COVID - 19 and obesity: two - out - of - control pandemics
COVID 19 y obesidad: dos pandemias fuera de control
Keywords:
Obesity, COVID-19, inflammation
Abstract
Patients with obesity and in particular its complications such as diabetes and hypertension may be more likely to develop a more serious COVID-19 disease, requiring hospital admission and probable invasive ventilation. Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. Doctors must be aggressive in managing obese and covid-19 patients. An additional challenge for people with obesity during the current pandemic may involve vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.
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References
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Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hosp
AbdelMassih AF, Fouda R, Kamel A, et al. Single cell sequencing unraveling genetic basis of severe COVID19 in obesity. Obes Med. 2020;20:100303. doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100303
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020 May 1;11.
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Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GC, Yeoh YK, Li AY, Zhan H, Wan Y, Chung AC, Cheung CP, Chen N, Lai CK. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep 1;159(3):944-55
Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021;70:276-284.
Belančić A. Gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia - Additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity. Vol. 20, Obesity Medicine. Elsevier Ltd; 2020. p. 100302.
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020 May 1;11.
44. Tse GMK, To KF, Chan PKS, et al. Pulmonary pathological features in coronavirus associated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(3):260–265. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.013276
Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. The role of adipocytes and adipocyte‐like cells in the severity of COVID‐19 infections. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22856
Rehan VK, Torday JS. The lung alveolar lipofibroblast: an evolutionary strategy against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Antioxidants Redox Signal. 2014;21(13):1893–1904. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5793
El Agha E, Moiseenko A, Kheirollahi V, et al. Two-way conversion between lipogenic and myogenic fibroblastic phenotypes marks the progression and resolution of lung fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;20(2):261–273.e3. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.004
Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D and obesity: current perspectives and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015 May;74(2):115-24. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114001578. Epub 2014 Oct 31. PMID: 25359323.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988. PMID: 32252338; PMCID: PMC7231123.
Belderbos ME, Houben ML, Wilbrink B, Lentjes E, Bloemen EM, Kimpen JL, Rovers M, Bont L. Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2011 Jun;127(6):e1513-20. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3054. Epub 2011 May 9. PMID: 21555499.
Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;202:105719. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719
Giustina A. Re: Preventing a covid-19 pandemic Can high prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D play a role in the high impact of Covid infection in Italy? Published Online First: 20 March 2020. https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m810/rr-36 (accessed 20 Mar 2020).
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G. Panagiotou, S.A. Tee, Y. Ihsan, W. Athar, G. Marchitelli, D. Kelly, C.S. Boot, N. Stock, J. Macfarlane, A.R. Martineau, G. Burns, R. Quinton, Low serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity, Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). (2020), https:// doi.org/10.1111/cen.14276.
J.M. Mata-Granados, M.D. Luque de Castro, J.M. Quesada Gomez, Inappropriate serum levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in healthy Spanish adults: simultaneous assessment by HPLC, Clin. Biochem. 41 (2008) 676–680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2008.02.003.
J.M. Mata-Granados, J. Vargas-Vasserot, C. Ferreiro-Vera, M.D. Luque de Castro, R. G. Pavon, ´ J.M. Quesada Gomez, ´ Evaluation of vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) status and response to treatment of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) using an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121 (2010) 452–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.078
“Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study” - ScienceDirect [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076020302764/?oRef=mixi
Van Lancker, Wim, and Zachary Parolin. "COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making." The Lancet Public Health 5.5 (2020): e243-e244.
Friedman EA, Gostin LO, Maleche A, Nilo A, Foguito F, Rugege U, Stevenson S, Gitahi G, Ruano AL, Barry M, Hossain S. Global Health in the age of COVID-19: responsive health systems through a right to health fund. Health and Human Rights. 2020 Jun;22(1):199.
Molento MB. COVID-19 and the rush for self-medication and self-dosing with ivermectin: A word of caution. One Health. 2020 Dec;10:100148.
Andolfi C, Fisichella PM. Epidemiology of obesity and associated comorbidities. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 2018 Aug 1;28(8):919-24.
Heymsfield S.B., Wadden T.A. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376:254–266.
Chua M.W.J., Zheng S. Obesity and COVID-19: the clash of two pandemics. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.06.003.
Wu Z., McGoogan J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Zhou F. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–1062.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Hsieh YH, Lee JY, Chang HL. SARS epidemiology modeling. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(6):1165-1168. doi:10.3201/eid1006.031023
Zhou G, Yan G Severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1608–10
Lipsitch M, Cohen T, Cooper B, Robins JM, Ma S, James L, et al. Transmission dynamics and control of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003;300:1966–70 10.1126/science.1086616
Riley S, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Abu-Raddad LJ, Hedley AJ, et al. Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong: impact of public health interventions. Science. 2003;300:1961–6 10.1126/science.1086478.
Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1071. Published 2019 May 10.
