Regional spending and economic growth in Peru, 1999-2020
Keywords:
Decentralization, economic growth, social inequality, public spending
Abstract
The article aims to prove that fiscal decentralization on the side of regional spending has an effect on economic growth. For this purpose, the pooled regression with ordinary least squares (OLS) is used as an estimation method based on panel data analysis, which includes 24 regions and the study period 1999-2020; it is analyzed with two dependent variables: economic growth and intra-regional inequality. Results: in the first case, there is little clarity to affirm the existence of regional economic convergence, but it is in line with Oates (1993), where spending contributes to economic growth under the response capacities of local institutions that generate well-being. When performing the analysis of inequality between the regions, a divergence between the Lima-Callao region and the rest of the regions is observed; in this case, incorporating capital spending in the short and long term reveals the existence of conditional convergence; The employed population with higher education contributes to these results, therefore, there is evidence of conditional economic convergence in the long term.
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References
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Angeles, Salazar, Sandoval (2019). “Federalismo Fiscal y su efeto en el crecimiento y la distribución de ingresos” Gestión y Política Pública Vol XXVII Num 1 Primer Semestre 2019
Asatryan, Feld and Geys (2015). “Partial Fiscal Decentralization and Sub-National Government Fiscal Discipline: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries”, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute. Munich.
Aschauer, D. (1989). “Is public expenditure productive? Journal of Monetary Economics”, 23(2), 177-200
Baldacci, E., Clements, B., Gupta, S., Cui, Q. (2008). Social spending, human capital, and growth in developing countries. World development, 36(8), 1317-1341.
Barro, R. J. (1990). “Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. The Journal of Political Economy”, 98(5), Part 2: The problem of development: A conference of Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems, S103-S125.
Barro, R. y X. Sala-i-Martín (1991). “Convergence across states and regions”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 107-182
Barro, R. y X. Sala-i-Martín, (1992). “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223- 251.
Barro, Robert (1995). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 106, Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995.
Bascaran, T. &Feld, L. (2013). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in OECD countries: Is there a relationship? Public Finance Review, 41 (4), 421-445
BID (2017). “Descentralización Fiscal y Disparidades Regionales en América Latina”
Break, G. F. (1980). “Financing Goverment in a Federal System”. Washington, D.C., the Brooking Institution.
Buchanan J. (1950). “Federalism and Fiscal Equity” American Economic Review
Buchanan J. and Tollison R.D. (1972). “Theory of Public Choice”, University Michigan Press
Cameron, A.C. y P.K. Trivedi (2009). Microeconometrics Using Stata, College Station: Stata Press
Carranza y Tuesta, (2003). Consideraciones para una descentralización fiscal: Pautas para la experiencia peruana, BCRP Lima.
Chatterji, M., 1992, “Convergence clubs and endogenous growth”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 8 (4), 57-69
Cohen, J. M. y S. B. Peterson. (1996). “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of decentralization”. 24. Cambridge, MA Harvard Institute for International Development.
Davoodi H, Zou HF (1998). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth: a cross-country study. J Urban Econ 43(2):244–257
Douglass C. North (1955). “La teoría de la Localización y el Crecimiento Económico Regional”, traducido del Journal of Political Economy, ILPES
EVALUACIÓN DEL PROCESO DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN (Integración-Instituto de Análisis y Comunicación) http://www.integracion.pe/regionalizacion-busca-norte/
Gachter, S., Mengel, F., Tsakas, E., y Vostroknutov, A. (2017). Growth and inequality in public good provision. Journal of Public Economics, 150, 1-13.
Gravriluta, Onofrei, Cigu, (2020), Fiscal Decentralization and Inequality: An Analysis on Romanian Regions. Ekonomicky casopis, 68, 2020.
Guillen L., (2013). Crecimiento y Convergencia Economica: Una revisión para Colombia. Dimens empres – Vol 11 N° 1 2013 pag 61-76
Hanif, Wallace and Gago de Santos, (2020), “Economic Growth by Means of Fiscal Decentralization: An Empirical Study for Federal Developing Countries”, SAGE, 2020.
Hausman, J.A. (1978), “Specification Test in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), pp. 1251 - 1271
Herwartz, H., y Theilen, B. (2017). Ideology and redistribution through public spending. European Journal of Political Economy, 46, 74-90.
Hochman, Pines & Thisse, (1995). “On the Optimal Structure Of Local Governments”. American Economic Review.
Hoffman, M., Le´on, G., y Lombardi, M. (2017). Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 103-115.
