The role of digital technologies for the canine units involved in the law enforcement in European countries
El papel de las tecnologías digitales para las unidades caninas implicadas en la aplicación de la ley en los países europeos
Keywords:
situational awareness, companion dog, behavioural interaction, dog equipment, sensory interfaces
Abstract
The aim of the article was to consider the role of digital technologies in law enforcement by canine units in European countries. Comparison and observation methods were the main methodological tools. The research showed that European K9 units assist in rescue operations, detection of prohibited substances, firearms and ammunition. Their activity is necessary during the tracking and arrest of criminal suspects. European canine units are responsible for protecting service dogs from undue risk. It was found that tactile interfaces, UAV-based surveillance sensors, video surveillance systems and GPS are becoming components of European requirements for canine service activities. Projects implemented as part of the European research and innovation program Horizon 2020 aim to develop technologies for rapid response services. It is concluded that, the INGenIOuS Project resulted in the development of an effective K9 vest for a search dog, which is based on a complex of modern digital technologies. In addition, the installation of devices in patrol cars can help to save a working dog.
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References
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SELIUKOV, Vadym. 2020. “Prospects for the improvement of legal regulation of canine activities in Ukraine” In: Administrative law and process. Vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2020.11.26. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
SHVETS, Dmytro. 2020. Problems of the functioning of cynological units in Ukraine at the current stage. The collection of theses of the scientific and practical seminar “Peculiarities of the organization of canine activities of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine”. Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE. 2022. Special purpose dogs and lifelong maintenance of four-legged pensioners, new norms for canine provision of the State Police Service of Ukraine have been approved. Available online. In: https://dpsu.gov.ua/ua/news/sobaki- specpriznachenci-ta-pozhittve-utrimannya-chotirilapih-pensioneriv- zatverdzheno-novi-normi-kinologichnogo-zabezpechennya-dpsu/. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
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VOSINAKIS, Georgios; KROMMYDA, Maria; STAMOU, Angelos; MITRO, Nikos; PALAZIS-ASLANIDIS, Marios; VOULGARY, Katerina; ATHANASIADIS, Spyros; AMDITIS, Angelos. 2022. “Smart integrated vest for the canine companion of the K9 units” In: Informatics. Vol. 9, No. 1, paper 2.
BEZPALOVA, Olha. 2020. Canine support of the security and defense sector of Ukraine during the organization of planning and response to threats.” In: The collection of theses of the scientific and practical seminar “Peculiarities of the organization of canine activities of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine. Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
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BRAY, Emily; OTTO, Cynthia; UDELL, Monique; HALL, Nathaniel; JOHNSTON, Angie; MACLEAN, Evan. 2021. “Enhancing the selection and performance of working dogs” In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Vol. 12, No. 8, paper 644431.
CARABINIERI. 2022. Airborne squadrons ‘Hunters’. Available online. In: https://www.carabinieri.it/chi-siamo/oggi/organizzazione/territoriale/ gli-squadroni-eliportati-’cacciatori’. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
CHANEY, Paul; JONES, Ian Rees; FEVRE, Ralph. 2021. “Exploring the substantive representation of non-humans in UK Parliamentary Busine Evan ss: A legislative functions perspective of animal welfare petitions, 2010–2019” In: Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 44, pp. 813–842.
CHINA, Lucy; MILLS, Daniel; COOPER, Jonathan. 2020. “Efficacy of dog training with and without remote electronic collars vs. a focus on positive reinforcement.” In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Vol. 7, paper 508.
COBB, Mia; OTTO, Cynthia; FINE, Aubrey. 2021. “The animal welfare science of working dogs: Current perspectives on recent advances and future directions” In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. Vol. 8, paper 666898.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1987. European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. Strasbourg, 13.XI.1987. Available online. In: https://rm.coe. int/168007a67d. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
DOUKLIAS, Athanasios; KROMMYDA, Maria; AMDITIS, Angelos. 2021. Resilient communications for the first responders at the field. In: Asia- Pacific Conference on Communications Technology and Computer Science (ACCTCS). IEEE. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1109/ ACCTCS52002.2021.00016. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
EUR-LEX. 2019. “Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2019 on the European Border and Coast Guard and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1052/2013 and (EU) 2016/1624” Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1573722151667&uri=CELEX:32019R1896. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
FOSTER, Marc; WU, Tianfu; ROBERTS, David; BOZKURT, Alper. 2022. “Preliminary evaluation of a system with on-body and aerial sensors for monitoring working dogs” In: Sensors. Vol. 22, No. 19, paper 7631.
