Problems of legal guarantee of educational needs of national minorities
Problemas de la garantía legal de las necesidades educativas de las minorías nacionales
Palabras clave:
necesidades educativas, minorías nacionales, instituciones educativas, legislación inclusiva, etnopolítica
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los acuerdos internacionales actuales, la legislación de Ucrania en cuanto a la garantía de las necesidades educativas de sus minorías nacionales, la observancia de sus derechos educativos y su conformidad con las normas internacionales. El estudio se realiza a partir del ejemplo de las necesidades educativas de los gitanos, los polacos y los húngaros. Los materiales y métodos utilizados permitieron realizar un trabajo de análisis e investigación, identificar las deficiencias y ofrecer propuestas claras para la regulación legal de la oferta educativa de las minorías nacionales. También, se realizó una encuesta por cuestionario entre los representantes de las minorías nacionales que estudian en centros educativos de Ucrania. Se eligió como base metodológica el sistema de métodos filosóficos y científicos generales. Se concluye que, en general, la legislación ucraniana cumple con las normas internacionales y europeas de la educación de las minorías, porque contiene normas y garantías para asegurar la plena comprensión de la lengua materna de la minoría nacional y, en el sentido más amplio, el legislador logró encontrar un equilibrio entre los intereses nacionales, morales y culturales de estos grupos de ciudadanos de Ucrania.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE. 2022. According to the analysis of the official website of the. Available online. In: https://mon.gov.ua/ua. Consultation date: 28/10/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. The law of Ukraine“About education”.Available online. In: https://xn--80aagahqwyibe8an.com/ukrajiny-zakony/zakon-ukrajini-pro-osvituvidomosti-verhovnoji-2017-51849. html. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2000. Law of Ukraine “About out-of- school education” on June 22, 2000 № 1841-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1841-14?lang=en#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OFFICIAL WEB PORTAL OF THE PARLIAMENT OF UKRAINE. 2001. About preschool education. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2628-14#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
AZEVEDO, João Pedro; HASAN, Amer; GOLDEMBERG, Diana; GEVEN, Koen; IGBAL, SyedahAroob. 2020. “Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates” In: The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 36, pp. 01-40.
BUTTERWORTH, Anna. 2019. “Issues in Roma Education: The Relationship between Language and the Educational Needs of Roma Students” In: Research in Teacher Education. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34-38.
CSERNICSKÓ, István. 2020. “Ukraine’s International Obligations in the Field of Mother-Tongue-Medium Education of Minorities” In: Hungarian Journal of Minority Studies. Vol. 3, pp. 31-56.
CSERVÁK, Csaba. 2018. “Ethnic minorities in Hungary” In: Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad. Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 339-352.
CZEPEK, Vita; KARSKA, Elzbieta. 2021. “Peace Agreements as International Legal Acts Protecting National Minorities: The Scope Ratione Personae” In: Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze. Vol. 26, pp. 75.
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES: АDOPTED BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 47/135. 1992. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ minorities.aspx. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
GRABOWSKA, Barbara; ŁUKASZ, Kwadrans. 2020. “Language as an Element of Identity: Language of National Minorities in the Educational Systems of Belarus, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine” In: Kultura i Edukacja. Vol. 130, No. 4, pp. 43-59.
HELAKORPI, Jenni; LAPPALAINEN, Sirpa; MIETOLA, Reetta. 2020. “Equality in the Making? Roma and Traveller Minority Policies and Basic Education in Three Nordic Countries” In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 52-69.
KARP, Dmitriy. 2018. “The Constitutional Law Status of National Minorities in the Modern Doctrine of Constitutionalism: Problems of Definition and Interpretation” In: Social Law. No. 2, pp. 170-174.
KICHERA, Nadiia. 2020. “Ensuring and Protecting the Rights of National Minorities in the Visegrad Countries (on the Example of Slovakia)” In: Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
KOEHLER, Claudia; SCHNEIDER, Jens. 2019. “Young Refugees in Education: The Particular Challenges of School Systems in Europe” In: Comparative Migration Studies. Vol. 7, No. 01. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
KRASNOZHON, Neonila. 2019. “Main forms of Ukrainian and Latvian cooperation in humanitarian and cultural sphere in 1991-2018” In: Scientific Notes on Ukrainian History. No. 46, pp. 106-115. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.31470/2415-3567-2019-46-106-115. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LAURITZEN, Solvor; NODELAND, Tuva. 2018. “What is the problem represented to be?” Two decades of research on Roma and education in Europe” In: Educational Research Review. Vol. 24, pp. 148-169.