Jaramillo Pérez, Iván. (2007). El Sistema Nacional de Financiamiento de las Entidades Territoriales. Fedesarrollo. Consulta realizada en Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Bogotá, Colombia
Jianing Zang & Llangliang, (2019). Fiscal decentralization, government environmental preference, and regional environmental overnance efficiency: evidence from China https://scholar.google.es/scholar?hl=es&as_sdt=0%2C5&=Fiscal+decentralization%2C+government+environmental+preference%2C+and+regional+environmental+overnance+efficie ncy%3A+evidence+from+China&btnG=
Lin y Liu (2000), Fiscal “Decentralization and Economic Growth in China*”, Economic Developmment and Cultural Change, University of Chicago, V49, N°01 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/452488
Lucas, R. (1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), pp. 3-42.
Maiza, A., y Bustillo, R. (2016). Reformas sociales en China: 2016-2020. Problemas del Desarrollo, 47(187), 9-35
Martínez-Vazquez, J.,&McNab, R. (2003). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth. World Development, 31 (9), 1597-1616
Mastromatteo, G., y Russo, F. F. (2017). Inequality and Charity. World Development, 136- 144
Muñoz A., Pineda E., (2017), “Descentralización fiscal y disparidades regionales en America Latina”, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Musgrave, R. A. (1959), “The theory of public finance a study in public economics”, Tokyo
Musgrave, R.A. (1968), “Teoría de la Hacienda Pública”, Aguilar, Madrid
Navarrete, J. E. (2016). ¿Desigualdad y crecimiento? Econom´ıa UNAM, 13(37), 45-73.
Oates W.E. (1977) “Federalismo Fiscal”, Instituto de Estudios de Administracion Local, Madrid
Oates, W. E. (1993) “Fiscal decentralization and economic development”, National Tax Journal, 46, pp. 237-243
Oates, W.E. (1972), “Fiscal Federalism”, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York
Oates, W.E. (1999) “An Essay on Fiscal Federalism”, Journal of Economic Literature 37(2), 1120-1149
OECD Territorial Reviews: Perú (2016). https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and- regional-development/oecd-territorial-reviews-peru-2016_9789264262904-en#page8
Piffano, H.L.P., J. Sanguinetti y A. Zentner (1988), “Las finanzas provinciales y el ciclo económico”, documento de trabajo 3, Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Institucional.
Piketty, T., Saez, E. & Zucman, G. (2017). “Distributional national accounts: methods and estimates for the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics”, 133(2), 553-609.
Porto, A. (2004), “Disparidades Regionales y Federalismo Fiscal” Universidad Nacional de La Plata Argentina
Porto, A. y varios (2016), “Transferencias, intergubernamentales y disparidades fiscales a nivel subnacional en Argentina”, BID
Porto, A., (2019), “Disparidades Fiscales Caso Brasil”.
Porto, A., Pineda y Eguino 2018, “Descentralización y Autonomía Fiscal Subnacional en América Latina”.
Prud’homme, Rémy (1995), “The Dangers of Decentralizatión”, The World Bank Research Observer
Putu Ida., Maryunani, Ananda and Santoso, (2019), The implications of fiscal decentralization and budget governance on economic capacity and community welfare. FORESIGHT Vol 21 N° 2, 2019 pp 227-249
Ray, D. (2002). Economía del desarrollo. (A. B. Editor, Ed.) Barcelona, España Robert J. Barro, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, (2009). “Crecimiento Económico”, Ed Reverté Rodden, Jonathan (2003a). “Federalism and Bailouts in Brazil”, en Rodden, Jonathan; Gunar Eskeland y Jennie Litvack (editores). Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard
Budget Constraints, capítulo 7. Cambridge, Massachussets: The MIT Press, pp. 213-48.
Rodden, Jonathan; Gunar Eskeland Y Jennie Litvack (editores) (2003b). Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints. Cambridge, Massachussets: The MIT Press
Rodriguez-Pose, A.,& Ezcurra, R. (2011). Is fiscal decentralizatión harmful for economic growth? Evidence from the OECD countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 11 (4), 619-643.
Romer, P.M. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), pp. 1002-1037.
Romer, P.M. (1990), “Endogenous Technical Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102.
