Percepciones del efecto del ambiente laboral en el desempeño de los empleados
Palabras clave:
ambiente laboral, desempeño laboral, empleados, modelos
Resumen
El ambiente laboral se ha consolidado como un constructo clave en el estudio de las organizaciones. Esta investigación tiene el objetivo de describir el efecto del ambiente laboral en el desempeño de los empleados, utilizando la metodología de elicitación de metáforas para explorar las percepciones de 31 trabajadores. Se aplican entrevistas proyectivas, las cuales capturan las experiencias de los participantes mediante narrativas visuales, utilizando las técnicas de codificación emergente y análisis de coocurrencias mediante el software Atlas.ti. El ambiente laboral es un fenómeno multidimensional, influenciado por una combinación de factores relacionales, estructurales y emocionales. Se identificaron seis dimensiones clave: relaciones entre empleados, problemas, tranquilidad, desarrollo, variedad y objetivos. Estas dimensiones permiten una caracterización del ambiente laboral desde la perspectiva de los empleados; a la vez ofrecen puntos de conexión con estudios previos y teorías sobre cultura organizacional y desempeño laboral. El ambiente laboral es un factor determinante en la alineación entre los objetivos organizacionales y el desempeño de los empleados y contribuye al campo de la gestión organizacional al ofrecer una visión detallada y basada en la experiencia de los empleados sobre el ambiente laboral.
Citas
Ahmed, S. S., van Rijswijk, S. P., & Farooq, A. (2023). Work climate, improved communication, and cohesive work linked with Patient Safety Culture: Findings from a sports medicine hospital. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 11(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11243109
Álvarez Maldonado, D., Gutiérrez Rojas, C., Améstica, L., y González, P. (2023). Formación de la gerencia en contextos adhocráticos desde la perspectiva del discurso docente. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 28(10), 1646-1662. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e10.47
Álvarez-Maldonado, D., Torres-Luque, P., Letzkus-Palavecino, M., y Araya-Castillo, L. (2021). Mapa de consenso del bienestar de inmigrantes en Lo Prado en Santiago de Chile. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 27(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i4.37279
Araya-Castillo, L., & Pedreros-Gajardo, M. (2014). Análisis de las teorías de motivación de contenido: una aplicación al mercado laboral de Chile del año 2009. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, (142). https://doi.org/10.15517/rcs.v0i142.14301
Araya-Castillo, L., Ganga-Contreras, F., Letzkus-Palavecino, M., y Álvarez-Maldonado, D. (2022). Análisis del Discurso de Docentes Universitarios sobre Prácticas Educativas. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, 11(4), 236–252. https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i4.p236-252
Bradley, B. A., Oppenheimer, M., & Wilcove, D. S. (2009). Climate change and plant invasions: restoration opportunities ahead? Global Change Biology, 15(6), 1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01824.x
Capitán, Á. O. (2024). Definiendo el ambiente laboral: 100 años de revisión bibliográfica. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, (32), 123-145.
Catchings-Castello, G. (2000). The ZMET Alternative A nontraditional, multidisciplinary technique lets marketing researchers analyze what customers want. Marketing Research, 12(2), 7-14. https://www.proquest.com/openview/cd0273677c5663ee2de088e79176b634/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=31079
Chacón-Moscoso, S., Anguera, M. T., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., & Lozano-Lozano, J. A. (2023). Methodological procedure based on quantitizing/liquefying: a case study to assess work climate in an emergency department. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1247577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1247577
Choi, J., Bakken, S., Larson, E., Du, Y., & Stone, P. W. (2004). Perceived nursing work environment of critical care nurses. Nursing Research, 53(6), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200411000-00005
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: A meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Coulter, R. H., & Zaltman, G. (1994). Using The Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to Understand Brand Images. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 501–507. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=384542
Dickson, M. W., Smith, D. B., Grojean, M. W., & Ehrhart, M. (2001). An organizational climate regarding ethics: the outcome of leader values and the practices that reflect them. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00069-8
Gelade, G. A., & Ivery, M. (2003). The impact of human resource management and work climate on organizational performance. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00155.x
Gioia, D. (2021). A systematic methodology for doing qualitative research. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320982715
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Hwang, J.-I., & Chang, H. (2009). Work climate perception and turnover intention among Korean hospital staff. International Nursing Review, 56(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00641.x
Janíková, E., Zeleníková, R., Jarošová, D., Plevová, I., & Mynaříková, E. (2021). Work environment assessment instruments used in nursing. Journal of Nursing and Social Sciences related to Health and Illness, 23(4). 263-273. https://menj.journals.ekb.eg/article_206247_b1e4de81f22571664ebdd697061e69bd.pdf
Jo, H. (2025). Interplay among collaborative culture, empowerment leadership, and IT work environment in the public sector: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Information Management, 82(102883), 102883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102883