GENEVA INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HUMANITARIAN DEMINING. 2022. “About IMAS.” Available online. In: https:// www.mineactionstandards.org/en/about-imas/. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
GIBSON, Paris Emmanuelle; OLIVA, Jessica Lee. 2022. “Public perceptions of Australian assistance dogs: Happier and better used than companion dogs” In: Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 18-30.
GRIERSON, Jamie. 2022. “Dog awarded animals’ Victoria Cross for RAF service in Afghanistan.” In: The Guardian. Available online. In: https:// www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/feb/22/dog-awarded-animals- victoria-cross-for-raf-service-in-afghanistan. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
INGENIOUS. 2022. Aims & Objectives. Available online. In: https://ingenious-first-responders.eu/aims-objectives/. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
LAZAROWSKI, Lucia; WAGGONER, Lowell Paul; KRICHBAUM, Sarah; SINGLETARY, Melissa; HANEY, Pamela; ROGERS, Bart; ANGLE, Craig. 2020. “Selecting dogs for explosives detection: Behavioral characteristics.” In: Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol. 7, paper 597.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2001. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 15, 2001 No. 1348. On feeding standards for staff animals of military units, institutions and organizations of the Armed Forces, other military formations, structural units of the State Special Transport Service, bodies and units of the National Police, civil defense and criminal executive service. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/1348-2001-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2009. Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of July 29, 2009 N 831 On approval of the Procedure for the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances during the training of service dogs to search for such drugs and substances. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/831-2009-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2014. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated 05.08.2014 No. 772 On the approval of the Instructions for the Organization of Service Canine in the National Guard of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1213- 14#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2016. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated 01.11.2016 No. 1145 On the approval of the Instructions for organizing the activities of canine units of the National Police of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/ z1544-16#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2017. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated 24.05.2017 No. 442 On approval of the Concept for the development of canine services of central executive bodies, whose activities are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine through the Minister of Internal Affairs, and the National Guard of Ukraine until 2020. Available online. In: http://consultant.parus. ua/?doc=0AOSEF60A6. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2018a. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated 11.07.2018 No. 597. On the approval of the Instructions on the organization of the activities of canine divisions of the State Emergency Service. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/z0896-18#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2018b. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine dated March 26, 2018 No. 234 On the approval of the Instructions for the organization of canine support in the State Border Service of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/z0459-18#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2021a. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine dated 10.03.2021 No. 148 On canine support in the State Customs Service of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/z0565-21#n10. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE. 2021b. “Order of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine dated 19.03.2021 No. 161 On the approval of procedures for the use of canine teams, veterinary service, maintenance, feeding and care of service dogs in the State Customs Service of Ukraine.” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0663-21#Text. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
LEGISLATION.GOV.UK. 2006. Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006. Available online. In: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ asp/2006/11/contents. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
MELLOR, David; BEAUSOLEIL, Ngaio; LITTLEWOOD, Katherine; MCLEAN, Andrew; MCGREEVY, Paul; JONES, Bidda; WILKINS, Cristina. 2020. “The 2020 five domains model: Including human-animal interactions in assessments of animal welfare” In: Animals (Basel). Vol. 10, No. 10, paper 1870.