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01071
Louie JK, Acosta M, Samuel MC, Schechter R, Vugia DJ, Harriman K, Matyas BT. A novel risk factor for a novel virus: obesity and 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):301-12.
COVID-NET. COVID-19 Hospitalizations by Selected Conditions [Internet]. CDC The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). 2021 [cited 2021 Jan 31]. Available from: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/covidnet/COVID19_5.html
Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hospital Admission. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 Jul 28 [cited 2021 Jan 31];71(15):896–7. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/15/896/5818333
Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, Labreuche J, Mathieu D, Pattou F, Jourdain M; LICORN and the Lille COVID-19 and Obesity study group. High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Jul;28(7):1195-1199. doi: 10.1002/oby.22831. Epub 2020 Jun 10. Erratum in: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Oct;28(10):1994. PMID: 32271993; PMCID: PMC7262326.
Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019‐nCoV [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2020;48:E004. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20200220-00105
Földi M, Farkas N, Kiss S, Zádori N, Váncsa S, Szakó L, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for developing critical condition in COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev [Internet]. 2020 Oct 19 [cited 2021 Jan 31];21(10):e13095. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/obr.13095
Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, Sterling S, Johnson D, Francois F, et al. Obesity in Patients Younger Than 60 Years Is a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Hosp
AbdelMassih AF, Fouda R, Kamel A, et al. Single cell sequencing unraveling genetic basis of severe COVID19 in obesity. Obes Med. 2020;20:100303. doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100303
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020 May 1;11.
Luo X, Zhu Y, Mao J, Du R. T cell immunobiology and cytokine storm of COVID‐19. Scand J Immunol [Internet]. 2020 Nov 25 [cited 2021 Jan 31];e12989. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sji.12989
Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GC, Yeoh YK, Li AY, Zhan H, Wan Y, Chung AC, Cheung CP, Chen N, Lai CK. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep 1;159(3):944-55
Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut 2021;70:276-284.
Belančić A. Gut microbiome dysbiosis and endotoxemia - Additional pathophysiological explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in obesity. Vol. 20, Obesity Medicine. Elsevier Ltd; 2020. p. 100302.
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, et al. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 2020 May 1;11.
44. Tse GMK, To KF, Chan PKS, et al. Pulmonary pathological features in coronavirus associated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(3):260–265. doi:10.1136/jcp.2003.013276
Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. The role of adipocytes and adipocyte‐like cells in the severity of COVID‐19 infections. Obesity. 2020. doi:10.1002/oby.22856
Rehan VK, Torday JS. The lung alveolar lipofibroblast: an evolutionary strategy against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Antioxidants Redox Signal. 2014;21(13):1893–1904. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5793
El Agha E, Moiseenko A, Kheirollahi V, et al. Two-way conversion between lipogenic and myogenic fibroblastic phenotypes marks the progression and resolution of lung fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell. 2017;20(2):261–273.e3. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.004
Pourshahidi LK. Vitamin D and obesity: current perspectives and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015 May;74(2):115-24. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114001578. Epub 2014 Oct 31. PMID: 25359323.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988. PMID: 32252338; PMCID: PMC7231123.
Belderbos ME, Houben ML, Wilbrink B, Lentjes E, Bloemen EM, Kimpen JL, Rovers M, Bont L. Cord blood vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2011 Jun;127(6):e1513-20. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3054. Epub 2011 May 9. PMID: 21555499.
Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;202:105719. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719
Giustina A. Re: Preventing a covid-19 pandemic Can high prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D play a role in the high impact of Covid infection in Italy? Published Online First: 20 March 2020. https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m810/rr-36 (accessed 20 Mar 2020).
Raharusun P, Priambada S, Budiarti C, et al. Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study. Published Online First: 26 April 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3585561
G. Panagiotou, S.A. Tee, Y. Ihsan, W. Athar, G. Marchitelli, D. Kelly, C.S. Boot, N. Stock, J. Macfarlane, A.R. Martineau, G. Burns, R. Quinton, Low serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity, Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). (2020), https:// doi.org/10.1111/cen.14276.
J.M. Mata-Granados, M.D. Luque de Castro, J.M. Quesada Gomez, Inappropriate serum levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels in healthy Spanish adults: simultaneous assessment by HPLC, Clin. Biochem. 41 (2008) 676–680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2008.02.003.
J.M. Mata-Granados, J. Vargas-Vasserot, C. Ferreiro-Vera, M.D. Luque de Castro, R. G. Pavon, ´ J.M. Quesada Gomez, ´ Evaluation of vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) status and response to treatment of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) using an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121 (2010) 452–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.078
“Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study” - ScienceDirect [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076020302764/?oRef=mixi
Published
2021-05-04
How to Cite
Bermudez Pirela, V. (2021). COVID - 19 and obesity: two - out - of - control pandemics: COVID 19 y obesidad: dos pandemias fuera de control. Revista Profesional HígadoSano, (20), 20-30. Retrieved from https://mail.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/higadosano/article/view/35799
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