Johansson, J., & Johansson, B. (1992). Work environment functions in small enterprises in Sweden. Applied Ergonomics, 23(2), 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(92)90079-b
Kim, H., Im, J., Shin, Y. H., & Aminifar, A. (2025). Hotel employees’ workplace inclusion and its outcomes: Focusing on the relational aspect of work environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 126(104096), 104096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104096
Kosydar-Bochenek, J., Krupa, S., Semań, T., & Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, W. (2023). Work climate from the perspective of nurses: qualitative research. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1199674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1199674
Kuenzi, M., & Schminke, M. (2009). Assembling fragments into a lens: A review, critique, and proposed research agenda for the organizational work climate literature. Journal of Management, 35(3), 634–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308330559
Kull, K. (2020). Codes: Necessary, but not sufficient for meaning-making. Constructivist Foundations, 15(2), 137-139. https://constructivist.info/15/2/137.kull.pdf
Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople’s commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026
Lamberti, G., Aluja Banet, T., & Rialp Criado, J. (2022). Work climate drivers and employee heterogeneity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(3), 472–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1711798
Lavoie-Tremblay, M., Paquet, M., Duchesne, M.-A., Santo, A., Gavrancic, A., Courcy, F., & Gagnon, S. (2010). Retaining nurses and other hospital workers: an intergenerational perspective of the work climate: Intergenerational perspective and work climate. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01370.x
Letzkus Palavecino, M., Álvarez Maldonado, D., González Martínez, L., y Araya-Castillo, L. (2022). Mapa de consenso del estudiante universitario como cliente interno. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 28, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38819
Loewe, N., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista, J.M. (2015). Self-employment as a moderator of the relationship between work and life satisfaction. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 28(2), 213-226. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10114479
Loewe, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2014). Life domain satisfactions as predictors of overall life satisfaction among workers: Evidence from Chile. Social Indicators Research, 118(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0408-6
Madero-Gómez, S., Ortiz-Mendoza, O. E., y Guerra-Leal, E. M. (2021). Estrategias de flexibilidad y su relación con el ambiente laboral, la dedicación y el reto intelectual. CienciaUAT, 15(2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.29059/cienciauat.v15i2.1462
Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Investigación de mercados: Un enfoque aplicado. (4ta ed.). Pearson Educación.
Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69, 175-194. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key? Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00064.x
Mehta, M., & Saxena, A. (2025). Entanglement of cultural diversity and future of work: thematic analysis. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2451500
Migneault, P., Rousseau, V., & Boudrias, J.-S. (2009). L’influence des composantes du climat de travail sur l’habilitation des individus. Revue europeenne de psychologie appliquee [European review of applied psychology], 59(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2009.02.001
Norton, T. A., Zacher, H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2014). Organisational sustainability policies and employee green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate perceptions. Journal of environmental psychology, 38, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.008
Roa-Espinoza, R., Araya-Castillo, L., Rubio, A., y Moraga-Flores, H. (2024). Ambiente Laboral: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura desde un análisis cienciométrico. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 30, 675-685. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i.42869
Ruth-Sahd, L. A., & Beyer, N. H. (2020). Using participatory action research to explore the nursing academic work environment. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2018-0081
Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Neubaum, D. O. (2005). The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.006
Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C., & West, M. A. (2017). Organizational climate and culture: Reflections on the history of the constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000090
Schultz, P. P., Ryan, R. M., Niemiec, C. P., Legate, N., & Williams, G. C. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness, 6(5), 971–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7
Stuenkel, D. L., Nguyen, S., & Cohen, J. (2007). Nurses’ perceptions of their work environment. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 22(4), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000290415.50263.e6
Zaltman, G. (1996). Metaphorically speaking. Marketing Research, 8(2), 45-62. https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/search?tab=everything&search_scope=everything&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&mode=basic&offset=0&query=lsr01,contains,001953130
Zaltman, G. (2014). Are you mistaking facts for insights?: Lighting up advertising’s dark continent of imagination. Journal of Advertising Research, 54(4), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.2501/jar-54-4-373-376