LEGEA NATIONAL EDUCATION. 2011. Available online. In: https://ec.europa. eu/migrant-integration/library-document/law-no-12011-education_en. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LUKENDA, Anita; PAVLOVIĆ, Slavica. 2018. “Education of national minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a case of Roma people” In: Pedagogika. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
MARIUTS, Ilona. 2016. “Autonomy of European schools in the context of humanization of education” In: Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy. Vol. 2, pp. 50-64.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. About complete general secondary education Law of Ukraine No. 463-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/463-20#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2014. About higher education Law of Ukraine No. 1556-VII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1556-18#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. About professional (vocational and technical) education Law of Ukraine dated February 10, 1998 No. 103/98- VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/103/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING NATIONAL RIGHTS MINORITIES FOR EDUCATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE OCTOBER. 1996. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/0/1/32194_0.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OPULATION BY ETHNICITY IN CENSUSES FROM 1930-2002, BY COUNTY. 2022. Available online. In: http://www.insse.ro/cms/fi les/RPL2002INS/vol4/ titluriv4.htm. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. 2019. National Cultural Autonomy and Linguistic Rights in Central and Eastern Europe. In: PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David J.; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities. Palgrave Macmillan UK. London, UK.
STATE STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF UKRAINE. 2001. PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL MINORITIES OF UKRAINE WHOSE LANGUAGES ARE THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2022. Available online. In: http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/ results/general/nationality/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA. 1991. Available online. In: https:// www.presidency.ro/en/the-constitution-of-romania. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY (VENICE COMMISSION). 2017. Opinion on the Provisions of the Law on Education of 5 September 2017 which concern the use of the State language and Minority and other languages in Education. Opinion No. 902 / 2017 CDL-AD (2017)030. Available online. In: https:// www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL- AD(2017)030-e Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES. 1994. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/ web/minorities/at-a-glance. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION. 2019. Statistics Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018. U.S. Department of Education. Available online. In: https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2019/2019038.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
TKACHENKO, Yevhenii; DAKHOVA, Iryna; ZAZULIAK, Zoriana. 2021. “The protection of the Rights of National Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Ukraine: Theory and Practice” In: Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 146-162.
TORONCHUK, Ivan; MARKOVSKYI, Volodymyr. 2018. “The implementation of the venice commission recommendations on the provision of the minorities language rights in the ukrainian legislation” In: European Journal of Law and Public Administration. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 54-69.
UNGUREANU, Laura. 2020. “Teaching Mathematics - Online versus Offline” In: Journal of Research in Educational Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
UNHCR. 2020. “Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020” Available online. In: https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VAN DEN BOGAERT, Sina. 2018. Segregation of Roma Children in Education: Addressing Structural Discrimination through the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC. Brill Publishing Martinus Nijhoff. Available online. In: https://brill.com/view/title/35750. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VULPE, Lorena. 2021. “Teachers’ Adaptability to Online Education during COVID-19” In: Journal of Educational Sciences. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 63- 78.
WILLIS, Craig. 2020. “An overview of the UK’s approach to ethnic data collection in the context of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities” In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 19, pp. 47-75. Available online. In: https://heinonline.org/HOL/ LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jemie2020&div=11&id=&page=. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. LAW OF UKRAINE. No. 254k/96-VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. The law of Ukraine“About education”.Available online. In: https://xn--80aagahqwyibe8an.com/ukrajiny-zakony/zakon-ukrajini-pro-osvituvidomosti-verhovnoji-2017-51849. html. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2000. Law of Ukraine “About out-of- school education” on June 22, 2000 № 1841-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1841-14?lang=en#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OFFICIAL WEB PORTAL OF THE PARLIAMENT OF UKRAINE. 2001. About preschool education. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2628-14#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
AZEVEDO, João Pedro; HASAN, Amer; GOLDEMBERG, Diana; GEVEN, Koen; IGBAL, SyedahAroob. 2020. “Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates” In: The World Bank Research Observer. Vol. 36, pp. 01-40.
BUTTERWORTH, Anna. 2019. “Issues in Roma Education: The Relationship between Language and the Educational Needs of Roma Students” In: Research in Teacher Education. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 34-38.
CSERNICSKÓ, István. 2020. “Ukraine’s International Obligations in the Field of Mother-Tongue-Medium Education of Minorities” In: Hungarian Journal of Minority Studies. Vol. 3, pp. 31-56.
CSERVÁK, Csaba. 2018. “Ethnic minorities in Hungary” In: Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad. Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 339-352.
CZEPEK, Vita; KARSKA, Elzbieta. 2021. “Peace Agreements as International Legal Acts Protecting National Minorities: The Scope Ratione Personae” In: Bialostockie Studia Prawnicze. Vol. 26, pp. 75.
DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES: АDOPTED BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 47/135. 1992. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ minorities.aspx. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
GRABOWSKA, Barbara; ŁUKASZ, Kwadrans. 2020. “Language as an Element of Identity: Language of National Minorities in the Educational Systems of Belarus, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Ukraine” In: Kultura i Edukacja. Vol. 130, No. 4, pp. 43-59.
HELAKORPI, Jenni; LAPPALAINEN, Sirpa; MIETOLA, Reetta. 2020. “Equality in the Making? Roma and Traveller Minority Policies and Basic Education in Three Nordic Countries” In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 52-69.
