Regional leadership as an element of Ukraine’s geopolitical strategy
El liderazgo regional como elemento de la estrategia geopolítica de Ucrania
Keywords:
political risks, geopolitical transformations, regional leadership, consolidation of states;, political platforms
Abstract
The aim of the article was to identify the current status and problems of Ukraine’s regional associations, and discuss them in the context of supranational challenges and the COVID-19 pandemic. Observation, the comparative method and the neo-institutional approach were the main methodological tools
involved. The investigation found that Ukraine intends to establish various coalitions, blocs and alliances to develop the foreign policy vector. Countries that thrive to be regional actors, as well as NATO and EU
Member States, engage in this type of cooperation. A gradual intensification of the growth of the country’s regional leadership was revealed through a comparative study of Ukraine’s cooperation with different countries and their partnerships. The authors of the research supported the point of view of adherents to the concept that Ukraine is interested in the political discourse of regional leadership. It is concluded that expanding the country’s political and economic opportunities is an appropriate context for reforming the Western vectors of Ukraine’s foreign policy. It demonstrated the great potential of regional partnerships, of which Ukraine is a member, to improve democracy.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
KUKARTSEVA, Marina Glaser; THOMANN, Pierre-Emmanuel. 2021. “The concept of “Greater Eurasia”: The Russian “turn to the East” and its consequences for the European Union from the geopolitical angle of analysis” In: SAGE Journals. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 3-15.
AGENDA.GE. 2021. EaP summit declaration: EU acknowledges initiative of associated trio to enhance cooperation with EU. Available online. In: https://agenda.ge/en/news/2021/3952. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
BLEWETT-MUNDY, Hugo. 2020. The Eastern Partnership May Need Reform Given Change in US Foreign Policy. Global Risk Insights. December 7. Available online. In: https://globalriskinsights.com/2020/12/the- eastern-partnership-may-need-reform-given-change-in-us-foreign- policy/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
CADIER, David. 2019. “The geopoliticisation of the EU’s Eastern Partnership” In: Geopolitics. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 71-99.
CONT, Stefano. 2020. “Geopolitical Shifts and the Post-COVID World: Europe and the Multipolar System” In: IAI Сommentaries. Vol. 43. Available online. In: https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaicom2043.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
CRIMEA PLATFORM. 2020. Crimea Platform. Available online. In: https:// crimea-platform.org/en. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
DEUTSCHE WELLE. 2021. Report: The EU is ineffective in supporting the fight against corruption in Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www. dw.com/ru/korrupciej-v-ukraine-es-nejeffektivno-podderzhivaet- borbu-s-neju/a-59286625. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
DNISTRYANSKY, Miroslav. 2021. Exacerbation of geopolitical relations in the postmodern period and the situation in Ukraine: a monograph. Lviv: Ivan Franko Lviv National University. Available online. In: https://geography.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Dniastrianskyy_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
EFENDIEV, Ayaz. 2020. “GUAM in envolving geopolitical context: challenges and opportunities for regional cooperation” In: World of Diplomacy. Vol. 55, pp. 97-105. Available online. In: https://guam-organization. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jefendiev-A.-dlja-zhurnala-MID- Azerbajdzhana.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN HUNGARY. 2021. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to Hungary Lyubov Nepop, as Chair of the Danube Commission, officially opened the first event of the Platform for the Implementation of the Future Program of Action in the Field of Inland Navigation PLATINA3. Available online. In: https:// hungary.mfa.gov.ua/news/lyubov-nepop-u-yakosti-golovi-dunajskoyi- komisiyi-oficijno-vidkrila-pershij-zahid-platformi-dlya-implementaciyi- majbutnoyi-programi-dij-v-galuzi-vnutrishnogo-sudnoplavstva- platina3. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA. 2021. Trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Latvia. Available online. In: https://latvia.mfa.gov.ua/spivrobitnictvo/82-ukrainelatvia-trade-and- economic-cooperation. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY. 2021. Trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey. Available online. In: https://turkey.mfa.gov.ua/spivrobitnictvo/565-torgovelyno- jekonomichne-spivrobitnictvo-mizh-ukrajinoju-i-turechchinoju. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EUROPEAN TRUTH. 2021. Zelensky urges ambassadors to forget the phrase “it is impossible” and seeks regional leadership. Available online. In: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2021/12/21/7131821/. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
FEORE, Catherine. 2021. EU support for reforms in Ukraine is ineffective in fighting corruption. EU Reporter. Available online. In: https://www. eureporter.co/world/ukraine/2021/09/24/eu-support-for-reforms- in-ukraine-is-ineffective-in-fighting-corruption/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