OSCE. 2022. Support to strengthening of the Canine (K9) capacity of the Police Services to detect and confiscate SALW, ammunition and explosives. Available online. In: https://salw.osce.org/Projects/ViewPage/2101100- support-to-strengthening-of-the-canine-k9-capacity-of-the-police- services-to-detect-and-confiscate-salw-ammunition-and-explosives. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
PALMER, James. 2021. “How a new squad of elite sniffer dogs is catching cybercriminals” In: The Times. Available online. In: https://www. thetimes.co.uk/article/digi-dogs-police-sniffer-dogs-cybercrime- lnmbz5k5c. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
PAVLIUK, Oleh. 2022. Patron the dog received an award from Zelenskyi. In: Suspilne. Available online. In: https://suspilne.media/237231- pes-patron-otrimav-nagorodu-vid-zelenskogo/. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
PETERSEN, Stèphan; SCHOON, Adee. 2021. Dogs as detectors for hidden digital storage devices: A pilot study from the National Police of The Netherlands. Lauryn E. DeGreeff, Craig A. Schultz, Eds., Canines. The Original Biosensors. Jenny Stanford Publishing. New York, USA.
RICCI, Giovanna; NITTARI, Giulio; CAMPANOZZI, Laura Leondina; FEOLA, Alessandro; MAZZALUPI, Giuseppina; CEGLIE, Lorenzo; SIRIGNANO, Ascanio. 2021. “Use of detection dogs in forensic investigations: The Italian scenario” In: Romanian Society of Legal Medicine. Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 69-73.
SELIUKOV, Vadym. 2020. “Prospects for the improvement of legal regulation of canine activities in Ukraine” In: Administrative law and process. Vol. 11. https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2020.11.26. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
SHVETS, Dmytro. 2020. Problems of the functioning of cynological units in Ukraine at the current stage. The collection of theses of the scientific and practical seminar “Peculiarities of the organization of canine activities of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine”. Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Kharkiv, Ukraine.
STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE. 2022. Special purpose dogs and lifelong maintenance of four-legged pensioners, new norms for canine provision of the State Police Service of Ukraine have been approved. Available online. In: https://dpsu.gov.ua/ua/news/sobaki- specpriznachenci-ta-pozhittve-utrimannya-chotirilapih-pensioneriv- zatverdzheno-novi-normi-kinologichnogo-zabezpechennya-dpsu/. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
STATE CUSTOMS SERVICE OF UKRAINE. 2021. Cynological support. Available online. In: https://dspkz.customs.gov.ua/%d0%ba%d1%96% d0%bd%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d1%96%d1%87%d0%bd% d0%b5-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%bf%d0%b5
%d1%87%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8f/.
STATE SERVICE OF UKRAINE FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. 2021. “Public report of the Head of the Emergency Situations Service on the results of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in 2021.” Available online. In: https://dsns.gov.ua/upload/2/6/8/1/6/9/1VSPPfkqdkExu8pkT9nQ6J8VV4MIcND2gG9v EIBb.pdf. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
SWEDISH ARMED FORCES. 2022. “Department of Breeding” Available online. In: https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/about/organisation/training- units-schools-and-centres/life-guard-regiment/swedish-armed-forces- dog-training-center/department-of-breeding/. Consultation date: 22/05/2022.
UNDP. 2020. Kosovo Police K9 Unit receives five dogs to detect new technology weapons. Available online. In: https://www.undp.org/kosovo/ press-releases/kosovo-police-k9-unit-receives-five-dogs-detect-new- technology-weapons. Consultation date: 13/06/2022.
VAN DER LINDEN, Dirk. 2021. “Interspecies information systems” In: Requirements Engineering. Vol. 26, pp. 535-556.
VINK,Janneke.2020.“Enfranchisinganimalsinlegalinstitutions:Fundamental legal rights.” In: Andrew Linzey and Clair Linzey (Eds.), The Open Society and Its Animals. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series (pp. 263- 335). Palgrave Macmillan. Cham.
VOSINAKIS, Georgios; KROMMYDA, Maria; STAMOU, Angelos; MITRO, Nikos; PALAZIS-ASLANIDIS, Marios; VOULGARY, Katerina; ATHANASIADIS, Spyros; AMDITIS, Angelos. 2022. “Smart integrated vest for the canine companion of the K9 units” In: Informatics. Vol. 9, No. 1, paper 2.
Published
2022-12-16
How to Cite
Polián, P., Polián, P., & Kopotun, I. (2022). The role of digital technologies for the canine units involved in the law enforcement in European countries: El papel de las tecnologías digitales para las unidades caninas implicadas en la aplicación de la ley en los países europeos. Political Questions, 40(75), 457-482. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.28
Section
Derecho Público
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