KARP, Dmitriy. 2018. “The Constitutional Law Status of National Minorities in the Modern Doctrine of Constitutionalism: Problems of Definition and Interpretation” In: Social Law. No. 2, pp. 170-174.
KICHERA, Nadiia. 2020. “Ensuring and Protecting the Rights of National Minorities in the Visegrad Countries (on the Example of Slovakia)” In: Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
KOEHLER, Claudia; SCHNEIDER, Jens. 2019. “Young Refugees in Education: The Particular Challenges of School Systems in Europe” In: Comparative Migration Studies. Vol. 7, No. 01. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1186/s40878-019-0129-3. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
KRASNOZHON, Neonila. 2019. “Main forms of Ukrainian and Latvian cooperation in humanitarian and cultural sphere in 1991-2018” In: Scientific Notes on Ukrainian History. No. 46, pp. 106-115. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.31470/2415-3567-2019-46-106-115. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LAURITZEN, Solvor; NODELAND, Tuva. 2018. “What is the problem represented to be?” Two decades of research on Roma and education in Europe” In: Educational Research Review. Vol. 24, pp. 148-169.
LEGEA NATIONAL EDUCATION. 2011. Available online. In: https://ec.europa. eu/migrant-integration/library-document/law-no-12011-education_en. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
LUKENDA, Anita; PAVLOVIĆ, Slavica. 2018. “Education of national minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a case of Roma people” In: Pedagogika. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 241-251.
MARIUTS, Ilona. 2016. “Autonomy of European schools in the context of humanization of education” In: Bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy. Vol. 2, pp. 50-64.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. About complete general secondary education Law of Ukraine No. 463-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/463-20#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2014. About higher education Law of Ukraine No. 1556-VII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1556-18#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. About professional (vocational and technical) education Law of Ukraine dated February 10, 1998 No. 103/98- VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/103/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
HAGUE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING NATIONAL RIGHTS MINORITIES FOR EDUCATION AND EXPLANATORY NOTE OCTOBER. 1996. Available online. In: https://www.osce.org/files/f/ documents/0/1/32194_0.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
OPULATION BY ETHNICITY IN CENSUSES FROM 1930-2002, BY COUNTY. 2022. Available online. In: http://www.insse.ro/cms/fi les/RPL2002INS/vol4/ titluriv4.htm. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. 2019. National Cultural Autonomy and Linguistic Rights in Central and Eastern Europe. In: PRINA, Federica; SMITH, David J.; SANSUM, Judit Molnar. The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities. Palgrave Macmillan UK. London, UK.
STATE STATISTICS COMMITTEE OF UKRAINE. 2001. PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL MINORITIES OF UKRAINE WHOSE LANGUAGES ARE THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2022. Available online. In: http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/ results/general/nationality/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA. 1991. Available online. In: https:// www.presidency.ro/en/the-constitution-of-romania. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY (VENICE COMMISSION). 2017. Opinion on the Provisions of the Law on Education of 5 September 2017 which concern the use of the State language and Minority and other languages in Education. Opinion No. 902 / 2017 CDL-AD (2017)030. Available online. In: https:// www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL- AD(2017)030-e Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES. 1994. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/ web/minorities/at-a-glance. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION. 2019. Statistics Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018. U.S. Department of Education. Available online. In: https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2019/2019038.pdf. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
TKACHENKO, Yevhenii; DAKHOVA, Iryna; ZAZULIAK, Zoriana. 2021. “The protection of the Rights of National Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in Ukraine: Theory and Practice” In: Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 146-162.
TORONCHUK, Ivan; MARKOVSKYI, Volodymyr. 2018. “The implementation of the venice commission recommendations on the provision of the minorities language rights in the ukrainian legislation” In: European Journal of Law and Public Administration. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 54-69.
UNGUREANU, Laura. 2020. “Teaching Mathematics - Online versus Offline” In: Journal of Research in Educational Sciences. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
UNHCR. 2020. “Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020” Available online. In: https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VAN DEN BOGAERT, Sina. 2018. Segregation of Roma Children in Education: Addressing Structural Discrimination through the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Racial Equality Directive 2000/43/EC. Brill Publishing Martinus Nijhoff. Available online. In: https://brill.com/view/title/35750. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
VULPE, Lorena. 2021. “Teachers’ Adaptability to Online Education during COVID-19” In: Journal of Educational Sciences. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 63- 78.
WILLIS, Craig. 2020. “An overview of the UK’s approach to ethnic data collection in the context of the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities” In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol. 19, pp. 47-75. Available online. In: https://heinonline.org/HOL/ LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jemie2020&div=11&id=&page=. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. LAW OF UKRAINE. No. 254k/96-VR. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254. Consultation date: 28/09/2022.
Publicado
2023-03-04
Cómo citar
Kovnyi , Y., Chornopyska, V., Mikhnevych, L., Peresh, I., & Hartman, M. (2023). Problems of legal guarantee of educational needs of national minorities: Problemas de la garantía legal de las necesidades educativas de las minorías nacionales. Cuestiones Políticas, 41(76), 699-719. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.41
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