Problems of legal guarantee of educational needs of national minorities
Problemas de la garantía legal de las necesidades educativas de las minorías nacionales
Keywords:
educational needs, national minorities, educational institutions, inclusive legislation, ethnopolitics
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the current international agreements, the Ukrainian legislation on ensuring the educational needs of its national minorities, the observance of their educational rights and their compliance with international standards. The study is conducted on the example of the educational needs of Gypsies, Poles and Hungarians. The materials and methods used made it possible to carry out analytical and research work, identify shortcomings and offer clear proposals for the legal regulation of the educational provision of national minorities. Also, a questionnaire survey was conducted among representatives of national minorities studying in educational institutions in Ukraine. The system of general philosophical and scientific methods was chosen as a methodological basis. It is concluded that, in general, Ukrainian legislation complies with international and European standards of minority education, because it contains rules and guarantees to ensure full understanding of the native language of the national minority and, in the broadest sense, the legislator managed to find a balance between national, moral and cultural interests of these groups of Ukrainian citizens.
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References
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AZEVEDO, João Pedro; HASAN, Amer; GOLDEMBERG, Diana; GEVEN, Koen; IGBAL, SyedahAroob. 2020. “Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates” In: The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 36, pp. 01-40.
BUTTERWORTH, Anna. 2019. “Issues in Roma Education: The Relationship between Language and the Educational Needs of Roma Students” In: Research in Teacher Education. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34-38.
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CSERVÁK, Csaba. 2018. “Ethnic minorities in Hungary” In: Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad. Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 339-352.
CZEPEK, Vita; KARSKA, Elzbieta. 2021. “Peace Agreements as International Legal Acts Protecting National Minorities: The Scope Ratione Personae” In: Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze. Vol. 26, pp. 75.
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES: АDOPTED BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 47/135. 1992. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ minorities.aspx. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
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HELAKORPI, Jenni; LAPPALAINEN, Sirpa; MIETOLA, Reetta. 2020. “Equality in the Making? Roma and Traveller Minority Policies and Basic Education in Three Nordic Countries” In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 52-69.
KARP, Dmitriy. 2018. “The Constitutional Law Status of National Minorities in the Modern Doctrine of Constitutionalism: Problems of Definition and Interpretation” In: Social Law. No. 2, pp. 170-174.
KICHERA, Nadiia. 2020. “Ensuring and Protecting the Rights of National Minorities in the Visegrad Countries (on the Example of Slovakia)” In: Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
KOEHLER, Claudia; SCHNEIDER, Jens. 2019. “Young Refugees in Education: The Particular Challenges of School Systems in Europe” In: Comparative Migration Studies. Vol. 7, No. 01. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
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LEGEA NATIONAL EDUCATION. 2011. Available online. In: https://ec.europa. eu/migrant-integration/library-document/law-no-12011-education_en. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LUKENDA, Anita; PAVLOVIĆ, Slavica. 2018. “Education of national minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a case of Roma people” In: Pedagogika. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
MARIUTS, Ilona. 2016. “Autonomy of European schools in the context of humanization of education” In: Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy. Vol. 2, pp. 50-64.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. About complete general secondary education Law of Ukraine No. 463-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/463-20#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2014. About higher education Law of Ukraine No. 1556-VII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1556-18#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. About professional (vocational and technical) education Law of Ukraine dated February 10, 1998 No. 103/98- VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/103/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING NATIONAL RIGHTS MINORITIES FOR EDUCATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE OCTOBER. 1996. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/0/1/32194_0.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA. 1991. Available online. In: https:// www.presidency.ro/en/the-constitution-of-romania. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY (VENICE COMMISSION). 2017. Opinion on the Provisions of the Law on Education of 5 September 2017 which concern the use of the State language and Minority and other languages in Education. Opinion No. 902 / 2017 CDL-AD (2017)030. Available online. In: https:// www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL- AD(2017)030-e Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES. 1994. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/ web/minorities/at-a-glance. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION. 2019. Statistics Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018. U.S. Department of Education. Available online. In: https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2019/2019038.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
TKACHENKO, Yevhenii; DAKHOVA, Iryna; ZAZULIAK, Zoriana. 2021. “The protection of the Rights of National Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Ukraine: Theory and Practice” In: Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 146-162.
