Transformaciones del salario mínimo en Sudamérica: tres décadas de evolución
Palabras clave:
trabajo formal, evolución salarial, inflación, condiciones laborales
Resumen
Considerando que la remuneración mínima vital es una herramienta esencial para proteger los derechos de los trabajadores, reducir la desigualdad y mejorar las condiciones laborales, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la evolución y el comportamiento del salario mínimo en Sudamérica entre 1990 y 2024, identificando tendencias, variaciones significativas y factores determinantes. Se empleó un diseño no experimental con enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando el análisis documental y fichas de registro como técnicas de recolección de datos. Los resultados indicaron que el salario mínimo en la región ha estado profundamente influenciado por factores como la inflación, el producto bruto interno (PBI) per cápita y el desempleo. La inflación tiende a disminuir el salario mínimo real, mientras que un mayor PBI per cápita contribuye a su aumento. Por otro lado, el desempleo elevado suele reducir los salarios mínimos. Estos hallazgos indican la importancia de implementar políticas macroeconómicas estables y de crecimiento inclusivo para mejorar las condiciones salariales en la región. Países como Uruguay y Chile han experimentado avances sostenidos gracias a sus economías estables, mientras que Venezuela y Argentina han enfrentado graves desafíos derivados de la hiperinflación, lo que ha erosionado el poder adquisitivo y exacerbado la desigualdad.
Citas
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Arango, L. & Rivera, S. (2022). Moderate wage increases and flexible labour contracts to protect employment in Colombian manufacturing. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.07.002
Badaoui, E., & Walsh, F. (2022). Productivity, non-compliance and the minimum wage. Journal of Development Economics, 155(102778), 102778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102778
Brito, A. S., y Lessa, C. (2019). Has the minimum wage policy been important for reducing poverty in Brazil? A decomposition analysis for the period from 2002 to 2013. Economía, 20, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2019.02.002
Chua, C. L., & Tsiaplias, S. (2024). The influence of supermarket prices on consumer inflation expectations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 219, 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.01.022
Clemens, J. & Strain, M. (2022). Understanding “Wage Theft”: Evasion and avoidance responses to minimum wage increases. Labour Economics, 79, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102285
Fantuzzi, J. (2023). Competencia imperfecta en el mercado laboral. https://centrocompetencia.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Competencia-imperfecta-en-el-mercado-laboral.pdf
Fazio, A. & Reggiani, T. (2023). Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes. European Economic Review, 155(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104445
García-Louzao, J. & Tarasonis, L. (2023). Wage and Employment Impact of Minimum Wage: Evidence from Lithuania. Journal of Comparative Economics, 51(2), 592-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2022.12.002
Gautier, E., Roux, S., & Suarez, M. (2022). How do wage setting institutions affect wage rigidity? Evidence from French micro data. Labour Economics, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102232
Gmeiner, M. & Gmeiner, M. (2023). Estimating the employment effect of the minimum wage through variation in compliance: Evidence from five US states. Journal of Government and Economics, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2023.100096
Herrero-Olarte, S. (2022). Salario mínimo, pobreza y clase media. El caso ecuatoriano. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies, 22(1), 95–106.
Hong, B. & Mi, H. (2022). Macroeconomic impacts of increasing the minimum wage: The case of Korea. Economic Modelling, 113, 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105880
Hwan, J., Lee, J., & Lee, K. (2023). Minimum wage, social insurance mandate, and working hours. Journal of Public Economics, 225(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104951
Jardim, E., Long, M. C., Plotnick, R., Vigdor, J., & Wiles, E. (2024). Local minimum wage laws, boundary discontinuity methods, and policy spillovers. Journal of Public Economics, 234(105131), 105131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105131
Jiménez, B. (2023). The Political economy of the minimum wage. Labour Economics, 85(102463), 102463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102463
Jiménez, M. & Jiménez, M. (2021). Are the effects of minimum wage on the labour market the same across countries? A meta-analysis spanning a century. Economic Systems, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100849
Katzkowicz, S., Pedetti, G., Querejeta, M., & Bergolo, M. (2021). Low-skilled workers and the effects of minimum wage in a developing country: Evidence based on a density-discontinuity approach. World Development, 139, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105279
Kawaguchi, D. & Mori, Y. (2021). Estimating the effects of the minimum wage using the introduction of indexation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 184(1), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.032
Kong, D., Qin, N., & Xiang, J. (2021). Minimum wage and entrepreneurship: Evidence from China. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 189(1), 320-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.047
Lavoie, M. & Stockhammer, E. (2023). Crecimiento impulsado por los salarios: concepto, teorías y políticas. El trimestre económico, 90(357), 215-265. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v90i357.1781
Li, G., Fujiyama, K., Wu, C., & Zheng, Y. (2024). Employment protection, corporate governance, and labor productivity around the World. Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money, 92(101978), 101978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2024.101978
Ling, L., Khan, H., Qianqian, L., & Qiumei, L. (2024). Minimum wage standard adjustment and employment: Heterogeneity effects on the human capital investment. Heliyon, 10(3), e25097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25097
Luyen, P. T., & Truong, D. X. (2023). Corporate social responsibility in salary payment to employees according to Vietnam law. En Laws on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Developmental Trend in Vietnam (pp. 109–123). Springer Nature Singapore.
