One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in the city of Guayaquil: Evidence of Municipal Response and the Socio-economic Impact
Keywords:
socio-economic status, pandemic, vulnerable areas, Guayaquil, COVID-19
Abstract
The objective of this article is to monitor the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on the most vulnerable areas of Guayaquil one year after the start of the pandemic and to point out areas that remain vulnerable for future social linkage projects. The survey was used for the” EPICO-ECOTEC” Project, validated by expert judgment and the average score using Cronbach's alpha. Additionally, a description of the questions and contingency tables were made for better proactive decisions. In this way, this article recommends developing a System of Public Policies from the local level to face the consequences of inequity and the problems of sustainable human development due to COVID-19.
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References
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Duarte, A., Walker, S., Metry, A., Wong, R., Panovska-Griffiths, J., & Sculpher, M. (2021). Jointly Modelling Economics and Epidemiology to Support Public Policy Decisions for the COVID-19 Response: A Review of UK Studies. PharmacoEconomics, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01045-2
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Grasselli, M. R. (2021). Monetary Policy Responses to Covid-19: A Comparison with the 2008 Crisis and Implications for the Future of Central Banking. Review of Political Economy, 1-26.https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1908778
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Ho, L. T., & Gan, C. (2021). Foreign direct investment and world pandemic uncertainty index: Do health pandemics matter?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030107
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Michl, T. R. (2021). Notes on Covid-19, Potential GDP, and Hysteresis, Review of Political Economy, 33:3, 480-486, https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1911478
Mugaloglu, E., Polat, A.Y., Tekin, H. and Kılıç, E. (2021), "Assessing the impact of Covid -19 pandemic in Turkey with a novel economic uncertainty index", Journal of Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2021-0081
Neha, & Kumar, K. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on food security and income of women farmers in South and Southeast Asia. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 10(2), 269–271. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.013
Noboa-Salazar, J., Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Repensando el Desarrollo Sostenible en el territorio. Revista Científica RES NON VERBA, 11 (1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.21855/resnonverba.v11i1.500
Orden, D. (2021). Agrifood markets and support in the United States after 1 year of COVID‐19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 69(2), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12278
Oreffice, S., & Quintana-Domeque, C. (2021). Gender inequality in COVID-19 times: Evidence from UK Prolific participants. Journal of Demographic Economics, 87(2), 261-287. https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2021.2
Ortega-Santos, C. E., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). Impacto socioeconómico causado por la Covid-19 en zonas vulnerables de Guayaquil a un año de la pandemia. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 8(4), 60–83. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.82.563
Pan, K., & Yue, X. G. (2021). Multidimensional effect of covid-19 on the economy: evidence from survey data. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1903333
Sed’a, P., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., Márquez-Sánchez, F., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). Estudio del Impacto de la Ayuda Humanitaria en crisis sanitaria por COVID-19. En Vergara-Romero, A. (Comp.). Políticas Públicas para el Desarrollo Local Sostenible. Universidad Ecotec.
Sorhegui-Ortega, R.; Vergara-Romero, A.; Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Economía post- crecimiento: una visión de múltiples perspectivas teóricas. Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina, 9(2), 209-223.
http://www.revflacso.uh.cu/index.php/EDS/article/view/565
Souto-Anido, L., Vergara-Romero, A., Marrero-Anciza, Y., & Márquez-Sánchez, F. (2020). Incidencia de la Gestión de los Recursos Humanos en los resultados Organizacionales: ¿mito o realidad?. GECONTEC: Revista Internacional de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, 8(1), 1-23. https://upo.es/revistas/index.php/gecontec/article/view/5410
SRI. (2022). Servicio de Rentas Internas. Recuperado de https://www.sri.gob.ec/estadisticas-generales-de-recaudacion-sri
Su, C. W., Dai, K., Ullah, S., & Andlib, Z. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment dynamics in European economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1912627
Vergara-Romero, A., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Macas Acosta, G. (2020). Diagnóstico del impacto socioeconómico de la ayuda humanitaria en la crisis sanitaria por el covid-19: validez de un instrumento. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 7(5), 76-93. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.75.421
Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2020). Factores de desarrollo local desde el enfoque de la gestión organizativa. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 11(31), 86-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.07
Willis Towers Watson. (2021). Encuesta 2021 Global Medical Trends, Resultados de Latinoamérica. https://www.willistowerswatson.com/es-CL/Insights/2020/11/encuesta- 2021-global-medical-trends
BCE (2021). Estadisticas macroeconómicas, Presentación coyuntural (Mayo 2021). https://contenido.bce.fin.ec//documentos/Estadisticas/SectorReal/Previsiones/IndCoyuntur a/EstMacro052021.pdf
Coelho, G. L. D., Hanel, P. H., Vilar, R., Monteiro, R. P., Cardoso, F. J. V., & Gouveia, V. V. (2021). Who prioritizes the economy over health? The role of political orientation and human values. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110890
Dai, R., Feng, H., Hu, J., Jin, Q., Li, H., Wang, R., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). The impact of COVID- 19 on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Evidence from two-wave phone surveys in China. China Economic Review, 67, 101607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101607
Dang, H. A. H., & Nguyen, C. V. (2021). Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss. World Development, 140, 105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105296