FREUDENSTEIN, Roland. 2021. “Putting democracy at the heart of the EU’s Russia strategy”. European View. Available online. In: https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17816858211011781. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2017a. Volodymyr Groysman during a meeting with the heads of governments of GUAM member states: In 2017, we will be able to breathe new energy into our cooperation. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/249850189. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2017b. Within the framework of the GUAM summit, the governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of an FTA and the mutual recognition of the results of customs procedures. Available online. In: http://old.kmu.gov.ua/kmu/control/ru/publish/article?art_ id=249849402&cat_id=244313343. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2020. Dmytro Kuleba: Ukraine and Latvia should develop economic cooperation and trade. Government portal of Ukraine. May 4, 2020. Available online. In: https://www. kmu.gov.ua/news/dmitro-kuleba-ukrayina-ta-latviya-mayut-rozvivati- ekonomichnu-spivpracyu-i-torgivlyu. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GUAM. 1997. Joint communiqué of the meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in Strasbourg. Available online. In: https://guam-organization.org/sovmestnoe-kommyunike-vstrechi- prezidentov-azerbajdzhana-gruzii-moldovy-i-ukrainy-v-strasburge/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GUAM. 2006. Kiev Declaration on the Establishment of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. Available online. In: https:// guam-organization.org/kievskaya-deklaratsiya-o-sozdanii-organizatsii- za-demokratiyu-i-ekonomicheskoe-razvitie-guam/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
HEIBACH, Jens. 2021. Public diplomacy and regional leadership struggles: the case of Saudi Arabia. International Politics. Available online. In: https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00310-7. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
KAPOOR, Nivedita. 2020. Another step away from Moscow: Ukraine and the Lublin Triangle. Available online. In: https://www.orfonline.org/expert- speak/another-step-away-from-moscow-ukraine-and-the-lublin- triangle/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
KOVALCHUK, Stanislav. 2021. GUAM: promising or insolvent? ADASTRA. Available online. In: https://adastra.org.ua/blog/guam-perspektivnij- chi-nespromozhnij. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
KRZYMOWSKI, Adam. 2020. “The importance of Ukraine’s political and economic relationship with the United Arab Emirates for the Lublin Triangle” In: Economic Annals-XXI. Vol.184, No. 7-8, pp. 16-28.
LIBMAN, Alexander. 2020. “Russia and Eurasian regionalism”. In: T., Meyer, J. L., de Sales Marques, M., Telò. (Eds.), Regionalism and multilateralism: Politics, economics, culture (pp. 129–142). Routledge. London, UK. Available online. In: https://www.routledge.com/Regionalism-and- Multilateralism-Politics-Economics-Culture/Meyer-Marques-Telo/p/ book/9780367896652. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
LIGA LAW. 2013. Concept for the development of the GUAM transport corridor dated February 13, 2013. Available online. In: http://search.ligazakon. ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/MU13076.html. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
MASTERS, Jonathan. 2021. Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. December 2. URL: Available online. In: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict- crossroads-europe-and-russia. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
MILLI MAJLIS OF THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC. 2021. At the 13th session of the GUAM PA: plans and their discussion. Available online. In: https://meclis.gov.az/news.php?id=112&lang=ru. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2021a. Association Trio: Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova. Available online. In: https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/association-trio- memorandum-understanding-between-ministry-foreign-affairs- georgia-ministry-foreign-affairs-and-european-integration-republic- moldova-and-ministry-foreign-affairs-ukraine. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2021b. Ministers Kulebа, Landsbergis and Rau signed new documents for the Lublin Triangle. Available online. In: https://mfa.gov.ua/news/ministri-kuleba- landsbergis-ta-rau-pidpisali-novi-dokumenti-lyublinskogo-trikutnika. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF STRATEGIC INDUSTRIES OF UKRAINE. 2021. Within the framework of GUAM, the International Center for Innovation and Technology Transfer will be established. Available online. In: https:// mspu.gov.ua/news/u-ramkah-guam-stvoryat-mizhnarodnij-centr- innovacij-ta-transferu-tehnologij. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MÎNZĂRARI, Dumitru. 2021. Russia’s Policy Designs in the Post-Soviet Space: Coercing into “Cooperation”. The International Centre for Defence and Security. Available online. In: https://icds.ee/en/russias-policy-designs- in-the-post-soviet-space-coercing-into-cooperation/. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MIREL, Рaul. 2021. “The Eastern Partnership, between resilience and interference. Fondation Robert Schuman” In: European. Vol. 589. Available online. In: https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european- issues/0589-the-eastern-partnership-between-resilience-and- interference. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MOSHES, Arkadu; RACZ, Andras. 2019. What has remained of the USSR: Exploring the erosion of the post-Soviet space. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Available online. In: https://www.fiia.fi/ en/publication/what-has-remained-of-the-ussr. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