Medrano-Adán, L. & Salas-Fumás, V. (2023). Do minimum wages deliver what they promise? Effects of minimum wage on employment, output, and income inequality from occupational choice theory. Economic Analysis and Policy, 80, 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.08.009
Meiselbach, M. & Abraham, J. (2023). Do minimum wage laws affect employer-sponsored insurance provision? Journal of Health Economics, 92, 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102825
Navarro, L., & Tejada, M. (2022). Does public sector employment buffer the minimum wage effects? Review of Economic Dynamics, 43, 168-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2021.02.004
Oliveira, C. (2023). The minimum wage and the wage distribution in Portugal. Labor Economics, 85, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102459
Otterby, D., Crawley, A., & Gabe, T. (2024). Effects of the minimum wage on US county labor markets. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(5), 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100008
Pérez, J. (2020). The minimum wage in formal and informal sectors: Evidence from an inflation shock. World Development, 133, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104999
Reizer, B. (2022). Employment and Wage Consequences of Flexible Wage Components. Labour Economics, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102256
Rivera, S. A., & Arango, L. E. (2022). Moderate wage increases and flexible labour contracts to protect employment in Colombian manufacturing. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 578-598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.07.002
Santos, A. C. A. D. (2024). A inversão da teoria clássica dos salários. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 9, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571989-1239
Sarti, F., & Santana, A. (2019). Minimum Wage and National Basic Food Basket: Analysis on the Evolution of Milestones in Brazilian Food Security Policy. Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(1), 2-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz034.OR21-02-19
Segovia, M. J. M., & Torres, M. V. M. (2023). El derecho del trabajador a percibir como mínimo un salario básico. Polo del Conocimiento: Revista científico-profesional, 8(12), 1295-1314.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9254997
Sirilertsuwan, P., Thomassey, S., Zeng, X., & Chen, Y. (2022). How Living Wages Influence Apparel Costs and Comparative Advantages among Different Multi-tier Supply Chains. Global Science Press, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00377
Sotomayor, O. J. (2021). Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil. World Development, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
Vîrjan, D., Manole, A.M., Stanef-Puică, M.R., Chenic, A. S., Papuc, C. M., D., H., & Bănacu, C. S. (2023). Competitiveness—the engine that boosts economic growth and revives the economy. Frontiers Media S.A., 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00377
Wexler, S., Kim, S., Engel, R. J., Woo, J., & Shook, J. (2024). Can workers and their families live on a living wage? Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.4746
Wong, S. (2019). Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador. World Development, 116, 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004
Yao, W., Qian, Y., Yang, H., & Xu, W. (2023). Does minimum wages affect executive compensation? Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 80(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.102080
Arango, L. & Rivera, S. (2022). Moderate wage increases and flexible labour contracts to protect employment in Colombian manufacturing. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.07.002
Badaoui, E., & Walsh, F. (2022). Productivity, non-compliance and the minimum wage. Journal of Development Economics, 155(102778), 102778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102778
Brito, A. S., y Lessa, C. (2019). Has the minimum wage policy been important for reducing poverty in Brazil? A decomposition analysis for the period from 2002 to 2013. Economía, 20, 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2019.02.002
Chua, C. L., & Tsiaplias, S. (2024). The influence of supermarket prices on consumer inflation expectations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 219, 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.01.022
Clemens, J. & Strain, M. (2022). Understanding “Wage Theft”: Evasion and avoidance responses to minimum wage increases. Labour Economics, 79, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102285
Fantuzzi, J. (2023). Competencia imperfecta en el mercado laboral. https://centrocompetencia.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Competencia-imperfecta-en-el-mercado-laboral.pdf
Fazio, A. & Reggiani, T. (2023). Minimum wage and tolerance for high incomes. European Economic Review, 155(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104445
García-Louzao, J. & Tarasonis, L. (2023). Wage and Employment Impact of Minimum Wage: Evidence from Lithuania. Journal of Comparative Economics, 51(2), 592-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2022.12.002
Gautier, E., Roux, S., & Suarez, M. (2022). How do wage setting institutions affect wage rigidity? Evidence from French micro data. Labour Economics, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102232
Gmeiner, M. & Gmeiner, M. (2023). Estimating the employment effect of the minimum wage through variation in compliance: Evidence from five US states. Journal of Government and Economics, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2023.100096
Herrero-Olarte, S. (2022). Salario mínimo, pobreza y clase media. El caso ecuatoriano. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies, 22(1), 95–106.