Rondinelli, DA, GS. Cheema (1983) Decentralization and Development: Policy Implementation in developing Countries. Sage Publications, London
Samanamud, Enrique, (2017), “análisis de equidad horizontal de las transferencias fiscales en el Perú”, Finanz. polit. econ., ISSN: 2248-6046, Vol. 9, No. 2, julio-diciembre, 2017, pp. 265-299
Solow, R. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), pp. 65-94
Swan, T. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32(2), pp. 334-361
Tello, Mario D. (2006). “Las teorías del Desarrollo Económico Local y la Teoría y Práctica del Proceso de Descentralización en los Países en Desarrollo”. Centrum PUCP
Tello, Mario D. (2008). “Desarrollo económico local, descentralización y cluster: teoría, evidencia y aplicaciones”
Tello, Mario D. (2010), “Del desarrollo económico nacional al desarrollo local: aspectos teóricos”, revista CEPAL 102.
Thiessen, U. (2003). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in high-income OECD Countries. Fiscal studies, 24 (3), 237-274
Thirlwall, A.P. (2006), “Growth and Development: With Special References to Developing Economies”, Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tiebout. C. (1956), “A pure Theory of Local Public Expenditures”, Journal of Political Economy 64, 416-424
Trujillo, Lucía (2006), “Las transferencias y el gasto municipal en Colombia. Estudio de caso para los 46 municipios del departamento el Tolima y las 32 ciudades capitales en el periodo 1991 a 2004”, Tesis de maestría en Gobierno y Asuntos Públicos, México, FLACSO.
Turnovsky, S. (1999). “Productive government expenditure in a stochastically growing economy. Macroeconomic Dynamics”, 3, 547-570
Ugarte, Mayra (2010), “Análisis de las transferencias fiscales a los gobiernos subnacionales entre 2004-2009”, Cooperación Alemana al Desarrollo-GTZ. www.gobernabilidad.org.pe
Vega J. (2008), “ANÁLISIS DEL PROCESO DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN FISCAL EN EL PERÚ”, PUCP Documento de Trabajo 266
Wiesner, Eduardo (1992), “Colombia: Descentralización y federalismo fiscal. Informe Final de la Misión para la Descentralización”, Presidencia-DNP.
Xie D, Zou H, Davoodi H (1999) Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in the United States. J Urban Econ 45(2):228–239
Ying D., (2007), Fiscal Decentralization and Economc Growth in China, 1994-2002
Yushkov, Andrey (2016). “Fiscal Descentralization and Regional Economic Growth: Theory, Empirical Studies and Russian Experience”. In: Voprosy Ekonomiki 2, pp. 94–110
Zang and Liu, (2020), “Fiscal decentralization, government environmental preference, and regional environmental governance efciency: evidence from China”, The Annals of Regional Science 2020, 65, 439-457.
Zhang y Zou, (1998), “Descentralización fiscal, gasto público y crecimiento económico en China”, ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272797000571
Angeles, Salazar, Sandoval (2019). “Federalismo Fiscal y su efeto en el crecimiento y la distribución de ingresos” Gestión y Política Pública Vol XXVII Num 1 Primer Semestre 2019
Asatryan, Feld and Geys (2015). “Partial Fiscal Decentralization and Sub-National Government Fiscal Discipline: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries”, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute. Munich.
Aschauer, D. (1989). “Is public expenditure productive? Journal of Monetary Economics”, 23(2), 177-200
Baldacci, E., Clements, B., Gupta, S., Cui, Q. (2008). Social spending, human capital, and growth in developing countries. World development, 36(8), 1317-1341.
Barro, R. J. (1990). “Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. The Journal of Political Economy”, 98(5), Part 2: The problem of development: A conference of Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems, S103-S125.
Barro, R. y X. Sala-i-Martín (1991). “Convergence across states and regions”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 107-182
Barro, R. y X. Sala-i-Martín, (1992). “Convergence”, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223- 251.
Barro, Robert (1995). “Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 106, Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995.
Bascaran, T. &Feld, L. (2013). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in OECD countries: Is there a relationship? Public Finance Review, 41 (4), 421-445
BID (2017). “Descentralización Fiscal y Disparidades Regionales en América Latina”
Break, G. F. (1980). “Financing Goverment in a Federal System”. Washington, D.C., the Brooking Institution.
Buchanan J. (1950). “Federalism and Fiscal Equity” American Economic Review
Buchanan J. and Tollison R.D. (1972). “Theory of Public Choice”, University Michigan Press
Cameron, A.C. y P.K. Trivedi (2009). Microeconometrics Using Stata, College Station: Stata Press
Carranza y Tuesta, (2003). Consideraciones para una descentralización fiscal: Pautas para la experiencia peruana, BCRP Lima.
Chatterji, M., 1992, “Convergence clubs and endogenous growth”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 8 (4), 57-69
Cohen, J. M. y S. B. Peterson. (1996). “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of decentralization”. 24. Cambridge, MA Harvard Institute for International Development.