NOLTE, Detlef; SCHENONI, Luis. 2021. To lead or not to lead: regional powers and regional leadership. International Politics. Available online. In: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00355-8#citeas. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Vladimir Zelensky had a telephone conversation with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ volodimir-zelenskij-proviv-telefonnu-rozmovu-z-prezidentom-a-61337. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. The Presidents of Ukraine and Latvia signed a joint Declaration on the European Perspective of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ prezidenti-ukrayini-ta-latviyi-pidpisali-spilnu-deklaraciyu-68333. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
OFFICIAL WEB-SITE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. Decree of the President of Ukraine of August 26, 2021 №448 / 2021 On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of July 30, 2021 “On the Strategy of Foreign Policy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4482021-40017. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
PINCU, Brîndușa-Nicoleta; STAN, Adrian-Daniel; MARCAU, Flavius Cristian. 2020. “Economic integration struggles in the post-Soviet space - the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM)” In: Research and Science Today. Vol. 1, No. 19, pp. 19-33. Available online. In: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340265650_ECONOMIC_ INTEGRATION_STRUGGLES_IN_THE_POST-SOVIET_SPACE-_THE_ORGANIZATION_FOR_DEMOCRACY_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_GUAM. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
PUNTIGLIANO, Rivarola. 2021. “Geopolitics and regionalism: A Latin American perspective” In: Latin American Policy. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 221- 235.
RUD, Ivan. 2018. “GUAM Regional Association - history, modern realities and prospects” In: Ukraine: events, facts, comments. Vol. 18, pp. 47-52. Available online. In: http://nbuviap.gov.ua/index.php?option=com_co ntent&view=article&id=3817:guam-perspektivi-regionalnogo-ob- ednannya&catid=8&Itemid=350. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
SARAN, Samir; TIRKEY, Aarshi. 2021. Modern Geopolitics: A Race Through Chaos to Stability. ORF. Available online. In: https://www.orfonline. org/research/modern-geopolitics-a-race-through-chaos-to-stability/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
SHEIKO, Yuri. 2021. Is the trio of Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine a competitor to the Eastern Partnership? DW. Available online. In: https://www. dw.com/ru/sammit-vostochnogo-partnerstva-kreslo-predstavitelja- belarusi-budet-pustovat/a-60121662. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
THE PRESIDENTIAL OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2021. Batumi Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State of Association Trio - Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www. president.gov.ua/en/news/deklaraciya-batumskogo-samitu-shvalena- glavami-derzhav-asoci-69609. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
THOMANN, Pierre-Emmanuel. 2020. “Focusing on common geopolitical interests: Changing the focus in EU-Russia dialogue and communication”. In: E. Pashentsev, (Ed.), Strategic Communication in EU-Russia Relations Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 61–109). Palgrave Macmillan. Cham. Available online. In: https://www.academia.edu/41112148/Focusing_on_Common_Geopolitical_Interests_Changing_the_Focus_in_EU_Russia_Dialogue_and_Communication_In_Pashentsev_E_eds_Strategic_ Communication_in_EU_Russia_Relations_Palgrave_Macmillan_ Cham?auto=citations&from=cover_page. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
THOMPSON, Jack; PRONK, Danny; MANEN, Hugo. 2021. Geopolitical Genesis. Dutch Foreign and Security Policy in a Post-COVID World. Strategic Monitor 2020-2021. The Hague: The Clingendael Institute. Available online. In: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/ files/2021-03/Strategische_Monitor_2021.pdf. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
TRENIN, Dmitri. 2021. Russia-Ukraine War Alert: What’s Behind It and What Lies Ahead? Carnegie Moscow Center. Available online. In: https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/84308. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
WEIR, Fred. 2021. 30 years after Soviet collapse, breaking up is still hard to do. The Christian Science Мonitor. February 1. Available online. In: https:// www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0201/30-years-after-Soviet- collapse-breaking-up-is-still-hard-to-do. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
AGENDA.GE. 2021. EaP summit declaration: EU acknowledges initiative of associated trio to enhance cooperation with EU. Available online. In: https://agenda.ge/en/news/2021/3952. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
BLEWETT-MUNDY, Hugo. 2020. The Eastern Partnership May Need Reform Given Change in US Foreign Policy. Global Risk Insights. December 7. Available online. In: https://globalriskinsights.com/2020/12/the- eastern-partnership-may-need-reform-given-change-in-us-foreign- policy/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
CADIER, David. 2019. “The geopoliticisation of the EU’s Eastern Partnership” In: Geopolitics. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 71-99.
