/engineering/publications/Development-greement.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
COLECCHIA, Alessandra. 1998. Defining and measuring e-commerce. Available online. In: https://www.oecd.org/digital/ieconomy/1893506. pdf. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2000. Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (“Directive on electronic commerce”). Official Journal. L 178. 17.7.2000.
GAITAN, Loly; GROLLIER, Julien. 2020. Electronic Commerce in Trade Agreements: Experience of Small Developing Countries. CUTS International. Geneva, Geneva.
GISLER, Michael; STANOEVSKA-SLABEVA, Katarina; GREUNZ, Markus. 2000. Legal Aspects of Electronic Contracts. Procs. CAiSE’00 Workshop on Infrastructures for Dynamic Business-to-Business Service Outsourcing. Stockholm, Sweden.
HILL, Jennifer. 2003. “The Future of Electronic Contracts in International Sales: Gaps and Natural Remedies under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods” In: Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-34.
INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION. 2020. IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration. Available online. In: https://www. ibanet.org/MediaHandler?id=def0807b-9fec-43ef-b624-f2cb2af7cf7b. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION. 2012. Guidelines for identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of digital evidence. ISO/IEC 27037:2012. 03.05.2012.
KHUDUR, Hussein Riyadh; MUSLIM, Ali Abdulrazzaq; SAYHOD, Eyad Mutshr. 2019. “Electronic Commerce: Legal Perspective (Comparative Study)” In: International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 1-17.
KNOWLES, Ben; SZUNIEWICZ-WENZEL, Milena; WANG, Catherine. 2021. The new norm: virtual arbitration. Available online. In: https://www. clydeco.com/en/insights/2021/07/the-new-norm-virtual-arbitration. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
KÜTZ, Martin. 2016. Introduction to E-Commerce: Combining Business and Information Technology. Available online. In: https://irp-cdn. multiscreensite.com/1c74f035/files/uploaded/introduction-to-e- commerce.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
LARKIN, Kimberly; SHERMAN, Julia; RENEHAN, Kelly; PATEL, Anish. 2021. Using Technology and e-Disclosure. Available online. In: https://globalarbitrationreview.com/guide/the-guide-evidence-in- international-arbitration/1st-edition/article/using-technology-and-e- disclosure. Date of consultation: 19/07/2022.
MALACKA, Michal. 2013. “Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration” In: International and Comparative Law Review. Vol. 1, No. 13, pp. 97- 104.
NAÓN, Horacio Grigera; ARP, Björn. 2020. Virtual Arbitration in Viral Times: The Impact of Covid-19 on the Practice of International Commercial Arbitration. Available online. In: https://www.wcl.american.edu/ impact/initiatives-programs/international/news/virtual-arbitration- in-viral-times-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-practice-of-international- commercial-arbitration/. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
NUTH, Maryke Silalahi. 2008. Electronic Contracting in Europe: Benchmarking of National Contract Rules of United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Norway in Light of the EU E-Commerce Directive. Senter for Rettsinformatikk.
ONONOGBU, Ijeoma. 2020. The emergence of e-mediation and e-arbitration. Available online. In: https://blog.jusmundi.com/the-emergence-of-e- mediation-and-e-arbitration/. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
PARLIAMENT OF INDIA. 2017. The Central Goods and Services Tax Act. The Gazette of India. № 12.
SVIATOSHNIUK, Serhii; BAKALO, Liliia; BILOSTOTSKYI, Oleg; GUT, Serhii; CHAIKOVSKYI, Oleg; ZAIETS, Oleksandr. 2021. “Legal Mechanisms for Protection of the Rights of Participants in Contractual and Non-Contractual Legal Relations” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 71, pp. 147-165.
SWITZERLAND FEDERAL TRIBUNAL. 1995. Compagnie de Navigation et Transports SA v. MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA. BGE 121 III, 38, 44.
TEREMETSKYI, Vladyslav; DULIBA, Yevgenia. 2021. “Role of the WTO in Regulating Worldtrade in Medicinal Products and Equipment During the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: Law and Safety. Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 146-152.
THESTATEOFGEORGIA.2022.EconomicDevelopmentAgreement.Available online. In: https://www.georgia.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/jda- rivian_ _economic_development_agreement.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/07/2022.
UNITED NATIONS CENTRE FOR TRADE FACILITATION AND ELECTRONIC BUSINESS (UN/CEFACT). 2000. Recommendation No. 31. Electronic Commerce Agreement. ECE/TRADE/257. 05.2000.
UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1985. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (with amendments as adopted in 2006). Available online. In: https:// www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/ml-arb/07-86998_ Ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW. 1996. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce with Guide to Enactment 1996 with additional article 5 bis as adopted in 1998. Available online. In: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media- documents/uncitral/en/19-04970_ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 17/07/2021.
UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION. 1958. United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. 10.06.1958. Available online. In: https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/ texts/arbitration/NY-conv/New-York-Convention-E.pdf. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.
UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION. 1980. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Available online. In: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/ uncitral/en/19-09951_e_ebook.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/07/2021.
US DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. 2000. Chloe Z Fishing Co., Inc. v. Odyssey Re (London) Ltd., 109 F. Supp. 2d 1236, 1250 (S.D. Cal. 2000). Available online. In: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/109/1236/2522927/. Date of consultation: 19/07/2021.
WERNER, Jens. 2000/2001. E-Commerce.co.uk. – Local Rules in a Global Net. In: International Journal of Communications Law and Policy. 6. Pp. 1-10.
WIGAND, Rolf. 1997. “Electronic Commerce: Definition, Theory, and Context” In: The Information Society. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. 1998. Work Programmed on Electronic Commerce. WT/L/274.
ZAMRONI, Mohammad. 2019. The Urgency of Arbitration Clause in International Trade Contract of Electronic Transaction. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. No. 14, pp. 49-53.
Published
2022-10-28
How to Cite
Nahnybida, V., Bilousov, Y., Bliakharskyi, Y., Boiarskyi , I., & Ishchuk, A. (2022). Trade agreements, digital development and international commercial arbitration: Acuerdos de comercio, desarrollo digital y arbitraje comercial internacional. Political Questions, 40(74), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.08
Section
Derecho Público
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