Criminal Law Transformation in the Context of COVID-19: The Experience of the European Union and Ukraine
Transformación del Derecho Penal en el Contexto del Covid-19: La Experiencia de la Unión Europea y Ucrania
Palabras clave:
política de derecho penal, legislación penal, derechos humanos, prevención de COVID-19, transformación política
Resumen
El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las novedades del derecho penal de Ucrania y los Estados miembros de la UE provocadas por la pandemia de COVID-19, como normativa y herramientas de impacto social. Se aplicó el análisis de contenido, enfoque doctrinario, método comparativo, así como métodos generales para analizar trabajos de investigación, normativa, jurisprudencia y estadísticas sobre delitos relacionados con el COVID-19. El derecho penal se considera parte de la política anti-pandémica. Los gobiernos nacionales se enfocan en responder a los delitos individuales relacionados con el COVID-19 en lugar de las tendencias delictivas en general. Debido a la situación transitoria, la práctica europea y ucraniana ha mostrado la prioridad de adaptar el derecho penal existente para prevenir el COVID-19. Se concluye que en general, la transformación del derecho penal pasa por establecer reglas que puedan aplicarse en cualquier pandemia. Un área importante es la respuesta a desafíos criminales de largo plazo (violencia doméstica, crimen organizado) a través del derecho penal. La experiencia de los países europeos y Ucrania en la respuesta a las amenazas globales revela incertidumbre en los enfoques de transformación del derecho penal.
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EUROJUST. 2021. May. The impact of COVID-19 on judicial cooperation on criminal matters. Available online. In: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/ sites/default/files/Documents/pdf/2021_05_12_covid_19_report.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021a. Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021b. April 30. Guide on Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Derogation in time of emergency. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/ Guide_Art_15_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021c. December 31. Guide on Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights: No punishment without law: the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/ Documents/Guide_Art_7_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. 2020. April 17. European Parliament resolution of 17 April 2020 on EU coordinated action to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. Available online. In: https://www. europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0054_EN.html Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020a. March. Pandemic profiteering how criminals exploit the COVID-19 crisis. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa. eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/pandemic_profiteering- how_criminals_exploit_the_covid-19_crisis.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020b. April 17. Viral marketing Counterfeits, substandard goods and intellectual property crime in the COVID-19 pandemic. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/
documents/report_covid_19_-_viral_marketing_counterfeits.pdf.
Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020c. April 30. Beyond the pandemic: how covid-19 will shape the serious and organised crime landscape in the EU. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/beyond- pandemic-how-covid-19-will-shape-serious-and-organised-crime- landscape-in-eu. Consultation date: 01/02/2022
EUROPOL. 2020d. June 19. Exploiting isolation: Sexual predators increasingly targeting children during Covid pandemic. Available online. In: https:// www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/exploiting-isolation-sexual- predators-increasingly-targeting-children-during-covid-pandemic. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
MEŠKO,Gorazd.2021.“Police,policingandCOVID-19Pandemic.”In:European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Vol. 29, No. 3-4, pp. 183-188. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174- 29030001. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HARDING, Christopher; OBERG, Jacob. 2021. “The journey of EU criminal law on the ship of fools – what are the implications for supranational governance of EU criminal justice agencies?” In: The Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 192-211. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005967. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HOUSE OF COMMONS JUSTICE COMMITTEE. 2021, September 22. Covid-19 and the criminal law Fourth Report of Session 2021–22 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 21 September 2021. Available online. In: https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/7439/ documents/77794/default/. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HUPALO, Kateryna. 2020. “COVID-19: What is wrong with the introduced criminal and administrative liability?” In: Yuryst i Zakon. Vol. 11, Art. 13580.
KRAJEWSKA, Atina. 2021. “Connecting reproductive rights, democracy, and the rule of law: lessons from Poland in times of COVID-19.” In: German Law Journal. Vol. 22, pp. 1072-1097. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1017/glj.2021.56. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
BOŠKOVIĆ, Marina; NENADIĆ, Svetlana. 2021. “Іmpact of COVID-19 pandemic on criminal justice systems accross Europe.” In: EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC). Vol. 5, pp. 263-290. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18307. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
MCCANN, Adam. 2020. “Virtual criminal justice and good governance during covid-19.” In: European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 225-229. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1163/22134514-00703001. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
NOVIKOVA, Maria. 2020, June 25. How the coronavirus ended for the Criminal Code. Available online. In: https://yur-gazeta.com/publications/ practice/kriminalne-pravo-ta-proces/yak-dlya-kriminalnogo-kodeksu- koronavirus-zakinchivsya.html. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
OFFICE OF THE GENERAL PROSECUTOR OF UKRAINE. 2022. On registered criminal offenses and the results of their pre-trial investigation: statistics. Available online. In: https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/pro-zareyestrovani- kriminalni-pravoporushennya-ta-rezultati-yih-dosudovogo- rozsliduvannya-2. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
ORGANIZATIONFORSECURITYANDCO-OPERATIONINEUROPE(OSCE). 2020. OSCE human dimension commitments and state responses to the covid-19 pandemic. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/e/c/457567_0.pdf Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
PERŠAK, Nina. 2020. “COVID-19 and the social responses thereto: penal and criminological lessons, human rights and rule of law implications.” In: European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 3, No. 28, pp. 205-216. Available online. In: http://doi. org/10.1163/15718174-02803001. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
POPKO, Vadym. 2021. “Approximation of criminal law systems in the context of crime globalization.” In: Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law. Vol. 1, pp. 227-237. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32849/2663- 5313/2021.1.39. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
SARMIENTO, Daniel. 2021. “Europe’s judiciary at the crossroads.” In: The Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-6. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X21994338. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
SKOLNIK, Terry. 2020. “Criminal law during (and after) COVID-19” In: Manitoba Law Journal. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 145-179.