CONT, Stefano. 2020. “Geopolitical Shifts and the Post-COVID World: Europe and the Multipolar System” In: IAI Сommentaries. Vol. 43. Available online. In: https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaicom2043.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
CRIMEA PLATFORM. 2020. Crimea Platform. Available online. In: https:// crimea-platform.org/en. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
DEUTSCHE WELLE. 2021. Report: The EU is ineffective in supporting the fight against corruption in Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www. dw.com/ru/korrupciej-v-ukraine-es-nejeffektivno-podderzhivaet- borbu-s-neju/a-59286625. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
DNISTRYANSKY, Miroslav. 2021. Exacerbation of geopolitical relations in the postmodern period and the situation in Ukraine: a monograph. Lviv: Ivan Franko Lviv National University. Available online. In: https://geography.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Dniastrianskyy_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
EFENDIEV, Ayaz. 2020. “GUAM in envolving geopolitical context: challenges and opportunities for regional cooperation” In: World of Diplomacy. Vol. 55, pp. 97-105. Available online. In: https://guam-organization. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jefendiev-A.-dlja-zhurnala-MID- Azerbajdzhana.pdf. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN HUNGARY. 2021. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to Hungary Lyubov Nepop, as Chair of the Danube Commission, officially opened the first event of the Platform for the Implementation of the Future Program of Action in the Field of Inland Navigation PLATINA3. Available online. In: https:// hungary.mfa.gov.ua/news/lyubov-nepop-u-yakosti-golovi-dunajskoyi- komisiyi-oficijno-vidkrila-pershij-zahid-platformi-dlya-implementaciyi- majbutnoyi-programi-dij-v-galuzi-vnutrishnogo-sudnoplavstva- platina3. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA. 2021. Trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Latvia. Available online. In: https://latvia.mfa.gov.ua/spivrobitnictvo/82-ukrainelatvia-trade-and- economic-cooperation. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY. 2021. Trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey. Available online. In: https://turkey.mfa.gov.ua/spivrobitnictvo/565-torgovelyno- jekonomichne-spivrobitnictvo-mizh-ukrajinoju-i-turechchinoju. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
EUROPEAN TRUTH. 2021. Zelensky urges ambassadors to forget the phrase “it is impossible” and seeks regional leadership. Available online. In: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2021/12/21/7131821/. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
FEORE, Catherine. 2021. EU support for reforms in Ukraine is ineffective in fighting corruption. EU Reporter. Available online. In: https://www. eureporter.co/world/ukraine/2021/09/24/eu-support-for-reforms- in-ukraine-is-ineffective-in-fighting-corruption/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
FREUDENSTEIN, Roland. 2021. “Putting democracy at the heart of the EU’s Russia strategy”. European View. Available online. In: https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17816858211011781. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2017a. Volodymyr Groysman during a meeting with the heads of governments of GUAM member states: In 2017, we will be able to breathe new energy into our cooperation. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/249850189. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2017b. Within the framework of the GUAM summit, the governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of an FTA and the mutual recognition of the results of customs procedures. Available online. In: http://old.kmu.gov.ua/kmu/control/ru/publish/article?art_ id=249849402&cat_id=244313343. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2020. Dmytro Kuleba: Ukraine and Latvia should develop economic cooperation and trade. Government portal of Ukraine. May 4, 2020. Available online. In: https://www. kmu.gov.ua/news/dmitro-kuleba-ukrayina-ta-latviya-mayut-rozvivati- ekonomichnu-spivpracyu-i-torgivlyu. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GUAM. 1997. Joint communiqué of the meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in Strasbourg. Available online. In: https://guam-organization.org/sovmestnoe-kommyunike-vstrechi- prezidentov-azerbajdzhana-gruzii-moldovy-i-ukrainy-v-strasburge/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
GUAM. 2006. Kiev Declaration on the Establishment of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. Available online. In: https:// guam-organization.org/kievskaya-deklaratsiya-o-sozdanii-organizatsii- za-demokratiyu-i-ekonomicheskoe-razvitie-guam/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
HEIBACH, Jens. 2021. Public diplomacy and regional leadership struggles: the case of Saudi Arabia. International Politics. Available online. In: https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00310-7. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
KAPOOR, Nivedita. 2020. Another step away from Moscow: Ukraine and the Lublin Triangle. Available online. In: https://www.orfonline.org/expert- speak/another-step-away-from-moscow-ukraine-and-the-lublin- triangle/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
