Cohesión y Conflicto de Elites en Democracias Deslegitimadas. El caso de Venezuela en los 1990s
Abstract
Desde la crisis financiera del año 2008 ha habido una revitalización de los estudios sobre las elites y su papel en el destino de las sociedades contemporáneas. Sin embargo, pocos de estos estudios han tendido el alcance y la profundidad de la teoría de Richard Lachmann, quien venía desarrollando su elite conflict theory desde los años 1990s. Con el objetivo de buscar contribuir a dicha teoría, en este artículo se analiza el caso de Venezuela en los 1990s. Este caso se caracterizó por una cohesión de elites políticas que resistió a las Reformas democratizadoras del Estado de principios de la década, en el contexto de la deslegitimación del sistema de democracia política. Dichas elites se vieron forzadas a la postre a ceder en ciertas áreas de las reformas, lo cual favoreció un conflicto intensificado entre ellas, lo que redundó en su derrota del escenario político y la caída del sistema de la democracia política iniciada en 1958. Al incorporar el contexto de una crisis de legitimación de la democracia, la contribución del artículo a la teoría del conflicto de elites, se centra en la dinámica entre cohesión, Reformas y conflicto de elites. Metodológicamente el artículo es analítico y se basa en estudios previos bien establecidos sobre el tema.
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References
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o KULISCHECK, M. & CANACHE, D. (1998) “Democratic Legitimacy and Political Change in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
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o LACHMANN, R. (2000) Capitalists in Spite of Themselves. Elite Conflict and Economic Transitions in Early Modern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
o LACHMANN, R. (2003) “Elite Self-Interest and Economic Decline in Early Modern Europe”. American Sociological Review. Volumen 68, Nro. 3, 346-372.
o LACHMANN, R. (2009) “Greed and Contingency: State Fiscal Crises and Imperial Failure in Early Modern Europe”. American Journal of Sociology, Volumen 115, Nro. 1, 39-73.
o LACHMANN, R. (2010) States and Power. Malden & Cambridge: Polity Press.
o LACHMANN, R. (2014) “Hegemons, Empires and Their Elites”. SOCIOLOGIA, PROBLEMAS E PRÁCTICAS. Nro. 75, 9-38.
o LACHMANN, R. (2020) First-Class Passengers on a Sinking Ship: Elite Politics and the Decline of Great Powers. London & New York: Verso.
o LACHMANN, R. & PICHARDO, N. A. (1994) “Making History from Above and Below: Elite and Popular Perspective on Politics”. Social Science History. Volumen 18, Nro. 4, 497-504.
o LALANDER, R. (2004) Suicide of the Elephants? Venezuelan Decentralization between Partyarchy and Chavismo. Helsinki: University of Helsinki – Stockholm University.
o LEVINE, D. H. (1998) “Beyond the Exhaustion of the model: Survival and Transformation of Democracy in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o LORA, E. (2007) “State Reform in Latin America: A Silent Revolution” en: LORA, E. (editor). The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington DC: The Inter-American Development Bank.
o LUCENA, T. (2003) “Las reformas del sistema electoral venezolano y sus consecuencias políticas: 1988-1998”. ALCEU. Volumen 3, Nro. 6, 245-265.
o MARTZ, J. (1998) “Deconstruction Versus Reconstruction: The Challenge to Venezuelan Parties” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores). Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o MACLEAN, M., HARVEY, C. & KLING, G. (2017) “Elite Business Networks and the Field of Power: A Matter of Class?”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 127-151.
o MOLINA, J. (1998) “Electoral Systems and Democratic Legitimacy in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o MOLINA, J. (2002) “The Presidential and Parliamentary Elections of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela: Change and Continuity (1998-2000)”. Bulletin of Latin American Research. Volumen 21, Nro. 2, 219-247.
o MOLINA, J. (2004) “The Unraveling of Venezuela’s Party System: From Party Rule to Personalistic Politics and Deinstitutionalization” en: MC COY, J. L & MYERS, D. J. (editores). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press.
o NAÍM, M. (1994) “Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform”. Journal of Democracy. Volumen 5, Nro. 4, 32-48.
o NICHOLS, G. & SAVAGE, M. (2917). “A Social Analysis of an Elite Constellation: The Case of Formula 1”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 201-225.
o PENFOLD, M. (2009) Dos tradiciones, un conflicto. El futuro de la descentralización. Caracas: Random House Mondadori.
o RIVERO, M. (2010) La rebelión de los náufragos Caracas: Editorial Alfa.
o ROMERO, A. (1997) “Rearranging the Deck Chairs of the Titanic: The Agony of Democracy in Venezuela”. Latin American Research Review. Volumen 32, Nro. 1, 7-36.