STOTT, Clifford; WEST, Owen; HARRISON, Mark. 2020. “A turning point, securitization, and policing in the context of Covid-19: building a new social contract between state and nation?” In: Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 574-578. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa021. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
TERPSTRA, Jan; DE MAILLARD, Jacques; SALET, Renze; ROCHE, Sebastian. 2021. “Policing the corona crisis: A comparison between France and the Netherlands.” In: International Journal of Police Science and Management. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 168-181. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.1177/1461355720980772. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
TURANJANIN, Veljko; RADULOVIĆ, Darko. 2020. “Coronavirus (COVID-19) and possibilities for criminal law reaction in Europe: a review.” In: Iranian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 49, No. 11, pp. 4-11. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49iS1.3664. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2020. Research brief: Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions on homicide and property crime. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/ documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Property_Crime_Brief_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
VARLAMOV, Yevheniy. 2022. Vaccination and pandemic in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights: Summing up the year 2021. Available online. In: https://www.echr.com.ua/vakcinaciya-ta-pandemiya-u- praktici-yespl-pidsumki-2021-roku/ Consultation date: 03/02/2022.
ZHURAVEL, Volodymyr; HETMAN, Yevhen; HYLYAKA, Oleh. 2021. Report on scientific activity of the National Academy of the Legal Sciences of Ukraine for the year 2020. Kharkiv, National Academy of the Legal Sciences of Ukraine.
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2020. December 18. EU Drugs strategy 2021-2025. Available online. In: https://data.consilium.europa. eu/doc/document/ST-14178-2020-INIT/en/pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
CSONKA, Peter; SALAZAR, Lorenzo. 2021. “Corruption and bribery in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic. Responses at the international and EU levels.” In: EUCRIM. Vol. 2, pp. 111-114. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.30709/eucrim-2021-015. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
DORNEANU,Laura;MALKA,Julius;COECKELBERGHS,Laura.2021.“Impact of COVID-19 on access to justice and documents. On the application of EU law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the possibility of non- jurisdictional remedies” In: ERA Forum. Vol. 22, pp. 407-419. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-021-00684-4. Consultation date: 016/02/2022.
EUROJUST. 2021. May. The impact of COVID-19 on judicial cooperation on criminal matters. Available online. In: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/ sites/default/files/Documents/pdf/2021_05_12_covid_19_report.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021a. Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021b. April 30. Guide on Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Derogation in time of emergency. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/ Guide_Art_15_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2021c. December 31. Guide on Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights: No punishment without law: the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/ Documents/Guide_Art_7_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. 2020. April 17. European Parliament resolution of 17 April 2020 on EU coordinated action to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences. Available online. In: https://www. europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0054_EN.html Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020a. March. Pandemic profiteering how criminals exploit the COVID-19 crisis. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa. eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/pandemic_profiteering- how_criminals_exploit_the_covid-19_crisis.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020b. April 17. Viral marketing Counterfeits, substandard goods and intellectual property crime in the COVID-19 pandemic. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/
documents/report_covid_19_-_viral_marketing_counterfeits.pdf.
Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
EUROPOL. 2020c. April 30. Beyond the pandemic: how covid-19 will shape the serious and organised crime landscape in the EU. Available online. In: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/beyond- pandemic-how-covid-19-will-shape-serious-and-organised-crime- landscape-in-eu. Consultation date: 01/02/2022
EUROPOL. 2020d. June 19. Exploiting isolation: Sexual predators increasingly targeting children during Covid pandemic. Available online. In: https:// www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/exploiting-isolation-sexual- predators-increasingly-targeting-children-during-covid-pandemic. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
MEŠKO,Gorazd.2021.“Police,policingandCOVID-19Pandemic.”In:European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. Vol. 29, No. 3-4, pp. 183-188. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174- 29030001. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HARDING, Christopher; OBERG, Jacob. 2021. “The journey of EU criminal law on the ship of fools – what are the implications for supranational governance of EU criminal justice agencies?” In: The Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 192-211. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X211005967. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HOUSE OF COMMONS JUSTICE COMMITTEE. 2021, September 22. Covid-19 and the criminal law Fourth Report of Session 2021–22 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 21 September 2021. Available online. In: https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/7439/ documents/77794/default/. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
HUPALO, Kateryna. 2020. “COVID-19: What is wrong with the introduced criminal and administrative liability?” In: Yuryst i Zakon. Vol. 11, Art. 13580.
KRAJEWSKA, Atina. 2021. “Connecting reproductive rights, democracy, and the rule of law: lessons from Poland in times of COVID-19.” In: German Law Journal. Vol. 22, pp. 1072-1097. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1017/glj.2021.56. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
BOŠKOVIĆ, Marina; NENADIĆ, Svetlana. 2021. “Іmpact of COVID-19 pandemic on criminal justice systems accross Europe.” In: EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series (ECLIC). Vol. 5, pp. 263-290. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18307. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
MCCANN, Adam. 2020. “Virtual criminal justice and good governance during covid-19.” In: European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 225-229. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1163/22134514-00703001. Consultation date: 14/03/2022.
NOVIKOVA, Maria. 2020, June 25. How the coronavirus ended for the Criminal Code. Available online. In: https://yur-gazeta.com/publications/ practice/kriminalne-pravo-ta-proces/yak-dlya-kriminalnogo-kodeksu- koronavirus-zakinchivsya.html. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
OFFICE OF THE GENERAL PROSECUTOR OF UKRAINE. 2022. On registered criminal offenses and the results of their pre-trial investigation: statistics. Available online. In: https://gp.gov.ua/ua/posts/pro-zareyestrovani- kriminalni-pravoporushennya-ta-rezultati-yih-dosudovogo- rozsliduvannya-2. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
ORGANIZATIONFORSECURITYANDCO-OPERATIONINEUROPE(OSCE). 2020. OSCE human dimension commitments and state responses to the covid-19 pandemic. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/e/c/457567_0.pdf Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
PERŠAK, Nina. 2020. “COVID-19 and the social responses thereto: penal and criminological lessons, human rights and rule of law implications.” In: European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 3, No. 28, pp. 205-216. Available online. In: http://doi. org/10.1163/15718174-02803001. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
POPKO, Vadym. 2021. “Approximation of criminal law systems in the context of crime globalization.” In: Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law. Vol. 1, pp. 227-237. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32849/2663- 5313/2021.1.39. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
SARMIENTO, Daniel. 2021. “Europe’s judiciary at the crossroads.” In: The Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 3-6. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X21994338. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
SKOLNIK, Terry. 2020. “Criminal law during (and after) COVID-19” In: Manitoba Law Journal. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 145-179.
STOTT, Clifford; WEST, Owen; HARRISON, Mark. 2020. “A turning point, securitization, and policing in the context of Covid-19: building a new social contract between state and nation?” In: Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 574-578. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa021. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
TERPSTRA, Jan; DE MAILLARD, Jacques; SALET, Renze; ROCHE, Sebastian. 2021. “Policing the corona crisis: A comparison between France and the Netherlands.” In: International Journal of Police Science and Management. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 168-181. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.1177/1461355720980772. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
TURANJANIN, Veljko; RADULOVIĆ, Darko. 2020. “Coronavirus (COVID-19) and possibilities for criminal law reaction in Europe: a review.” In: Iranian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 49, No. 11, pp. 4-11. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49iS1.3664. Consultation date: 04/02/2022.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2020. Research brief: Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions on homicide and property crime. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/ documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Property_Crime_Brief_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 02/02/2022.
VARLAMOV, Yevheniy. 2022. Vaccination and pandemic in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights: Summing up the year 2021. Available online. In: https://www.echr.com.ua/vakcinaciya-ta-pandemiya-u- praktici-yespl-pidsumki-2021-roku/ Consultation date: 03/02/2022.
ZHURAVEL, Volodymyr; HETMAN, Yevhen; HYLYAKA, Oleh. 2021. Report on scientific activity of the National Academy of the Legal Sciences of Ukraine for the year 2020. Kharkiv, National Academy of the Legal Sciences of Ukraine.
Publicado
2022-07-05
Cómo citar
Tsyganii, S., Shyian, D., Diakur, M., Areshonkov, V., & Hospodarenko, V. (2022). Criminal Law Transformation in the Context of COVID-19: The Experience of the European Union and Ukraine: Transformación del Derecho Penal en el Contexto del Covid-19: La Experiencia de la Unión Europea y Ucrania. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.02
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