Davoodi H, Zou HF (1998). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth: a cross-country study. J Urban Econ 43(2):244–257
Douglass C. North (1955). “La teoría de la Localización y el Crecimiento Económico Regional”, traducido del Journal of Political Economy, ILPES
EVALUACIÓN DEL PROCESO DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN (Integración-Instituto de Análisis y Comunicación) http://www.integracion.pe/regionalizacion-busca-norte/
Gachter, S., Mengel, F., Tsakas, E., y Vostroknutov, A. (2017). Growth and inequality in public good provision. Journal of Public Economics, 150, 1-13.
Gravriluta, Onofrei, Cigu, (2020), Fiscal Decentralization and Inequality: An Analysis on Romanian Regions. Ekonomicky casopis, 68, 2020.
Guillen L., (2013). Crecimiento y Convergencia Economica: Una revisión para Colombia. Dimens empres – Vol 11 N° 1 2013 pag 61-76
Hanif, Wallace and Gago de Santos, (2020), “Economic Growth by Means of Fiscal Decentralization: An Empirical Study for Federal Developing Countries”, SAGE, 2020.
Hausman, J.A. (1978), “Specification Test in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), pp. 1251 - 1271
Herwartz, H., y Theilen, B. (2017). Ideology and redistribution through public spending. European Journal of Political Economy, 46, 74-90.
Hochman, Pines & Thisse, (1995). “On the Optimal Structure Of Local Governments”. American Economic Review.
Hoffman, M., Le´on, G., y Lombardi, M. (2017). Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 103-115.
Jaramillo Pérez, Iván. (2007). El Sistema Nacional de Financiamiento de las Entidades Territoriales. Fedesarrollo. Consulta realizada en Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Bogotá, Colombia
Jianing Zang & Llangliang, (2019). Fiscal decentralization, government environmental preference, and regional environmental overnance efficiency: evidence from China https://scholar.google.es/scholar?hl=es&as_sdt=0%2C5&=Fiscal+decentralization%2C+government+environmental+preference%2C+and+regional+environmental+overnance+efficie ncy%3A+evidence+from+China&btnG=
Lin y Liu (2000), Fiscal “Decentralization and Economic Growth in China*”, Economic Developmment and Cultural Change, University of Chicago, V49, N°01 https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/452488
Lucas, R. (1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), pp. 3-42.
Maiza, A., y Bustillo, R. (2016). Reformas sociales en China: 2016-2020. Problemas del Desarrollo, 47(187), 9-35
Martínez-Vazquez, J.,&McNab, R. (2003). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth. World Development, 31 (9), 1597-1616
Mastromatteo, G., y Russo, F. F. (2017). Inequality and Charity. World Development, 136- 144
Muñoz A., Pineda E., (2017), “Descentralización fiscal y disparidades regionales en America Latina”, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Musgrave, R. A. (1959), “The theory of public finance a study in public economics”, Tokyo
Musgrave, R.A. (1968), “Teoría de la Hacienda Pública”, Aguilar, Madrid
Navarrete, J. E. (2016). ¿Desigualdad y crecimiento? Econom´ıa UNAM, 13(37), 45-73.
Oates W.E. (1977) “Federalismo Fiscal”, Instituto de Estudios de Administracion Local, Madrid
Oates, W. E. (1993) “Fiscal decentralization and economic development”, National Tax Journal, 46, pp. 237-243
Oates, W.E. (1972), “Fiscal Federalism”, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York
Oates, W.E. (1999) “An Essay on Fiscal Federalism”, Journal of Economic Literature 37(2), 1120-1149
OECD Territorial Reviews: Perú (2016). https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and- regional-development/oecd-territorial-reviews-peru-2016_9789264262904-en#page8
Piffano, H.L.P., J. Sanguinetti y A. Zentner (1988), “Las finanzas provinciales y el ciclo económico”, documento de trabajo 3, Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Institucional.
Piketty, T., Saez, E. & Zucman, G. (2017). “Distributional national accounts: methods and estimates for the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics”, 133(2), 553-609.
Porto, A. (2004), “Disparidades Regionales y Federalismo Fiscal” Universidad Nacional de La Plata Argentina
Porto, A. y varios (2016), “Transferencias, intergubernamentales y disparidades fiscales a nivel subnacional en Argentina”, BID
Porto, A., (2019), “Disparidades Fiscales Caso Brasil”.