Hong, B. & Mi, H. (2022). Macroeconomic impacts of increasing the minimum wage: The case of Korea. Economic Modelling, 113, 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105880
Hwan, J., Lee, J., & Lee, K. (2023). Minimum wage, social insurance mandate, and working hours. Journal of Public Economics, 225(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104951
Jardim, E., Long, M. C., Plotnick, R., Vigdor, J., & Wiles, E. (2024). Local minimum wage laws, boundary discontinuity methods, and policy spillovers. Journal of Public Economics, 234(105131), 105131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105131
Jiménez, B. (2023). The Political economy of the minimum wage. Labour Economics, 85(102463), 102463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102463
Jiménez, M. & Jiménez, M. (2021). Are the effects of minimum wage on the labour market the same across countries? A meta-analysis spanning a century. Economic Systems, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100849
Katzkowicz, S., Pedetti, G., Querejeta, M., & Bergolo, M. (2021). Low-skilled workers and the effects of minimum wage in a developing country: Evidence based on a density-discontinuity approach. World Development, 139, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105279
Kawaguchi, D. & Mori, Y. (2021). Estimating the effects of the minimum wage using the introduction of indexation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 184(1), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.032
Kong, D., Qin, N., & Xiang, J. (2021). Minimum wage and entrepreneurship: Evidence from China. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 189(1), 320-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.047
Lavoie, M. & Stockhammer, E. (2023). Crecimiento impulsado por los salarios: concepto, teorías y políticas. El trimestre económico, 90(357), 215-265. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v90i357.1781
Li, G., Fujiyama, K., Wu, C., & Zheng, Y. (2024). Employment protection, corporate governance, and labor productivity around the World. Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money, 92(101978), 101978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2024.101978
Ling, L., Khan, H., Qianqian, L., & Qiumei, L. (2024). Minimum wage standard adjustment and employment: Heterogeneity effects on the human capital investment. Heliyon, 10(3), e25097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25097
Luyen, P. T., & Truong, D. X. (2023). Corporate social responsibility in salary payment to employees according to Vietnam law. En Laws on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Developmental Trend in Vietnam (pp. 109–123). Springer Nature Singapore.
Medrano-Adán, L. & Salas-Fumás, V. (2023). Do minimum wages deliver what they promise? Effects of minimum wage on employment, output, and income inequality from occupational choice theory. Economic Analysis and Policy, 80, 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.08.009
Meiselbach, M. & Abraham, J. (2023). Do minimum wage laws affect employer-sponsored insurance provision? Journal of Health Economics, 92, 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102825
Navarro, L., & Tejada, M. (2022). Does public sector employment buffer the minimum wage effects? Review of Economic Dynamics, 43, 168-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2021.02.004
Oliveira, C. (2023). The minimum wage and the wage distribution in Portugal. Labor Economics, 85, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102459
Otterby, D., Crawley, A., & Gabe, T. (2024). Effects of the minimum wage on US county labor markets. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(5), 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100008
Pérez, J. (2020). The minimum wage in formal and informal sectors: Evidence from an inflation shock. World Development, 133, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104999
Reizer, B. (2022). Employment and Wage Consequences of Flexible Wage Components. Labour Economics, 78(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102256
Rivera, S. A., & Arango, L. E. (2022). Moderate wage increases and flexible labour contracts to protect employment in Colombian manufacturing. Journal of Policy Modeling, 44(3), 578-598. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.07.002
Santos, A. C. A. D. (2024). A inversão da teoria clássica dos salários. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 9, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571989-1239
Sarti, F., & Santana, A. (2019). Minimum Wage and National Basic Food Basket: Analysis on the Evolution of Milestones in Brazilian Food Security Policy. Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(1), 2-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz034.OR21-02-19
Segovia, M. J. M., & Torres, M. V. M. (2023). El derecho del trabajador a percibir como mínimo un salario básico. Polo del Conocimiento: Revista científico-profesional, 8(12), 1295-1314.https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9254997
Sirilertsuwan, P., Thomassey, S., Zeng, X., & Chen, Y. (2022). How Living Wages Influence Apparel Costs and Comparative Advantages among Different Multi-tier Supply Chains. Global Science Press, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00377
Sotomayor, O. J. (2021). Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil. World Development, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
Vîrjan, D., Manole, A.M., Stanef-Puică, M.R., Chenic, A. S., Papuc, C. M., D., H., & Bănacu, C. S. (2023). Competitiveness—the engine that boosts economic growth and revives the economy. Frontiers Media S.A., 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00377
Wexler, S., Kim, S., Engel, R. J., Woo, J., & Shook, J. (2024). Can workers and their families live on a living wage? Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.4746
Wong, S. (2019). Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador. World Development, 116, 77-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004
Yao, W., Qian, Y., Yang, H., & Xu, W. (2023). Does minimum wages affect executive compensation? Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 80(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.102080
Publicado
2024-12-15
Cómo citar
Sánchez Pantaleón, A. J., Morante Dávila, M. A., Puscan Visalot, J., & Revilla Bueloth, M. (2024). Transformaciones del salario mínimo en Sudamérica: tres décadas de evolución. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 29(12), 891-907. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.e12.2
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