KOVALCHUK, Stanislav. 2021. GUAM: promising or insolvent? ADASTRA. Available online. In: https://adastra.org.ua/blog/guam-perspektivnij- chi-nespromozhnij. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
KRZYMOWSKI, Adam. 2020. “The importance of Ukraine’s political and economic relationship with the United Arab Emirates for the Lublin Triangle” In: Economic Annals-XXI. Vol.184, No. 7-8, pp. 16-28.
LIBMAN, Alexander. 2020. “Russia and Eurasian regionalism”. In: T., Meyer, J. L., de Sales Marques, M., Telò. (Eds.), Regionalism and multilateralism: Politics, economics, culture (pp. 129–142). Routledge. London, UK. Available online. In: https://www.routledge.com/Regionalism-and- Multilateralism-Politics-Economics-Culture/Meyer-Marques-Telo/p/ book/9780367896652. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
LIGA LAW. 2013. Concept for the development of the GUAM transport corridor dated February 13, 2013. Available online. In: http://search.ligazakon. ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/MU13076.html. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
MASTERS, Jonathan. 2021. Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia. Council on Foreign Relations. December 2. URL: Available online. In: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict- crossroads-europe-and-russia. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
MILLI MAJLIS OF THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC. 2021. At the 13th session of the GUAM PA: plans and their discussion. Available online. In: https://meclis.gov.az/news.php?id=112&lang=ru. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2021a. Association Trio: Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova. Available online. In: https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/association-trio- memorandum-understanding-between-ministry-foreign-affairs- georgia-ministry-foreign-affairs-and-european-integration-republic- moldova-and-ministry-foreign-affairs-ukraine. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2021b. Ministers Kulebа, Landsbergis and Rau signed new documents for the Lublin Triangle. Available online. In: https://mfa.gov.ua/news/ministri-kuleba- landsbergis-ta-rau-pidpisali-novi-dokumenti-lyublinskogo-trikutnika. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY OF STRATEGIC INDUSTRIES OF UKRAINE. 2021. Within the framework of GUAM, the International Center for Innovation and Technology Transfer will be established. Available online. In: https:// mspu.gov.ua/news/u-ramkah-guam-stvoryat-mizhnarodnij-centr- innovacij-ta-transferu-tehnologij. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MÎNZĂRARI, Dumitru. 2021. Russia’s Policy Designs in the Post-Soviet Space: Coercing into “Cooperation”. The International Centre for Defence and Security. Available online. In: https://icds.ee/en/russias-policy-designs- in-the-post-soviet-space-coercing-into-cooperation/. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MIREL, Рaul. 2021. “The Eastern Partnership, between resilience and interference. Fondation Robert Schuman” In: European. Vol. 589. Available online. In: https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european- issues/0589-the-eastern-partnership-between-resilience-and- interference. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MOSHES, Arkadu; RACZ, Andras. 2019. What has remained of the USSR: Exploring the erosion of the post-Soviet space. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Available online. In: https://www.fiia.fi/ en/publication/what-has-remained-of-the-ussr. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
NOLTE, Detlef; SCHENONI, Luis. 2021. To lead or not to lead: regional powers and regional leadership. International Politics. Available online. In: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-021-00355-8#citeas. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Vladimir Zelensky had a telephone conversation with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ volodimir-zelenskij-proviv-telefonnu-rozmovu-z-prezidentom-a-61337. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. The Presidents of Ukraine and Latvia signed a joint Declaration on the European Perspective of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ prezidenti-ukrayini-ta-latviyi-pidpisali-spilnu-deklaraciyu-68333. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
OFFICIAL WEB-SITE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. Decree of the President of Ukraine of August 26, 2021 №448 / 2021 On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of July 30, 2021 “On the Strategy of Foreign Policy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4482021-40017. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
PINCU, Brîndușa-Nicoleta; STAN, Adrian-Daniel; MARCAU, Flavius Cristian. 2020. “Economic integration struggles in the post-Soviet space - the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM)” In: Research and Science Today. Vol. 1, No. 19, pp. 19-33. Available online. In: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340265650_ECONOMIC_ INTEGRATION_STRUGGLES_IN_THE_POST-SOVIET_SPACE-_THE_ORGANIZATION_FOR_DEMOCRACY_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_GUAM. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
PUNTIGLIANO, Rivarola. 2021. “Geopolitics and regionalism: A Latin American perspective” In: Latin American Policy. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 221- 235.