Porto, A., Pineda y Eguino 2018, “Descentralización y Autonomía Fiscal Subnacional en América Latina”.
Prud’homme, Rémy (1995), “The Dangers of Decentralizatión”, The World Bank Research Observer
Putu Ida., Maryunani, Ananda and Santoso, (2019), The implications of fiscal decentralization and budget governance on economic capacity and community welfare. FORESIGHT Vol 21 N° 2, 2019 pp 227-249
Ray, D. (2002). Economía del desarrollo. (A. B. Editor, Ed.) Barcelona, España Robert J. Barro, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, (2009). “Crecimiento Económico”, Ed Reverté Rodden, Jonathan (2003a). “Federalism and Bailouts in Brazil”, en Rodden, Jonathan; Gunar Eskeland y Jennie Litvack (editores). Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard
Budget Constraints, capítulo 7. Cambridge, Massachussets: The MIT Press, pp. 213-48.
Rodden, Jonathan; Gunar Eskeland Y Jennie Litvack (editores) (2003b). Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints. Cambridge, Massachussets: The MIT Press
Rodriguez-Pose, A.,& Ezcurra, R. (2011). Is fiscal decentralizatión harmful for economic growth? Evidence from the OECD countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 11 (4), 619-643.
Romer, P.M. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), pp. 1002-1037.
Romer, P.M. (1990), “Endogenous Technical Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102.
Rondinelli, DA, GS. Cheema (1983) Decentralization and Development: Policy Implementation in developing Countries. Sage Publications, London
Samanamud, Enrique, (2017), “análisis de equidad horizontal de las transferencias fiscales en el Perú”, Finanz. polit. econ., ISSN: 2248-6046, Vol. 9, No. 2, julio-diciembre, 2017, pp. 265-299
Solow, R. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), pp. 65-94
Swan, T. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, 32(2), pp. 334-361
Tello, Mario D. (2006). “Las teorías del Desarrollo Económico Local y la Teoría y Práctica del Proceso de Descentralización en los Países en Desarrollo”. Centrum PUCP
Tello, Mario D. (2008). “Desarrollo económico local, descentralización y cluster: teoría, evidencia y aplicaciones”
Tello, Mario D. (2010), “Del desarrollo económico nacional al desarrollo local: aspectos teóricos”, revista CEPAL 102.
Thiessen, U. (2003). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in high-income OECD Countries. Fiscal studies, 24 (3), 237-274
Thirlwall, A.P. (2006), “Growth and Development: With Special References to Developing Economies”, Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tiebout. C. (1956), “A pure Theory of Local Public Expenditures”, Journal of Political Economy 64, 416-424
Trujillo, Lucía (2006), “Las transferencias y el gasto municipal en Colombia. Estudio de caso para los 46 municipios del departamento el Tolima y las 32 ciudades capitales en el periodo 1991 a 2004”, Tesis de maestría en Gobierno y Asuntos Públicos, México, FLACSO.
Turnovsky, S. (1999). “Productive government expenditure in a stochastically growing economy. Macroeconomic Dynamics”, 3, 547-570
Ugarte, Mayra (2010), “Análisis de las transferencias fiscales a los gobiernos subnacionales entre 2004-2009”, Cooperación Alemana al Desarrollo-GTZ. www.gobernabilidad.org.pe
Vega J. (2008), “ANÁLISIS DEL PROCESO DE DESCENTRALIZACIÓN FISCAL EN EL PERÚ”, PUCP Documento de Trabajo 266
Wiesner, Eduardo (1992), “Colombia: Descentralización y federalismo fiscal. Informe Final de la Misión para la Descentralización”, Presidencia-DNP.
Xie D, Zou H, Davoodi H (1999) Fiscal decentralization and economic growth in the United States. J Urban Econ 45(2):228–239
Ying D., (2007), Fiscal Decentralization and Economc Growth in China, 1994-2002
Yushkov, Andrey (2016). “Fiscal Descentralization and Regional Economic Growth: Theory, Empirical Studies and Russian Experience”. In: Voprosy Ekonomiki 2, pp. 94–110
Zang and Liu, (2020), “Fiscal decentralization, government environmental preference, and regional environmental governance efciency: evidence from China”, The Annals of Regional Science 2020, 65, 439-457.
Zhang y Zou, (1998), “Descentralización fiscal, gasto público y crecimiento económico en China”, ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272797000571
Published
2022-09-06
How to Cite
Ñañez Loza, R. E. (2022). Regional spending and economic growth in Peru, 1999-2020. Journal of the University of Zulia , 13(38), 307-339. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.38.21
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