TORONCHUK, Ivan; MARKOVSKYI, Volodymyr. 2018. “The implementation of the venice commission recommendations on the provision of the minorities language rights in the ukrainian legislation” In: European Journal of Law and Public Administration. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 54-69.
UNGUREANU, Laura. 2020. “Teaching Mathematics - Online versus Offline” In: Journal of Research in Educational Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
UNHCR. 2020. “Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020” Available online. In: https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VAN DEN BOGAERT, Sina. 2018. Segregation of Roma Children in Education: Addressing Structural Discrimination through the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC. Brill Publishing Martinus Nijhoff. Available online. In: https://brill.com/view/title/35750. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VULPE, Lorena. 2021. “Teachers’ Adaptability to Online Education during COVID-19” In: Journal of Educational Sciences. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 63- 78.
WILLIS, Craig. 2020. “An overview of the UK’s approach to ethnic data collection in the context of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities” In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 19, pp. 47-75. Available online. In: https://heinonline.org/HOL/ LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jemie2020&div=11&id=&page=. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. LAW OF UKRAINE. No. 254k/96-VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. The law of Ukraine“About education”.Available online. In: https://xn--80aagahqwyibe8an.com/ukrajiny-zakony/zakon-ukrajini-pro-osvituvidomosti-verhovnoji-2017-51849. html. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2000. Law of Ukraine “About out-of- school education” on June 22, 2000 № 1841-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1841-14?lang=en#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OFFICIAL WEB PORTAL OF THE PARLIAMENT OF UKRAINE. 2001. About preschool education. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2628-14#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
AZEVEDO, João Pedro; HASAN, Amer; GOLDEMBERG, Diana; GEVEN, Koen; IGBAL, SyedahAroob. 2020. “Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates” In: The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 36, pp. 01-40.
BUTTERWORTH, Anna. 2019. “Issues in Roma Education: The Relationship between Language and the Educational Needs of Roma Students” In: Research in Teacher Education. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34-38.
CSERNICSKÓ, István. 2020. “Ukraine’s International Obligations in the Field of Mother-Tongue-Medium Education of Minorities” In: Hungarian Journal of Minority Studies. Vol. 3, pp. 31-56.
CSERVÁK, Csaba. 2018. “Ethnic minorities in Hungary” In: Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad. Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 339-352.
CZEPEK, Vita; KARSKA, Elzbieta. 2021. “Peace Agreements as International Legal Acts Protecting National Minorities: The Scope Ratione Personae” In: Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze. Vol. 26, pp. 75.
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES: АDOPTED BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 47/135. 1992. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ minorities.aspx. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
GRABOWSKA, Barbara; ŁUKASZ, Kwadrans. 2020. “Language as an Element of Identity: Language of National Minorities in the Educational Systems of Belarus, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine” In: Kultura i Edukacja. Vol. 130, No. 4, pp. 43-59.
HELAKORPI, Jenni; LAPPALAINEN, Sirpa; MIETOLA, Reetta. 2020. “Equality in the Making? Roma and Traveller Minority Policies and Basic Education in Three Nordic Countries” In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 52-69.
KARP, Dmitriy. 2018. “The Constitutional Law Status of National Minorities in the Modern Doctrine of Constitutionalism: Problems of Definition and Interpretation” In: Social Law. No. 2, pp. 170-174.
KICHERA, Nadiia. 2020. “Ensuring and Protecting the Rights of National Minorities in the Visegrad Countries (on the Example of Slovakia)” In: Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
KOEHLER, Claudia; SCHNEIDER, Jens. 2019. “Young Refugees in Education: The Particular Challenges of School Systems in Europe” In: Comparative Migration Studies. Vol. 7, No. 01. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
KRASNOZHON, Neonila. 2019. “Main forms of Ukrainian and Latvian cooperation in humanitarian and cultural sphere in 1991-2018” In: Scientific Notes on Ukrainian History. No. 46, pp. 106-115. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.31470/2415-3567-2019-46-106-115. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LAURITZEN, Solvor; NODELAND, Tuva. 2018. “What is the problem represented to be?” Two decades of research on Roma and education in Europe” In: Educational Research Review. Vol. 24, pp. 148-169.