RUD, Ivan. 2018. “GUAM Regional Association - history, modern realities and prospects” In: Ukraine: events, facts, comments. Vol. 18, pp. 47-52. Available online. In: http://nbuviap.gov.ua/index.php?option=com_co ntent&view=article&id=3817:guam-perspektivi-regionalnogo-ob- ednannya&catid=8&Itemid=350. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
SARAN, Samir; TIRKEY, Aarshi. 2021. Modern Geopolitics: A Race Through Chaos to Stability. ORF. Available online. In: https://www.orfonline. org/research/modern-geopolitics-a-race-through-chaos-to-stability/. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
SHEIKO, Yuri. 2021. Is the trio of Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine a competitor to the Eastern Partnership? DW. Available online. In: https://www. dw.com/ru/sammit-vostochnogo-partnerstva-kreslo-predstavitelja- belarusi-budet-pustovat/a-60121662. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
THE PRESIDENTIAL OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2021. Batumi Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State of Association Trio - Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www. president.gov.ua/en/news/deklaraciya-batumskogo-samitu-shvalena- glavami-derzhav-asoci-69609. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
THOMANN, Pierre-Emmanuel. 2020. “Focusing on common geopolitical interests: Changing the focus in EU-Russia dialogue and communication”. In: E. Pashentsev, (Ed.), Strategic Communication in EU-Russia Relations Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 61–109). Palgrave Macmillan. Cham. Available online. In: https://www.academia.edu/41112148/Focusing_on_Common_Geopolitical_Interests_Changing_the_Focus_in_EU_Russia_Dialogue_and_Communication_In_Pashentsev_E_eds_Strategic_ Communication_in_EU_Russia_Relations_Palgrave_Macmillan_ Cham?auto=citations&from=cover_page. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
THOMPSON, Jack; PRONK, Danny; MANEN, Hugo. 2021. Geopolitical Genesis. Dutch Foreign and Security Policy in a Post-COVID World. Strategic Monitor 2020-2021. The Hague: The Clingendael Institute. Available online. In: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/ files/2021-03/Strategische_Monitor_2021.pdf. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
TRENIN, Dmitri. 2021. Russia-Ukraine War Alert: What’s Behind It and What Lies Ahead? Carnegie Moscow Center. Available online. In: https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/84308. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
WEIR, Fred. 2021. 30 years after Soviet collapse, breaking up is still hard to do. The Christian Science Мonitor. February 1. Available online. In: https:// www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2021/0201/30-years-after-Soviet- collapse-breaking-up-is-still-hard-to-do. Consultation date: 15/11/2021.
Published
2022-07-05
How to Cite
Kravchuk , O., Shulga, M., Deliia, O., Krasnozhon, N., Kuchyk, O., & Kostyrya, I. (2022). Regional leadership as an element of Ukraine’s geopolitical strategy: El liderazgo regional como elemento de la estrategia geopolítica de Ucrania. Political Questions, 40(73), 27-51. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.01
Section
Derecho Público
Copyright
The authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
The authors retain the copyright and guarantee the journal the right to be the first publication where the article is presented, which is published under a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to share the work prior to the recognition of the authorship of the article work and initial publication in this journal.
Authors may separately establish additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (for example, placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is under license:
Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