o SARTORI, G. (2005). Partido y sistemas de partidos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
o SETTEMBRINI, D. (2015) “Reformismo” en: BOBBIO, N; MATTEUCCI, N. & PASQUINO, G. (editores) Diccionario de política. México DF: Siglo veintiuno editores.
o SHIPMAN, A., EDMUNDS, J. & TURNER, B. S. 2018. The New Power Elite. Inequality, Politics and Greed. Anthem Press: New York.
o WEDEL, J. R. (2017) “From Power Elites to Influence Elites: Resetting Elite Studies for the 21st Century”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nro. 5-6, 153-178.
o BANDEIRA, P. (2015) “Las reformas del Estado en América Latina: Situación actual y retos.” Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo, Volumen 4, Nro. 1, 36-55.
o BOTTOMORE, T. (1993). Elites and Society. Routledge: London and New York.
o BECKER, H. (2009) Trucos del oficio. Cómo conducir su investigación en ciencias sociales. Buenos Aires: Siglo veintiuno editores.
o BRESSER-PEREIRA, L. C. (1998) “La reforma del Estado en los años noventa. Lógica y mecanismos de control”. Desarrollo económico, Volumen 38, Nro. 150, 517-550.
o COPPEDGE, M. (1994) Strong Parties and Lame Ducks. Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
o CRISP, B. F. (1996) “The Rigidity of Democratic Institutions and the Current Legitimacy Crisis in Venezuela”. Latin American Perspectives, Volumen 23, Nro. 3, 30-49.
o CRISP, B. F. (1998) “Institutional Design and Compromised Legitimacy” en CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o CRISP, B. F. & LEVINE, D. H. 1998. “Democratizing the Democracy? Crisis and Reform in Venezuela”. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Volumen 40, Nro. 2, 27-61.
o DAVIS, A. & WILLIAMS, K. “Introduction: Elites and Power after Financialization”. Theory, Culture & Society, Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 3-26.
o DE LA CRUZ, R. (2004) “Decentralization. Key to Understanding a Changing Nation” en: MC COY, J. L. & MYERS, D. J. (editores). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press.
o DI JOHN, J. (2009) From Windfall to Curse? Oil and Industrialization in Venezuela, 1920 to the Present. University Park-PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
o FOURCADE-GOURINCHAS, M. & BABB, S. (2002) “The Rebirth of the Neoliberal Creed: Paths to Neoliberalism in Four Countries”. American Journal of Sociology. Volumen 108, Nro. 3, 533-579.
o FRIEDMAN, S. & REEVES, A. (2020). “From Aristocratic to Ordinary: Shifting Modes of Elite Distinction”. American Sociological Review. Volumen 85, Nro. 2, 323-350.
o FROUD, J., JOHAL, S., MORAN, M. & WILLIAMS, K. (2017). “Outsourcing the State. New Sources of Elite Power”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 77-101.
o GATES, L. (2010) Electing Chávez. Pittsburgh-PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
o GAUNA, A. (2017) “Revisiting the issue of democratic deterioration in Venezuela, 1974-1998”. Journal of Politics in Latin America. Volumen 9, Nro. 1, 33-58.
o GIL, J. A. (2004) “Public Opinion, Political Socialization, and Regime Stabilization” en: MC COY, J. L & MYERS, D. J. (editores) The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press.
o GÓMEZ CALCAÑO, L. (1998). “Civic Organization and Reconstruction of Democratic Legitimacy in Venezuela.” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o GÓMEZ CALCAÑO, L. & LÓPEZ MAYA, M. (1990) El tejido de Penélope. La Reforma del Estado en Venezuela. Caracas: CENDES-UCV.
o GONZÁLEZ, R. A. & MASCAREÑO, C. (2004) “Decentralization and the Restructuring of Politics in Venezuela” en: TULCHIN, J. S. & SELEE, A. (editores) Decentralization and Democratic Governance in Latin America. Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
o HAGGARD, S. & KAUFMANN, R. (1989) “The Politics of Stabilization and Structural Adjustment” en: SACHS, J (editor) Developing Country Debt and the World Economy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
o HAGGARD, S. & KAUFMANN, R. (1992) “The State in the Initiation and Consolidation of Market-Oriented Reform” En: PUTTERMAN, L & RUESCHEMEYER, D. (editores) State and Market in Development: Synergy or Rivalry? Boulder-CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
o HARTMANN, M. (2006) The Sociology of Elites. Routledge: London and New York.
o KAILITZ, S. & STOCKEMER, D. (2017). “Regime legitimation, elite cohesion and the durability of autocratic regime types”. International Political Science Review. Volumen 38, Nro.3, 332-348.