Zaltman, G., & Coulter, R. H. (1995). Seeing the voice of the customer: Metaphor-based advertising research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(4), 35–51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235361006_Seeing_the_Voice_of_the_Customer_Metaphor-Based_Advertising_Research
Zaltman, G., & Higie-Coulter, R. (1994). Using the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to Understand Brand Images. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 501-507. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=305
Álvarez Maldonado, D., Gutiérrez Rojas, C., Améstica, L., y González, P. (2023). Formación de la gerencia en contextos adhocráticos desde la perspectiva del discurso docente. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 28(10), 1646-1662. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e10.47
Álvarez-Maldonado, D., Torres-Luque, P., Letzkus-Palavecino, M., y Araya-Castillo, L. (2021). Mapa de consenso del bienestar de inmigrantes en Lo Prado en Santiago de Chile. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 27(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i4.37279
Araya-Castillo, L., & Pedreros-Gajardo, M. (2014). Análisis de las teorías de motivación de contenido: una aplicación al mercado laboral de Chile del año 2009. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, (142). https://doi.org/10.15517/rcs.v0i142.14301
Araya-Castillo, L., Ganga-Contreras, F., Letzkus-Palavecino, M., y Álvarez-Maldonado, D. (2022). Análisis del Discurso de Docentes Universitarios sobre Prácticas Educativas. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, 11(4), 236–252. https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i4.p236-252
Bradley, B. A., Oppenheimer, M., & Wilcove, D. S. (2009). Climate change and plant invasions: restoration opportunities ahead? Global Change Biology, 15(6), 1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01824.x
Capitán, Á. O. (2024). Definiendo el ambiente laboral: 100 años de revisión bibliográfica. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, (32), 123-145.
Catchings-Castello, G. (2000). The ZMET Alternative A nontraditional, multidisciplinary technique lets marketing researchers analyze what customers want. Marketing Research, 12(2), 7-14. https://www.proquest.com/openview/cd0273677c5663ee2de088e79176b634/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=31079
Chacón-Moscoso, S., Anguera, M. T., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., & Lozano-Lozano, J. A. (2023). Methodological procedure based on quantitizing/liquefying: a case study to assess work climate in an emergency department. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1247577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1247577
Choi, J., Bakken, S., Larson, E., Du, Y., & Stone, P. W. (2004). Perceived nursing work environment of critical care nurses. Nursing Research, 53(6), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200411000-00005
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: A meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Coulter, R. H., & Zaltman, G. (1994). Using The Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to Understand Brand Images. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 501–507. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=384542
Dickson, M. W., Smith, D. B., Grojean, M. W., & Ehrhart, M. (2001). An organizational climate regarding ethics: the outcome of leader values and the practices that reflect them. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00069-8
Gelade, G. A., & Ivery, M. (2003). The impact of human resource management and work climate on organizational performance. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 383–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00155.x
Gioia, D. (2021). A systematic methodology for doing qualitative research. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320982715
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Hwang, J.-I., & Chang, H. (2009). Work climate perception and turnover intention among Korean hospital staff. International Nursing Review, 56(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00641.x
Janíková, E., Zeleníková, R., Jarošová, D., Plevová, I., & Mynaříková, E. (2021). Work environment assessment instruments used in nursing. Journal of Nursing and Social Sciences related to Health and Illness, 23(4). 263-273. https://menj.journals.ekb.eg/article_206247_b1e4de81f22571664ebdd697061e69bd.pdf
Jo, H. (2025). Interplay among collaborative culture, empowerment leadership, and IT work environment in the public sector: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Information Management, 82(102883), 102883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102883
Johansson, J., & Johansson, B. (1992). Work environment functions in small enterprises in Sweden. Applied Ergonomics, 23(2), 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(92)90079-b
Kim, H., Im, J., Shin, Y. H., & Aminifar, A. (2025). Hotel employees’ workplace inclusion and its outcomes: Focusing on the relational aspect of work environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 126(104096), 104096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2025.104096
Kosydar-Bochenek, J., Krupa, S., Semań, T., & Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, W. (2023). Work climate from the perspective of nurses: qualitative research. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1199674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1199674
Kuenzi, M., & Schminke, M. (2009). Assembling fragments into a lens: A review, critique, and proposed research agenda for the organizational work climate literature. Journal of Management, 35(3), 634–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308330559