Duarte, A., Walker, S., Metry, A., Wong, R., Panovska-Griffiths, J., & Sculpher, M. (2021). Jointly Modelling Economics and Epidemiology to Support Public Policy Decisions for the COVID-19 Response: A Review of UK Studies. PharmacoEconomics, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01045-2
Fang, J., Collins, A., & Yao, S. (2021). On the global COVID-19 pandemic and China’s FDI. Journal of Asian Economics, 74, 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101300
Grasselli, M. R. (2021). Monetary Policy Responses to Covid-19: A Comparison with the 2008 Crisis and Implications for the Future of Central Banking. Review of Political Economy, 1-26.https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1908778
Gupta, J., Bavinck, M., Ros-Tonen, M., Asubonteng, K., Bosch, H., van Ewijk, E., ... & Verrest, H. (2021). COVID-19, poverty and inclusive development. World Development, 145, 105527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105527
Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Jimber del Rio, J.A., Ibañez Fernández, A., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the Catholic King. Heritage Science, 9(52), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00525-0
Ho, L. T., & Gan, C. (2021). Foreign direct investment and world pandemic uncertainty index: Do health pandemics matter?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030107
INEC (2021). Encuesta Nacional De Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU), Indicadores de Pobreza y Desigualdad, Diciembre 2020. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/POBREZA/2020/Diciembre- 2020/202012_PobrezayDesigualdad.pdf
James, D., Bowness, E., Robin, T., McIntyre, A., Dring, C., Desmarais, A., & Wittman, H. (2021). Dismantling and rebuilding the food system after COVID-19. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 10(2), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.019
Jawad, M., Maroof, Z., & Naz, M. (2021). Impact of pandemic COVID‐19 on global economies (a seven‐scenario analysis). Managerial and Decision Economics, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3337
Kaplan, S., Lefler, J., & Zilberman, D. (2020). The political economy of COVID-19. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13164
Langley, P. (2021). Economy and society in COVID times, Economy and Society, 50:2, 149- 157, https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2021.1900653
Mehlum, H., & Torvik, R. (2021). The macroeconomics of COVID-19: a two-sector interpretation. Review of Keynesian Economics, 9(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.02.02
Michl, T. R. (2021). Notes on Covid-19, Potential GDP, and Hysteresis, Review of Political Economy, 33:3, 480-486, https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1911478
Mugaloglu, E., Polat, A.Y., Tekin, H. and Kılıç, E. (2021), "Assessing the impact of Covid -19 pandemic in Turkey with a novel economic uncertainty index", Journal of Economic Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-02-2021-0081
Neha, & Kumar, K. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on food security and income of women farmers in South and Southeast Asia. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 10(2), 269–271. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.102.013
Noboa-Salazar, J., Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Repensando el Desarrollo Sostenible en el territorio. Revista Científica RES NON VERBA, 11 (1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.21855/resnonverba.v11i1.500
Orden, D. (2021). Agrifood markets and support in the United States after 1 year of COVID‐19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 69(2), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12278
Oreffice, S., & Quintana-Domeque, C. (2021). Gender inequality in COVID-19 times: Evidence from UK Prolific participants. Journal of Demographic Economics, 87(2), 261-287. https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2021.2
Ortega-Santos, C. E., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). Impacto socioeconómico causado por la Covid-19 en zonas vulnerables de Guayaquil a un año de la pandemia. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 8(4), 60–83. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.82.563
Pan, K., & Yue, X. G. (2021). Multidimensional effect of covid-19 on the economy: evidence from survey data. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1903333
Sed’a, P., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., Márquez-Sánchez, F., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). Estudio del Impacto de la Ayuda Humanitaria en crisis sanitaria por COVID-19. En Vergara-Romero, A. (Comp.). Políticas Públicas para el Desarrollo Local Sostenible. Universidad Ecotec.
Sorhegui-Ortega, R.; Vergara-Romero, A.; Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Economía post- crecimiento: una visión de múltiples perspectivas teóricas. Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina, 9(2), 209-223.
http://www.revflacso.uh.cu/index.php/EDS/article/view/565
Souto-Anido, L., Vergara-Romero, A., Marrero-Anciza, Y., & Márquez-Sánchez, F. (2020). Incidencia de la Gestión de los Recursos Humanos en los resultados Organizacionales: ¿mito o realidad?. GECONTEC: Revista Internacional de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, 8(1), 1-23. https://upo.es/revistas/index.php/gecontec/article/view/5410
SRI. (2022). Servicio de Rentas Internas. Recuperado de https://www.sri.gob.ec/estadisticas-generales-de-recaudacion-sri
Su, C. W., Dai, K., Ullah, S., & Andlib, Z. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment dynamics in European economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1912627
Vergara-Romero, A., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Macas Acosta, G. (2020). Diagnóstico del impacto socioeconómico de la ayuda humanitaria en la crisis sanitaria por el covid-19: validez de un instrumento. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 7(5), 76-93. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.75.421
Vergara-Romero, A., Sorhegui-Ortega, R. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2020). Factores de desarrollo local desde el enfoque de la gestión organizativa. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 11(31), 86-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.07
Willis Towers Watson. (2021). Encuesta 2021 Global Medical Trends, Resultados de Latinoamérica. https://www.willistowerswatson.com/es-CL/Insights/2020/11/encuesta- 2021-global-medical-trends
Published
2022-05-06
How to Cite
Vergara-Romero, A., Márquez-Sánchez, F., Sorhegui-Ortega, R., & Ochoa-Rico, M.-S. (2022). One Year after the COVID-19 Pandemic in the city of Guayaquil: Evidence of Municipal Response and the Socio-economic Impact. Journal of the University of Zulia , 13(37), 321-346. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.37.21
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