LEGEA NATIONAL EDUCATION. 2011. Available online. In: https://ec.europa. eu/migrant-integration/library-document/law-no-12011-education_en. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LUKENDA, Anita; PAVLOVIĆ, Slavica. 2018. “Education of national minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a case of Roma people” In: Pedagogika. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
MARIUTS, Ilona. 2016. “Autonomy of European schools in the context of humanization of education” In: Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy. Vol. 2, pp. 50-64.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. About complete general secondary education Law of Ukraine No. 463-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/463-20#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2014. About higher education Law of Ukraine No. 1556-VII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1556-18#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. About professional (vocational and technical) education Law of Ukraine dated February 10, 1998 No. 103/98- VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/103/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING NATIONAL RIGHTS MINORITIES FOR EDUCATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE OCTOBER. 1996. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/0/1/32194_0.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OPULATION BY ETHNICITY IN CENSUSES FROM 1930-2002, BY COUNTY. 2022. Available online. In: http://www.insse.ro/cms/fi les/RPL2002INS/vol4/ titluriv4.htm. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. 2019. National Cultural Autonomy and Linguistic Rights in Central and Eastern Europe. In: PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David J.; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities. Palgrave Macmillan UK. London, UK.
STATE STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF UKRAINE. 2001. PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL MINORITIES OF UKRAINE WHOSE LANGUAGES ARE THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2022. Available online. In: http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/ results/general/nationality/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA. 1991. Available online. In: https:// www.presidency.ro/en/the-constitution-of-romania. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY (VENICE COMMISSION). 2017. Opinion on the Provisions of the Law on Education of 5 September 2017 which concern the use of the State language and Minority and other languages in Education. Opinion No. 902 / 2017 CDL-AD (2017)030. Available online. In: https:// www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL- AD(2017)030-e Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES. 1994. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/ web/minorities/at-a-glance. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION. 2019. Statistics Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018. U.S. Department of Education. Available online. In: https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2019/2019038.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
TKACHENKO, Yevhenii; DAKHOVA, Iryna; ZAZULIAK, Zoriana. 2021. “The protection of the Rights of National Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Ukraine: Theory and Practice” In: Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 146-162.
TORONCHUK, Ivan; MARKOVSKYI, Volodymyr. 2018. “The implementation of the venice commission recommendations on the provision of the minorities language rights in the ukrainian legislation” In: European Journal of Law and Public Administration. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 54-69.
UNGUREANU, Laura. 2020. “Teaching Mathematics - Online versus Offline” In: Journal of Research in Educational Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
UNHCR. 2020. “Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020” Available online. In: https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VAN DEN BOGAERT, Sina. 2018. Segregation of Roma Children in Education: Addressing Structural Discrimination through the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC. Brill Publishing Martinus Nijhoff. Available online. In: https://brill.com/view/title/35750. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VULPE, Lorena. 2021. “Teachers’ Adaptability to Online Education during COVID-19” In: Journal of Educational Sciences. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 63- 78.
WILLIS, Craig. 2020. “An overview of the UK’s approach to ethnic data collection in the context of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities” In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 19, pp. 47-75. Available online. In: https://heinonline.org/HOL/ LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jemie2020&div=11&id=&page=. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. LAW OF UKRAINE. No. 254k/96-VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
Published
2023-03-04
How to Cite
Kovnyi , Y., Chornopyska, V., Mikhnevych, L., Peresh, I., & Hartman, M. (2023). Problems of legal guarantee of educational needs of national minorities: Problemas de la garantía legal de las necesidades educativas de las minorías nacionales. Political Questions, 41(76), 699-719. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.41
Section
Derecho Público
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