Kull, K. (2020). Codes: Necessary, but not sufficient for meaning-making. Constructivist Foundations, 15(2), 137-139. https://constructivist.info/15/2/137.kull.pdf
Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople’s commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026
Lamberti, G., Aluja Banet, T., & Rialp Criado, J. (2022). Work climate drivers and employee heterogeneity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(3), 472–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1711798
Lavoie-Tremblay, M., Paquet, M., Duchesne, M.-A., Santo, A., Gavrancic, A., Courcy, F., & Gagnon, S. (2010). Retaining nurses and other hospital workers: an intergenerational perspective of the work climate: Intergenerational perspective and work climate. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01370.x
Letzkus Palavecino, M., Álvarez Maldonado, D., González Martínez, L., y Araya-Castillo, L. (2022). Mapa de consenso del estudiante universitario como cliente interno. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 28, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38819
Loewe, N., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista, J.M. (2015). Self-employment as a moderator of the relationship between work and life satisfaction. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 28(2), 213-226. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10114479
Loewe, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2014). Life domain satisfactions as predictors of overall life satisfaction among workers: Evidence from Chile. Social Indicators Research, 118(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0408-6
Madero-Gómez, S., Ortiz-Mendoza, O. E., y Guerra-Leal, E. M. (2021). Estrategias de flexibilidad y su relación con el ambiente laboral, la dedicación y el reto intelectual. CienciaUAT, 15(2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.29059/cienciauat.v15i2.1462
Malhotra, N. K. (2004). Investigación de mercados: Un enfoque aplicado. (4ta ed.). Pearson Educación.
Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69, 175-194. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-006-9084-7
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key? Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 35–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00064.x
Mehta, M., & Saxena, A. (2025). Entanglement of cultural diversity and future of work: thematic analysis. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2025.2451500
Migneault, P., Rousseau, V., & Boudrias, J.-S. (2009). L’influence des composantes du climat de travail sur l’habilitation des individus. Revue europeenne de psychologie appliquee [European review of applied psychology], 59(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2009.02.001
Norton, T. A., Zacher, H., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2014). Organisational sustainability policies and employee green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate perceptions. Journal of environmental psychology, 38, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.008
Roa-Espinoza, R., Araya-Castillo, L., Rubio, A., y Moraga-Flores, H. (2024). Ambiente Laboral: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura desde un análisis cienciométrico. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 30, 675-685. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i.42869
Ruth-Sahd, L. A., & Beyer, N. H. (2020). Using participatory action research to explore the nursing academic work environment. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2018-0081
Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Neubaum, D. O. (2005). The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.006
Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C., & West, M. A. (2017). Organizational climate and culture: Reflections on the history of the constructs in the Journal of Applied Psychology. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000090
Schultz, P. P., Ryan, R. M., Niemiec, C. P., Legate, N., & Williams, G. C. (2015). Mindfulness, work climate, and psychological need satisfaction in employee well-being. Mindfulness, 6(5), 971–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0338-7
Stuenkel, D. L., Nguyen, S., & Cohen, J. (2007). Nurses’ perceptions of their work environment. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 22(4), 337–342. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000290415.50263.e6
Zaltman, G. (1996). Metaphorically speaking. Marketing Research, 8(2), 45-62. https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/search?tab=everything&search_scope=everything&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&mode=basic&offset=0&query=lsr01,contains,001953130
Zaltman, G. (2014). Are you mistaking facts for insights?: Lighting up advertising’s dark continent of imagination. Journal of Advertising Research, 54(4), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.2501/jar-54-4-373-376
Zaltman, G., & Coulter, R. H. (1995). Seeing the voice of the customer: Metaphor-based advertising research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(4), 35–51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235361006_Seeing_the_Voice_of_the_Customer_Metaphor-Based_Advertising_Research
Zaltman, G., & Higie-Coulter, R. (1994). Using the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to Understand Brand Images. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 501-507. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=305
Publicado
2025-06-04
Cómo citar
Roa-Espinoza, R., Araya-Castillo, L., Rubio-Rivera, A., & Álvarez-Maldonado, D. (2025). Percepciones del efecto del ambiente laboral en el desempeño de los empleados. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 30(111), 1484-1501. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.30.111.15
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