o KORBLITH, M. (1998). “Legitimacy and the Reform Agenda in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o KULISCHECK, M. & CANACHE, D. (1998) “Democratic Legitimacy and Political Change in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o LACHMANN, R. (1990). “Class Formation without Class Struggle: An Elite Conflict Theory of the Transition to Capitalism”. American Sociological Review. Volumen 55, Nro. 3, 398-414.
o LACHMANN, R. (2000) Capitalists in Spite of Themselves. Elite Conflict and Economic Transitions in Early Modern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
o LACHMANN, R. (2003) “Elite Self-Interest and Economic Decline in Early Modern Europe”. American Sociological Review. Volumen 68, Nro. 3, 346-372.
o LACHMANN, R. (2009) “Greed and Contingency: State Fiscal Crises and Imperial Failure in Early Modern Europe”. American Journal of Sociology, Volumen 115, Nro. 1, 39-73.
o LACHMANN, R. (2010) States and Power. Malden & Cambridge: Polity Press.
o LACHMANN, R. (2014) “Hegemons, Empires and Their Elites”. SOCIOLOGIA, PROBLEMAS E PRÁCTICAS. Nro. 75, 9-38.
o LACHMANN, R. (2020) First-Class Passengers on a Sinking Ship: Elite Politics and the Decline of Great Powers. London & New York: Verso.
o LACHMANN, R. & PICHARDO, N. A. (1994) “Making History from Above and Below: Elite and Popular Perspective on Politics”. Social Science History. Volumen 18, Nro. 4, 497-504.
o LALANDER, R. (2004) Suicide of the Elephants? Venezuelan Decentralization between Partyarchy and Chavismo. Helsinki: University of Helsinki – Stockholm University.
o LEVINE, D. H. (1998) “Beyond the Exhaustion of the model: Survival and Transformation of Democracy in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o LORA, E. (2007) “State Reform in Latin America: A Silent Revolution” en: LORA, E. (editor). The State of State Reform in Latin America. Washington DC: The Inter-American Development Bank.
o LUCENA, T. (2003) “Las reformas del sistema electoral venezolano y sus consecuencias políticas: 1988-1998”. ALCEU. Volumen 3, Nro. 6, 245-265.
o MARTZ, J. (1998) “Deconstruction Versus Reconstruction: The Challenge to Venezuelan Parties” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores). Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o MACLEAN, M., HARVEY, C. & KLING, G. (2017) “Elite Business Networks and the Field of Power: A Matter of Class?”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 127-151.
o MOLINA, J. (1998) “Electoral Systems and Democratic Legitimacy in Venezuela” en: CANACHE, D. y KULISCHECK, M. (editores) Reinventing Legitimacy. Democracy and Political Change in Venezuela. Westport & London: Greenwood Press.
o MOLINA, J. (2002) “The Presidential and Parliamentary Elections of the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela: Change and Continuity (1998-2000)”. Bulletin of Latin American Research. Volumen 21, Nro. 2, 219-247.
o MOLINA, J. (2004) “The Unraveling of Venezuela’s Party System: From Party Rule to Personalistic Politics and Deinstitutionalization” en: MC COY, J. L & MYERS, D. J. (editores). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press.
o NAÍM, M. (1994) “Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform”. Journal of Democracy. Volumen 5, Nro. 4, 32-48.
o NICHOLS, G. & SAVAGE, M. (2917). “A Social Analysis of an Elite Constellation: The Case of Formula 1”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nros. 5-6, 201-225.
o PENFOLD, M. (2009) Dos tradiciones, un conflicto. El futuro de la descentralización. Caracas: Random House Mondadori.
o RIVERO, M. (2010) La rebelión de los náufragos Caracas: Editorial Alfa.
o ROMERO, A. (1997) “Rearranging the Deck Chairs of the Titanic: The Agony of Democracy in Venezuela”. Latin American Research Review. Volumen 32, Nro. 1, 7-36.
o SARTORI, G. (2005). Partido y sistemas de partidos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
o SETTEMBRINI, D. (2015) “Reformismo” en: BOBBIO, N; MATTEUCCI, N. & PASQUINO, G. (editores) Diccionario de política. México DF: Siglo veintiuno editores.
o SHIPMAN, A., EDMUNDS, J. & TURNER, B. S. 2018. The New Power Elite. Inequality, Politics and Greed. Anthem Press: New York.
o WEDEL, J. R. (2017) “From Power Elites to Influence Elites: Resetting Elite Studies for the 21st Century”. Theory, Culture & Society. Volumen 34, Nro. 5-6, 153-178.
Published
2023-06-27
How to Cite
Gauna Peralta, A. (2023). Cohesión y Conflicto de Elites en Democracias Deslegitimadas. El caso de Venezuela en los 1990s. Espacio Abierto, 32(2), 256-277. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8075490
Section
Semestre.
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